Simon Bolivar
Page 48
48. Racine, Francisco de Miranda, 238.
49. Carlos Pi Sunyer, Patriotas Americanos en Londres (Caracas, 1978), 89–95; Polanco Alcántara, Simón Bolívar, 271–3.
50. o’Leary, Narración, I, 113–14, including letter of Wilson to o’Leary, London, 14 July 1832.
51. o’Leary, Narración, I, 118; Bolívar, Manifesto to the Nations of the World, Carrera, Simón Bolívar Fundamental, II, 29–30.
52. Pedro Gual, personal secretary and confidant of Miranda, was with him in La Guaira at the fateful time; he reports that Miranda was reading an urgent request for assistance from President Torrices of Cartagena and proposing to go there; Gual, Bogotá, 15 February 1843, in Blanco and Azpurúa, eds, Documentos para la historia de la vida pública del Libertador, III, 760–1.
53. Cussen, Bello and Bolívar, 106–7.
54. Polanco Alcántara, Simón Bolívar, 289–95.
55. Bolívar to Iturbe, Curaçao, 10, 19 September 1812, o’Leary, Memorias, XXIX, 13–16.
Chapter 4
1. Hermes Tovar Pinzón, ‘La lenta ruptura con el pasado colonial (1810–1850)’, Historia económica de Colombia, ed. José Antonio Ocampo (Bogotá, 1987), 88.
2. Rebecca A. Earle, Spain and the Independence of Colombia 1810–1825 (Exeter, 2000), 23–4.
3. Simón Bolívar and Vicente Tejera, Cartagena, 27 November 1812, o’Leary, Memorias, XIII, 57–60.
4. Bolívar, Memoria dirigida a los ciudadanos de la Nueva Granada por un caraqueño, Cartagena, 15 December 1812, Escritos, IV, 116–27.
5. Mario Laserna, Bolívar: Un euro–americano frente a la ilustración, 90–2.
6. Anthony McFarlane, ‘Identity, Enlightenment and Political Dissent in Late Colonial Spanish America’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, sixth series, 8 (1998), 309–35.
7. Speech to the people of Tenerife on the banks of the Magdalena, 24 December 1812, Escritos, IV, 127–30; Manuel Pérez Vila, Simón Bolívar, Doctrina del Libertador (2nd edn, Caracas, 1979), 17–19.
8. o’Leary, Narración, I, 133–9.
9. Bolívar to the army of Cartagena and the Union, 10 March 1813, o’Leary, Memorias, XIII, 151–2.
10. o’Leary, Narración, I, 154–5.
11. José Francisco Heredia, Memorias del regente Heredia (BANH, 186, Caracas, 1986), 67.
12. On this, the campaña admirable, see Lecuna, Crónica razonada, I, 1–73.
13. Pedro de Urquinaona y Pardo, Memorias de Urquinaona (Madrid, 1917), 254; Heredia, Memorias, 97, 145; Bolívar to President of the Union, Cúcuta, 6 April 1813, o’Leary, Memorias, XIII, 172; Bolívar, Manifesto to the Nations of the World, Valencia, 20 September 1813, Carrera Damas, Simón Bolívar Fundamental, II, 25–35; Gabriel E. Muñoz, Monteverde: cuatro años de historia patria 1812–1816, 2 vols (BANH, 42–3, Caracas, 1987), I, 429.
14. Bolívar, ‘Aprobación con reservas’, Cúcuta, 20 March 1813, Escritos, IV, 166–73.
15. o’Leary, Narración, I, 156.
16. Proclamation, Mérida, 8 June 1813, o’Leary, Memorias, XIII, 246–7; see also Narración, I, 158.
17. Decree of War to the Death, Trujillo, 15 June 1813, Escritos, IV, 305–7.
18. Manifiesto de Carúpano, 7 September 1814, Escritos, VI, 390–5.
19. Bolívar to President of the Union, Mérida, 31 May 1813, o’Leary, Memorias, XIII, 238.
20. Bolívar to Governor of Trujillo, 22 June 1813, o’Leary, Memorias, XIII, 278.
21. Bolívar, Proclamation, Trujillo, 22 June 1813, o’Leary, Memorias, XIII, 270.
22. o’Leary, Narración, I, 172.
23. Gaceta de Caracas, No. 1, 26 August 1813, 4, a more trustworthy account than the sensational story spread by Ducoudray–Holstein which has Bolívar riding in a chariot drawn by the girls.
24. H.L.V Ducoudray–Holstein, Memoirs of Simón Bolívar, President, Liberator of the Republic of Colombia, 2 vols (London, 1830), I, 151, 156–7.
25. Bolívar, Proclamation of General of Army of Liberation, Caracas, 8 August 1813, o’Leary, Memorias, XIII, 332–3.
26. Caracciolo Parra–Pérez, Mariño y la independencia de Venezuela, 5 vols (Madrid, 1954–7), I, 134–8.
27. Ibid., I, 245.
28. Bolívar to Mariño, Valencia, 16 December 1813, Cartas del Libertador, I, 88.
29. Heredia, Memorias, 159.
30. Decoudray–Holstein, Memoirs of Simón Bolívar, I, 156–7.
31. Bolívar to Richard Wellesley, 14 January 1814, Escritos, VI, 63.
32. Speech to assembly in the convent of San Jacinto, Caracas, 2 January 1814, Escritos, VI, 8–9.
33. Parra–Pérez, Mariño y la independencia de Venezuela, I, 325–6.
34. Bolívar to Coll y Prat, Caracas, 10 August 1813, Carrera Damas, Simón Bolívar Fundamental, I, 70–1; Alberto Gutiérrez, La Iglesia que entendió el Libertador Simón Bolívar (Bogotá, 1981), 70–4.
35. Bolívar to municipality of Caracas, 18 October 1813, o’Leary, Memorias, XIII, 397.
36. Heredia, Memorias, 66.
37. Heredia, Memorias, 97, 145; Urquinaona, Memorias, 86, 114, 254.
38. Bolívar to governor of Curaçao, 2 October, 9 October 1813, Escritos, V, 12–14,113,204.
39. Richard Vowell, Campaigns and Cruises in Venezuela and New Grenada and in the Pacific Ocean from 1817 to 1830, 3 vols (London, 1831), I, 76.
40. Bolívar to president of congress of New Granada, Caracas, 14 August 1813, Escritos, V, 29.
41. Bolívar to governor of Valencia, 9 September 1813, o’Leary, Memorias, XIII, 357; Bolívar to Santander, Pamplona, 1 November 1819, Cartas Santander–Bolívar, I, 186–7.
42. Bolívar to congress of New Granada, 4 September 1813, o’Leary, Memorias, XIII, 355.
43. Bolívar to governor of Curaçao, 2 October, 9 October 1813, Escritos, V, 204–5.
44. Bolívar to Coll y Prat, 8 February 1814, Carrera Damas, Simón Bolívar Fundamental, I, 75–6.
45. o’Leary, Narración, I, 201–2.
46. Quoted by Germán Carrera Damas, ‘segunda República venezolana’, Tres temas de historia (2nd edn, Caracas, 1978), 141–3.
47. ‘Reflexiones sobre el estado actual de los Llanos’, 6 December 1813, quoted by Germán Carrera Damas, Boves, aspectos socio–económicos de su acción histórica (2nd edn, Caracas, 1968), 158.
48. o’Leary, Narración, I, 195–7, 225–36; o’Leary, ‘Detached Recollections’, 34–6.
49. Carrera Damas, Boves, 170–88.
50. ‘Memorial presentado al Rey en Madrid por el Pbro. Doctor don José Ambrosio Llamozas, Vicario General del Ejército de Barlovento, en las provincias de Venezuela’, BOLANH, 18, 71 (1935), 168.
51. Ibid., 169.
52. Heredia, Memorias, 41–51, 239.
53. Austria, Bosquejo de la historia militar de Venezuela, II, 256.
54. Bolívar to the Editor, Royal Gazette, Kingston, Jamaica, 28 September 1815, in Pérez Vila, Doctrina del Libertador, 75–9; Heredia, Memorias, 172.
55. Austria, Bosquejo de la historia militar de Venezuela, II, 222, 226.
56. o’Leary, Narración, I, 212–13.
57. o’Leary, Narración, I, 230–1.
58. Díaz, Recuerdos sobre la rebelión de Caracas, 308–12.
59. Ibid., 311.
60. Polanco Alcántara, Simón Bolívar, 356–7.
61. Bolívar, Manifiesto de Carúpano, 7 September 1814, Escritos, VI, 390–5.
62. Bolívar to division of Urdaneta, Pamplona, 12 November 1814, Obras completas, III, 614.
63. Camilo Torres, in Bolívar, Escritos, X, 458.
64. Bolívar to Juan Jurado, 8 December 1814; Pey and Duquesne to citizens of Bogotá, 16 December 1814, o’Leary, Memorias, XIII, 558; Peru de Lacroix, Diario de Bucaramanga, 185.
65. Bolívar, Address on inauguration of government of United Provinces of New Granada, 23 January 1815, Pérez Vila, Doctrina del Libertador, 46–50.
66. Bolívar, Proclamation in La Popa, 8 May 1815, o’Leary, Memorias, XV, 14–15.
67. Bolívar, Jamaica Letter
, 6 September 1815, Escritos, VIII, 222–48.
Chapter 5
1. The total for the whole war of independence would be about 41,000, regarded as small for an imperial army in a large region; see Earle, Spain and the Independence of Colombia, 30–1, 70–1.
2. Margaret L. Woodward, ‘The Spanish Army and the Loss of America, 1810–1824’, HAHR, 48 (1968), 586–607.
3. o’Leary, Narración, I,297–8; Stephen K. Stoan, Pablo Morillo and Venezuela, 1815–1820 (Columbus, Ohio, 1974), 83–4, 163.
4. Bolívar to Richard Wellesley, Kingston, 27 May 1815, o’Leary, Memorias, XXIX, 46.
5. Bolívar, Escritos, VIII, 222–48; the Jamaica Letter was first published in English in the Jamaica Quarterly Journal and Literary Gazettein July 1818 and in a Spanish version in Caracas in 1833.
6. Mark A. Burkholder and D.S. Chandler, From Impotence to Authority: The Spanish Crown and the American Audiencias, 1687–1808, 10–11, 74–5, 104–6.
7. o’Leary, ‘Detached Recollections’, 38.
8. Bolívar to the Editor, Royal Gazette, 28 September 1815, Selected Writings, I, 125.
9. To the Editor, Royal Gazette, 15 August 1815, o’Leary, Memorias, XXIX, 54–60.
10. El Americano, after 28 September 1815, Pérez Vila, Doctrina del Libertador, 75–9.
11. R.A. Humphreys, ‘British Merchants and South American Independence’, Tradition and Revolt in Latin America (London, 1969), 117–20.
12. Bolívar to Maxwell Hyslop, 19 May 1815, o’Leary, Memorias, XXIX, 45–6.
13. Bolívar to Maxwell Hyslop, 30 October, 8 November 1815, o’Leary, Memorias, XXIX, 66–7.
14. Bolívar to Maxwell Hyslop, 3 December 1815, o’Leary, Memorias, XXIX, 67–8.
15. Royal Gazette, Kingston, 16, 23 December 1815, o’Leary, Memorias, XV, 28–33; Narración, I, 333.
16. Paul Verna, Pétion y Bolívar (Caracas, 1969), 157–61; Lecuna, Crónica razonada, I, 418.
17. John Lynch, Caudillos in Spanish America 1800–1850 (Oxford, 1992), 4–6, 35–6.
18. o’Leary, Narración, I, 350.
19. Francisco Rivas Vicuña, Las guerras de Bolívar, 7 vols (Bogotá, 1934–8, Santiago, 1940), II, 85–95.
20. Austria, Bosquejo de la historia militar de Venezuela, II, 454–6.
21. Ibid., II, 388.
22. Ibid., II, 385.
23. ‘Acta de Reconocimiento de Bolívar como Jefe Supremo’, 6 May 1816, Escritos, IX, 123–6.
24. Bolívar, Ocumare, 6 July 1816, o’Leary, Memorias, XV, 84; Escritos, IX, 188, 352.
25. Bolívar to Fernández Madrid, Bogotá, 6 March 1830, Carrera Damas, Simón Bolívar Fundamental, I, 611–13. Soublette refers discreetly to the ‘love’ factor, a remark which enraged Lecuna: o’Leary, Narración, I, 469; Lecuna, Crónica razonada, I, 469, II, 17.
26. o’Leary, Narración, I, 371–2.
27. Ibid., I, 385.
28. Bolívar to Piar, 10 January 1817, Escritos, X, 46.
29. Bolívar to Pétion, on board the Indio Libre, Jacmel, 4 September 1816, Escritos, IX, 341–2, 344–5.
30. Bolívar to Páez, Angostura, 15 September 1817, o’Leary, Memorias, XV, 295–7.
31. Bolívar to Páez, 4 October, 4 November 1817, ibid., XV, 324–6, 445–7.
32. Díaz, Recuerdos sobre la rebelión de Caracas, 328.
33. Buenaventura de Carrocera, Misión de los Capuchinos en Guayana, 3 vols (BANH, Caracas, 1979), III, 13–14, 318–23; o’Leary, Narración, I, 390–1.
34. Blanco y Azpurúa, Documentos para la historia de la vida pública del Libertador, V, 646–7.
35. See the account in Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera, Memoria sobre la vida del General Simón Bolívar, Libertador de Colombia, Perú y Bolivia (Bogotá, 1954), 221–2, who adds, ‘Many years later I heard the Liberator again condemn the Caroní massacre in our presence with the utmost severity.’
36. Bolívar to Nariño, Barinas, 21 April 1821, Carrera Damas, Simón Bolívar Fundamental, I, 187.
37. Manifesto to the Peoples of Venezuela, 5 August 1817, Escritos, X, 338; Bolívar to o’Leary, Guayaquil, 13 September 1829, Carrera Damas, Simón Bolívar Fundamental, I, 588–94.
38. Parra–Pérez, Mariño y la independencia de Venezuela, II, 368.
39. Díaz, Recuerdos sobre la rebelión de Caracas, 336.
40. Piar to Bolívar, San Felipe, 31 January 1817, o’Leary, Memorias, XV, 150–5.
41. Bolívar to Piar, 19 June 1817, Escritos, X, 264.
42. Morillo to Minister of War, 8 May 1817, Antonio Rodríguez Villa, El teniente general don Pablo Morillo, primer conde de Cartagena, marqués de La Puerta, 4 vols (Madrid, 1908–10), III, 379–85.
43. Bolívar to Briceño Méndez, 19 June 1817, o’Leary, Memorias, XXIX, 113–14.
44. Manifesto to the Peoples of Venezuela, 5 August 1817, Escritos, X, 335–40.
45. Bolívar to Cedeño, 24 September 1817, Escritos, XI, 91.
46. Bolívar, Manifesto to the peoples of Venezuela, 5 August 1817, ibid., X, 337.
47. Peru de Lacroix, Diario de Bucaramanga, 116–17.
48. Bolívar, Manifesto to the peoples of Venezuela, 5 August 1817, Escritos, X, 339.
49. Proclamation, 17 October 1817, Escritos, XI, 253–4.
50. Peru de Lacroix, Diario de Bucaramanga, 58–9.
51. Díaz, Recuerdos sobre la rebelión de Caracas, 353.
52. O’Leary, Narración, I, 223.
53. Bolívar, Villa del Norte, 23 May 1816, Obras completas, III, 634–5; Carúpano, 2 June
1816, Decretos del Libertador, ed. Vicente Lecuna, 3 vols (Caracas, 1961), I, 55–6.
54. Austria, Bosquejo de la historia militar de Venezuela, II, 448.
55. Decree, 24 September 1817, Escritos, XI, 94–5.
56. Regulation, 7 June 1817, Decree, 23 September 1817, o’Leary, Memorias, XV, 264–8, 304–7.
57. Bolívar to Bermúdez, 7 November 1817, o’Leary, Memorias, XV, 449–50; Rivas Vicuña, Las guerras de Bolívar, III, 63–4.
58. Clément Thibaud, Repúblicas en armas: Los ejércitos bolivarianos en la Guerra de Independencia (Colombia–Venezuela, 1810–1821), (Bogotá, 2003), 44, 282–7.
59. Decree, 30 October 1817, Escritos, XI, 318–20.
60. Bolívar to Mariño, 17 September 1817, Escritos, XI, 27; Bolívar to Mariño, 11 November
1817, O’Leary, Memorias, XV, 454–5.
61. Bolívar to Zaraza, 3 October 1817, to Monagas, 30 October 1817, Escritos, XI, 157–8, 160.
62. Parra–Pérez, Mariño y la independencia de Venezuela, II, 497–8.
63. Proclamation, 17 July 1817, Simón Bolívar, Proclamas y Discursos del Libertador, 157–8.
64. José Antonio Páez, Autobiografía del General José Antonio Páez, 2 vols (Caracas, 1973), I, 86–7.
65. O’Leary, Narración, I, 397.
66. Páez, Autobiografía, I, 124.
67. o’Leary, Narración, I, 451–2; Lecuna, Crónica razonada, II, 122–30.
68. Quoted by R.B. Cunninghame Graham, José Antonio Páez (London, 1929), 108–9, 114–15, 134; o’Leary, Narración, I, 451.
69. Díaz, Recuerdos sobre la rebelión de Caracas, 324.
70. Páez, Autobiografía, I, 128.
71. Richard Vowell, Campaigns and Cruises in Venezuela and New Grenada, I, 65–8. Spelt Vawell in the British Library catalogue. On the experienced mercenaries as an influential component of a new generation of officers, see Thibaud, Repúblicas en armas, 411–25.
72. Bolívar to Morillo, 13 February 1818, o’Leary, Memorias, XV, 571.
73. Bolívar to Páez, Calabozo, 24 February, 28 February 1818, o’Leary, Memorias, XV, 600, 601.
74. o’Leary, ‘Detached Recollections’, 39–40.
75. Páez, Autobiografía., I, 153–4; o’Leary, Narración, I, 489–91, ‘Detached Recollections’, 19–20; Bolívar to Páez, Angostura, 25 June 1818, o’Leary, Memorias, XVI, 58.
76. o’Leary, Narración, I, 461.
77. Speech to council of state, Angostura, 1 October
1818, o’Leary, Memorias, XVI, 103.
78. Polanco Alcántara, Simón Bolívar, 412–14.
79. Rodríguez Villa, Pablo Morillo, IV, 626–9; Earle, Spain and the Independence of Colombia, 70, 86.
80. Bolívar, Declaration of Angostura, 20 November 1818, Carrera Damas, Simón Bolívar Fundamental, II, 68–71.
Chapter 6
1. o’Leary, Narración, I, 496.
2. Correo del Orinoco, 20 February 1819.
3. Angostura Address, 15 February 1819, Simón Bolívar, Obras completas, III, 674–97; first published in abridged form in the Correo del Orinoco, 20,27 February, 6,13 March 1819; an English version was published at the same time in Angostura, and a Spanish version, revised by Bolívar, in Bogotá in April 1820. See Pedro Grases, El Libertador y la Constitución de Angostura de 1819 (Caracas, 1970).
4. Angostura Address, Obras completas, III, 679.
5. Jamaica Letter, Escritos, VIII, 241.
6. Contract with H.C. Wilson, 1 July 1817, with G. Hippisley, 15 October 1817, o’Leary, Memorias, XV, 270–3, 345–7. In addition to the soldiers some 1,000 sailors also served.
7. Eric Lambert, ‘Los legionarios británicos’, Bello y Londres, Segundo Congreso del Bicentenario, 2 vols (Caracas, 1980–81), I, 355–76; see also the same author’s Voluntarios británicos e irlandeses en la gesta bolivariana, 3 vols. (Caracas, 1983–93). For a conceptual as well as narrative assessment of the foreign adventurers see Matthew Brown, ‘Esclavitud, castas y extranjeros en las guerras de la Independencia de Colombia’, Historia y Sociedad, 10 (2004), 109–25.
8. D.A.G. Waddell, ‘British Neutrality and Spanish–American Independence: The Problem of Foreign Enlistment’,JLAS, 19,1 (1987), 1–18.
9. Proclama de Morillo a los Jefes ingleses, Achaguas, 26 March 1819, Rodríguez Villa, Pablo Morillo, IV, 108–9, as quoted.
10. A British Officer in the service of Venezuela, Margarita, 1 July 1819, Correo del Orinoco, 27 November 1819.
11. John P. Hamilton, Travels through the Interior Provinces of Colombia, 2 vols (London, 1827), I, 31.
12. Charles Stuart Cochrane, Journal of a Residence and Travels in Colombia, during the years 1823 and 1824, 2 vols (London, 1825), I, 496.
13. Carlos Pi Sunyer, Patriotas americanos en Londres, 242.