Queens Consort
Page 59
Valente, Claire, ‘The Lament of Edward II: Religious Lyric, Political Propaganda’, Speculum No. 2, Vol. LXXVIII (April 2002)
Van Houts, E., ‘Latin Poetry and the Anglo-Norman Court’, Journal of Medieval History 15 (1989)
Walker, Curtis H., ‘Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Disaster at Cadmos Mountain on the Second Crusade’, American Historical Review No. 55, Vol. 4 (1950)
Wertheimer, L., ‘Adeliza of Louvain and Anglo-Norman Queenship’, Haskins Society Journal No. 7 (1997)
Williams, Barrie, ‘Elizabeth of York’s Last Journey’, The Ricardian No. 83, Vol. 6 (March 1988)
NOTES
For brevity, primary sources are cited only where they are not previously referenced in the text. All quotations from letters, except where otherwise stated, are from Anne Crawford’s Letters of the Queens of England, 1100—1457 (Stroud, 2002).
INTRODUCTION
1. Cited in Lois L. Huneycutt, Matilda of Scotland: A Study in Medieval Queenship (Woodbridge, 2003), p.35.
2. Dorothy Laird, How the Queen Reigns (London, 1959), p.35.
3. Pauline Stafford, Queens, Concubines, Dowagers: The King’s Wife in the Early Middle Ages (London, 1983), p.34.
4. Alcuin Blamires, The Case for Women in Medieval Culture (Oxford, 1997), p.20. Peter Abelard’s comments are in ‘The Authority and Dignity of Nuns’, Letter 7, The Letters of Abelard and Heloise, trans. C.K. Scott Moncrierf (New york, 1977),
5. Blamires, op. cit., p.89
6. Philippe Aries, Centuries of Childhood, trans. Robert Baldick (London, 1962), p.368.
7. J.L. Laynesmith, The Last Medieval Queens (Oxford, 2004), p.77.
8. Conor McCarthy, Marriage in Medieval England: Law, Literature and Practice(Woodbridge, 2004), p.99.
9. Linda Paterson, ‘Gender Negotiations in France During the Central Middle Ages: The Literary Evidence’, in The Medieval World, ed. Peter Linehan and Janet L. Nelson (New York, Routledge, 2003), p.250.
10. Margaret Howell, Eleanor of Provence: Queenship in Thirteenth Century England (Oxford, 1998), p.77.
11. Peter Coss, The Lady in Medieval England 1000—1500 (Stroud, 1998), p.12. See also Theodore Evergates, ‘The Aristocracy of Champagne in the Mid-Thirteenth Century’, in Journal of Interdisciplinary History, No. 1, Vol. 5 (Summer 1974).
PART ONE
CHAPTER 1: MATILDA OF FLANDERS
1. David C. Douglas, William the Conqueror (London, 1964) p.79.
2. Orderic Vitalis.
3. Douglas, op. cit., p.76.
4. Orderic Vitalis.
5. Adam of Eynsham.
6. Agnes Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England Vol. 1 (London, 1851), p.9.
7. Exeter Book.
8. Quoted in Nicholas Vincent, ‘Isabella of Angoulême: John’s Jezebel’, in King John: New Interpretations, ed. S.D. Church (Woodbridge, 1999), p.20.
9. Nicholas, op. cit., p.41.
10. David Starkey, Monarchy (London, 2004), p.80.
11. Pauline Stafford, ‘Emma: The Powers of the Queen in the Eleventh Century’, in Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe, ed. Anne J. Duggan (Woodbridge, 1997), p.4.
12. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
13. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
14. Henrietta Leyser, Medieval Women: A Social History of Women in England 450—1500 (London, 1995), p.20.
15. Ibid., p.34.
16. From P.J.P. Goldberg, ‘Women’, in Fifteenth Century Attitudes: Perceptions of Society in Late Medieval England, ed. Rosemary Horrox (Cambridge, 1994), cited p.123.
17. J. Ward, English Noblewomen in the Later Middle Ages (London, 1992), p.57.
18. Quoted in John Gillingham, The Wars of the Roses (Baton Rouge, 1981), P.49.
19. Orderic Vitalis.
20. David Crouch, The Normans (London, 2002), p.83.
21. Douglas, op. cit., p.85.
22. Huneycutt, Matilda of Scotland, op. cit., p.50.
23. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, ‘D’ version.
24. Pauline Stafford, ‘Chronicle D, 1067 and Women: Gendering Conquest in Eleventh Century England’, in Anglo-Saxons, ed. Simon Keynes and Alfred P. Smyth (Portland, 2006), p.209.
25. James Chambers,The Norman Kings (London, 1981), p.17.
26. Orderic Vitalis.
27. William of Jumièges, Gesta Normanorum Ducum.
28. Recueil des Actes des Ducs de Normandie.
CHAPTER 2: MATILDA OF SCOTLAND
1. Huneycutt, Matilda of Scotland, op. cit., p.165.
2. Ibid., p.17.
3. Eadmer.
4. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
5. Ibid.
6. Anselm.
7. Eadmer.
8. Ibid.
9. Aelred of Rievaulx.
10. Anne Crawford, Letters of the Queens of England (Stroud, 2002), p.20.
11. Anselm.
12. On Henry’s absences from England see, for example, Robert Bartlett, England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075—1225 (Oxford, 2000), pp. 38—41, and William Farrer, An Outline Itinerary for Henry I (Oxford, 1919).
13. Huneycutt, Matilda of Scotland, op. cit., p.74.
14. Ibid., p.80.
15. Ibid., p.38.
16. Life of St Margaret of Scotland, The Idea of a Perfect Princesse in the Life of St Margaret Queen of Scotland’ (Paris, 1661).
17. Huneycutt. op. cit., p.26.
18. Lois L. Huneycutt, ‘Proclaiming her Dignity Abroad: The Literary and Artistic Network of Matilda of Scotland’, in The Cultural Patronage of Medieval Women, ed. June Hall McCash (Athens, GA, 1996), p.155.
19. Roy Strong, The Spirit of Britain: A Narrative History of the Arts (London, 1999), p.38.
20. See Jacques Le Goff, ‘What Did The Twelfth Century Renaissance Mean?’, in Linehan and Nelson, op. cit., pp.635—47.
21. Susan M. Johns, Noblewomen, Aristocracy and Power in the Twelfth Century Anglo-Norman Realm (Manchester, 2003), p.37.
22. William of Malmesbury, Gesta.
23. Huneycutt, Matilda of Scotland, op. cit., p.128.
24. Liber Monasterii de Hyda.
CHAPTER 3: ADEL1ZA OF LOUVA1N
1. Marjorie Chibnall, The Empress Matilda: Queen Consort, Queen Mother and Lady of the English (Oxford, 1993), p.37.
2. Alison Weir, Eleanor of Aquitaine (London, 2000), p.134.
3. Quoted in Bartlett, op. cit, p.41.
4. William of Malmesbury, Gesta.
CHAPTER 4: MATILDA OF BOULOGNE
1. David Crouch, The Reign of King Stephen (Harlow, 2000), p.24.
2. Warren Hollister, ‘The Anglo-Norman Succession Debate of 1126: Prelude to Stephen’s Anarchy’, in Journal of Medieval History 1 (1976), p.25.
3. Crouch, The Reign of King Stephen, op. cit., p.31.
4. Ibid., p.318.
5. Orderic Vitalis.
6. Heather J. Tanner, ‘Queenship, Custom or Ad Hoc? The Case of Matilda III of England’, in Eleanor of Aquitaine: Lord and Lady, ed. John Carmi Parsons and Bonnie Wheeler (Basingstoke, 2002), p.139.
7. Crouch, The Reign of King Stephen, op. cit., p.126.
8. Ibid., p.77.
9. Marjorie Chibnall, The Empress Matilda, op. cit., p.87.
10. Crouch, The Reign of King Stephen, op. cit., p.126.
11. For illumination compare Marjorie Chibnall, The Empress Matilda, p.85, with David Crouch, ‘Robert of Gloucester and the daughters of Zelophehad’, Journal of Medieval History, No. 11 (1965).
12. See john Carmi Parsons, ‘Mothers, Daughters, Marriage, Power: Some Plantagenet Evidence 1150—1500’, in Medieval Queenship, ed. john Carmi Parsons (Stroud, 1994).
13. Gesta Stephani.
14. johns, op. cit., p.19.
15. Chibnall, The Empress Matilda, op. cit., p.115.
16. Crouch, The Reign of King Stephen, op. cit., p.261.
17. Betty Bandel, ‘The English Chroniclers’ Attitude Towards Women’, in Journal of the History of Ideas, No. 1, Vol. 16 (January 1955), p.114.
PART TWO
CHAPTER 5: ELEANOR OF AQUITAIN
E
1. W.L. Warren, Henry II (New Haven, 2000), p.121.
2. Christopher Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades (London, 2006), p.275.
3. Constance Brittain Bouchard, ‘Eleanor’s Divorce from Louis VII: The Uses of Consanguinity’, in Carmi Parsons and Wheeler, Eleanor of Aquitaine, op. cit., p.230.
4. See Andrew W. Lewis, ‘The Birth and Childhood of King lohn: Some Revisions’, in Carmi Parsons and Wheeler, Eleanor of Aquitaine, op. cit.
5. Weir, Eleanor of Aquitaine, op. cit., p.34.
6. Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, trans. B.S.james (Stroud, 1998), No. 323.
7. Tyerman, op. cit., p.328.
8. See Alfred Richard, Histoire des Comtes de Poitou (Paris, 1903).
9. William Stubbs, quoted in Curtis H. Walker, ‘Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Disaster at Cadmos Mountain on the Second Crusade’, in American Historical Review No. 55, Vol. 4 (1950).
10. Peggy McCracken, ‘Scandalizing Desire: Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Chroniclers’, in Carmi Parsons and Wheeler, Eleanor of Aquitaine, op. cit., p.247.
11. Tyerman, op. cit., p.333.
12. Otto of Freising, The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, trans. C.C. Mierow (Columbia, 1953), p.27.
13. John of Salisbury.
14. Brittain Bouchard, op. cit., p.224.
15. John of Salisbury
16. Christopher N.L. Brooke, The Medieval Idea of Marriage (Oxford, 1989), p.125.
17. William of Newburgh.
18. Weir, Eleanor of Aquitaine, op. cit., p.89.
19. Elizabeth A.R. Brown, ‘Eleanor of Aquitaine Reconsidered’ in Carmi Parsons and Wheeler, Eleanor of Aquitaine, op. cit., p.9.
20. Lois L. Huneycutt, ‘Alianora Regina Anglorum: Eleanor of Aquitaine and her Anglo-Norman Predecessors as Queens of England’, in Carmi Parsons and Wheeler, Eleanor of Aquitaine, op. cit., p.128.
21. Edmond-Réne Labande, ‘pour Une Image Véridique d’ Alienor d’ Aquitaine in Bulletin de la Société des Antiquaires de l’Ouest, 4th series, No. 2 (1951), quotation trans. Lisa Hilton.
22. Robert-Henri Bautier, ‘Etudes sur la France capetienm’, Art. 5 (London, 1992), P.33.
23. Marie Hivergneaux, ‘Queen Eleanor and Aquitaine 1137—1189’, in Carmi Parsons and Wheeler, Eleanor of Aquitaine, op. cit., p.67.
24. See Kathleen Nolan, ‘The Queen’s Choice: Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Tombs at Fontevrault’, in Carmi Parsons and Wheeler, Eleanor of Aquitaine, op. cit.
25. Frank McLynn, Lionheart and Lackland: King Richard, King John and the Wars of Conquest (London, 2006), p.43.
CHAPTER 6: BERENGARIA OF NAVARRE
1. Brown, op. cit., p.13.
2. Ann Trindade, Berengaria of Navarre: In Search of Richard’s Lost Queen (Portland, 1999), p.44.
3. Ambroise.
4. William of Newburgh, Ranulph of Higden, Pierre de Langtoft.
5. Karl Brunner (ed.), Der mittelenglische Versroman über Richard Lowenherz (Vienna, 1913), B version II2456.
6. Trindade, op. cit., p.59.
7. Roger of Howden, Gesta.
8. Ibid.
9. See J. Brundage, ‘Sex and Canon Law’ in The Handbook of Medieval Sexuality, ed. J. Brundage and V. Bullough (New York, 1996), pp.33—50; also Brundage, Law, Sex and Christian Society in Medieval Europe (Chicago, 1987).
10. McLynn, op. cit., p.267.
11. Ibid., p.267
12. Cartulaire de l’Eglise du Mans: Livre Blanc du Chapitre, ed. Lottin (Archives Departementales de la Sarthe, 1848), p.123.
13. Honorii III Romani Pontificis Opera Omnia, ed. J. Horoy (Paris, 1879). Book II, Letter CXCV.
14. Weir, Eleanor of Aquitaine, op. cit., p.321.
15. A. Bouton, ‘La Vie Tourmentee de la Reine Berengere’, in Vie Mancelle No. 45 (1964), p.26.
CHAPTER 7: ISABELLE OF ANGOULÊME
1. McLynn, op. cit., p.287.
2. Andrew W. Lewis, ‘The Birth and Childhood of King John: Some Revisions’ in Carmi Parsons and Wheeler, Eleanor of Aquitaine, op.cit., p.166.
3. McLynn, op. cit., p.244.
4. Vincent, op. cit., p.173.
5. H.G. Richardson, ‘Kingjohn and Isabelle of Angoulême’ in English Historical Review No. 256, Vol. 65 (July 1950).
6. Giraldus Cambrensis.
7. McLynn, op. cit., p.316.
8. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora.
9. Quoted in Vincent, op.cit., p.195.
10. Paul Strohm, Hochon’s Arrow: The Social Imagination of Fourteenth Century Texts (Princeton, 1992), p.3.
PART THREE
CHAPTER 8: ELEANOROF PROVENCE
1. McLynn, op. cit., p.43.
2. Margaret Howell, Eleanor of Provence, op. cit., p.48.
3. Ibid., p.274.
4. The Chronicle of Melrose Abbey.
5. Tewkesbury Chronicle.
6. John Carmi Parsons, Eleanor of Castile: Queen and Society in Thirteenth Century England (New York, 1995), p.39.
7. H. Johnstone, ‘Poor Relief in the Royal Households of the Thirteenth Century’, in Speculum No. 4 (1929).
CHAPTER 9: ELEANOR OF CASTILE
1. Opus Chronicorum.
2. The story may have originated with Ptolemy of Lucca’s Historia Ecclesiastica, in which it is reported as rumour.
3. John Carmi Parsons, ‘Of Queens, Courts and Books: Reflections on the Literary Patronage of Thirteenth Century Plantagenet Queens’, in June Hall McCash, The Cultural Patronage of Medieval Women, op. cit., p.177.
4. Ibid., p.178.
5. Susan Groag Bell, ‘Medieval Women Book Owners: Arbiters of Lay Piety and Culture’, in Signs No. 4, Vol. 7 (Summer 1982).
6. John Carmi Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, op. cit., p.57.
7. Walter of Guisborough.
CHAPTER 10: MARGUERITE OF FRANCE
1. W.M. Ormrod, ‘The Sexualities of Edward II’, in The Reign of Edward II: New Perspectives, ed. Gwilym Dodd and Anthony Musson (Woodbridge, 2006), p.22.
2. J.S. Hamilton, ‘The Character of Edward II: The Letters of Edward of Caernarfon Reconsidered’, in Dodd and Musson, op. cit., p.17.
3. Annates Paulini.
4. The Chronicle of Lanercost.
5. Vita Edwardi Secundi.
6. Ibid.
7. Foedera.
8. Vita Edwardi Secundi.
9. Ibid.
PART FOUR
CHAPTER 11: ISABELLA OF FRANCE
1. Vita Edwardi Secundi.
2. Michael Prestwich, ‘The Court of Edward II’, in Dodd and Musson, op. cit., p.74.
3. Articles of Deposition in Foedera.
4. Strickland, op. cit., Vol. 1, p.471.
5. Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II
6. Vita Edwardi Secundi.
7. Annales Paulini.
8. Vita Edwardi Secundi.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Geoffrey le Baker, Chronicon.
14. Foedera.
15. Ibid.
16. Brut Chronicle.
17. Gwyn Williams, Medieval London: From Commune to Capital (London, 1970), p.298.
18. Both Paul Doherty, Isabella and the Strange Death of Edward II (London, 2003) and Alison Weir, Isabella: She-Wolf of France, Queen of England(London, 2005) give credence to the idea that Edward II was not murdered at Berkeley Castle. G.P. Cuttino on T.W. Lyman, ‘Where is Edward II?’, in Speculum Vol. 53 (July, 1978), gives a rather less breathless account of this strenuously contorted conspiracy theory. No good evidence exists to support either Doherty or Weir, though both are ingenious in their justifications.
19. Brut Chronicle.
20. Ibid.
21. Calendar of Close Rolls 1330—3, p.158.
22. Ormrod, ‘The Sexualities of Edward II’, op. cit., p.43.
23. Ian Mortimer, ‘Sermons of Sodomy: A Reconsideration of Edward II’s Sodomitical Reputation’, in Dodd and Musson, op. cit., pp.52—3
24. Ibid., p.52.
> 25. Ormrod, ‘The Sexualities of Edward II’, op. cit., p.44.
26. Robert Fabyan, The New Chronicles.
27. Claire Valente, ‘The Lament of Edward II: Religious Lyric, Political Propaganda’, in Speculum No.2, Vol. LXXVIII (April 2002).
28. Calendar of Papal Registers.
CHAPTER 12: PHILIPPA OF HAINAULT
1. The Register of Walter de Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter (London, 1981).
2. B.C. Hardy, Philippa of Hainault and her Times (London, 1910), p.30.
3. Exeter Diocese Register (Canterbury and York Society).
4. Laynesmith, op. cit., p.118.
5. Hardy, op. cit., p.112.
6. Froissart, Chroniques.
7. Juliet Vale, Edward III and Chivalry (Woodbridge, Boydell, 1982), p.77.
8. Hardy, op. cit., p.126.
9. Paul Strohm, ‘Queens as Intercessors’, in Hochon’s Arrow, op. cit., p.103.
10. Walsingham.
11. Hardy, op. cit., quoted p.126.
CHAPTER 13: ANNE OF BOHEMIA AND ISABELLE OF FRANCE
1. V. Dvorakova et al, Gothic Mural Painting in Bohemia and Moravia 1300—1378 (London, 1964), p.49.
2. Walsingham.
3. Ibid.
4. Knighton Chronicle.
5. Gervase Mathew, The Court of Richard II (London, 1968), p.38.
6. MS Reg., 13d fol. 117b, cited in Louisa De Saussure Duls, Richard II in the Early Chronicles, p.8.
7. Marina Belozerskaya, Rethinking the Renaissance: Burgundian Arts Across Europe (Cambridge, 2002), p.144.
8. Nigel Saul, Richard II (New Haven, 1997), P.457.
9. Philippe de Meziéres, Letter to King Richard II
10. Susan Groag Bell, ‘Medieval Women Book Owners: Arbiters of Lay Piety and Culture’ in Signs, No. 4, Vol. 7 (Summer 1982).
11. John Wycliffe, De triplici vinculi amors, in M. Deanesley (ed.), The Lollard Bible and Other Medieval Biblical Versions (Cambridge, 1920), p.248.
12. Foedera.
13. Strohm, Hochon’s Arrow, op. cit., p.108.
14. Philippe de Meziéres, op. cit.
15. Rachel Gibbons, ‘Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen of France (1385—1422): The Creation of An Historical Villainess’ in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series, Vol. 6 (1996)