On the Front Lines of the Cold War

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On the Front Lines of the Cold War Page 55

by Seymour Topping


  Chinese Communist Party (CCP): and Catholic Church, 75–77, 77n

  and censorship, 379

  and Chinese Civil War, 17–18

  and Cultural Revolution, 350

  founding of, 98

  and Hundred Flowers Campaign (1957), 109–10

  leaders of, 15–17, 24, 110, 143, 299, 357

  Liu Shaoqi’s text for, 24

  and Mao Zedong, 299, 301–2

  members of, 16

  and Sino-Soviet split, 200

  and Yenan workers, 15

  Chinese language romanization, 399–401

  Chinese Military Advisory Group (CMAG), 103, 142

  Chirac, Jacques, 164

  Choi, Sinn, 244

  Chou Fu-cheng, 42

  Christian and Missionary Alliance, 125

  Christian Science Monitor, 317, 359

  Churchill, Winston, 22

  CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

  Clark, Lewis, 80

  Clark, Mark, 78

  Clinton, William, 272

  Clos, Max, 124, 145, 163–64

  Clubb, O. Edmund, 34, 34n, 119

  CMAG. See Chinese Military Advisory Group (CMAG)

  Collins, John, 34

  Columbia Journalism Review, 315, 317

  Comintern, 131

  Committee of 100, 100

  Committee to Reelect the President (CREEP), 363

  Communist China. See China; Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

  Constans, Jean, 136

  Corriere della Serra, 200

  Council on Foreign Relations, 21, 158, 240, 328

  CREEP. See Committee to Reelect the President (CREEP)

  Cromley, Ray, 20, 21

  Crowe, Philip, 86

  Cuba: Bay of Pigs invasion of, 205–6, 207, 212, 219

  and Castro, 2, 213–17, following p. 224, 311

  and Cuban missile crisis, 2, 208–14

  Soviet Union’s relationship with, 216–17

  ST in, 214–17

  Cuban missile crisis, 2, 208–14

  Cultural Revolution: and Chen Yi, 339, 341–42, 356

  and Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 350

  collapse of, in 1976, 2

  and Deng Xiaoping, 306, 309, 340, 370

  evaluation of, 370

  and Gang of Four, 299, 309, 341, 370, 372–73

  and Huang Hua, 343–44

  human cost of, 342–44, 374, 377

  and Jiang Qing, 16, 299, 302–3, 340, 341, 356, 357, 370, 376

  and Lin Biao, 307, 308, 341, 349, 355, 356

  and Liu Bocheng, 340

  and Liu Shaoqi, 306–9, 337, 340, 348, 355, 356

  and Mao Zedong, 25, 44, 93, 297–309, 334, 337, 339–44, 348–50, 355, 356, 370, 376, 377

  in Nanking, 305

  New York Times on, 304, 334

  in Peking, 305–7, 338–39, 341–42, 356

  purges during, 304–5, 307–9, 336, 339–44, 348, 367, 372, 374, 377

  and Zhou Enlai, 304, 338, 340–41, 350, 355, 356, 371, 376

  Czechoslovakia, 80, 119, 322, 350

  Dalai Lama, 377

  Dalat, 132

  Daniel, Clifton, 199, 220, 221, 310–15, 318, 324

  Davidson, Terry, following p. 224

  Davies, John Paton, 20, 23, 119

  Davis, T. C., 104

  Dawn Wakes in the East (AT), 368

  De Fontaine, Ed, following p. 224

  De Gaulle, Charles, 127, 146, 208, 234, 259–61, 312, 393

  De la Garde, Marquis, 263

  De La Tour, General, 147

  De Lattre, Bernard, 162

  De Lattre de Tassigny, Jean, following p. 110, 146–47, 151–53, 155, 156, 158, 160, 209, 225

  De Pugh, William, 261

  Dean, John Gunther, 272

  Defense Department, U.S. See U.S. Defense Department

  Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV). See North Vietnam

  Deng Tuo, 302

  Deng Xiaoping: and Anti-Rightist Campaign (1957), 110

  and Chinese Civil War, 53, 92, 114

  criticisms of, 370–72

  and Cultural Revolution, 306, 309, 340, 370

  Gang of Four’s plot against, 370, 373

  and Hong Kong, 378

  and land reform and free market incentives in 1970s, 68, 121, 376–79

  leadership of, in China after 1970s, 68, 93, 121, 367–71, 376–79

  and Liu Shaoqi, 302–3

  on Mao Zedong, 377

  and Peng Dehuai, 340

  as secretary general of Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 110, 299, 357

  and Tiananmen Square demonstration (1989), 379

  and Zhou Enlai, 309, 367–68, 370–71, 376

  at Zhou’s funeral, 371

  Denson, John, 342

  DePuy, William, 229

  Deschamps, Noel St. Clair, 263

  Desperben, Bishop Dominique, 114, 116–17

  Dewey, Peter A., 127–29

  Dewey, Thomas E., 118

  Dhani, Marshal, 282–84, 286–87, 289, 295

  Dhani, Omar, 281

  Dianous, Hughes Jean de, 115–16

  Diem, Ngo Dinh, 188, 218–19, 220, 221, 383, 392

  Dien Bien Phu, battle of, 163, 184–85, 188

  Dieu, Nguyen, 256–57

  Dixie Mission. See U.S. Army Observer Group

  Domino theory, 126, 146, 393

  Dong, Pham Van, 185, 188, 222, 236–37, 239–41, 268–69, 313–14

  Dong Khe, Vietnam, 142–44

  Donovan, William “Wild Bill,” 128, 129

  Drozdov, Vladimir, 32

  DRV. See North Vietnam

  Dryfoos, Orville, 219

  Dubek, Alexander, 322

  Dulles, Allen, 387

  Dulles, John Foster, 168, 185–87, 391

  Durdin, Tillman, 111, following p. 224

  East Germany. See Germany

  Eden, Anthony, 168, 185

  Ehrlichman, John, 364

  Eisenhower, Dwight: Brownell as attorney general of, 358

  and CIA operation in Burma, 150

  on Communism, 120

  on domino theory, 126, 393

  and French Indochina War, 184–85

  Kennedy’s criticisms of, 156

  and Khrushchev, 201

  and Korean War, 104, 180

  on United Nations membership for Communist China, 104–5

  El Salvador, 216

  Elephant gift, 244–53

  Ellsberg, Daniel, 328–29, 359, 361–64

  Emerson, Gloria, 324

  England. See Great Britain

  Ensz, Reinhold, 190

  Epstein, Sir Jacob, 167

  Ernst, Ernie, 5

  European Defense Community, 154

  Faas, Horst, 386

  Fairbank, John King, 119, 155–56

  Fan Han-chieh, 41

  Farris, Barry, 49

  Fatal Crossroads (ST), 388

  FBI, 267, 362, 364

  Feng Baiju, 114–15, 118

  Fenghua, China, 79, 94

  Ferenbaugh, Claude B., 178

  Fielder, Wilson, following p. 110, 136, 141

  Fielding, Lewis, 362–64

  Le Figaro, 164

  First Amendment rights, 334, 359–60

  Fleming, Joe, following p. 224

  Flying Tigers, 57n, 148

  Flynn, Sean, 273

  Ford, Gerald, 382, 383

  Foreign Affairs, 21, 350

  Foreign Legionnaires, 123, 137–40, 143, 144, 146

  France. See De Gaulle, Charles; French Indochina War; Paris

  Franco, Francisco, 170

  Franjola, Matt, 385

  Frankel, Max, 199–200, 210, 330, 331

  Freedman, Manny, 194, 195, 210, 219

  French Indochina War: beginning of, 131

  casualties of, 122, 127–29, 131, 139, 140, 145, 147, 162, 163, 184, 188

  China frontier during, 135–47, 170

  Chinese advisers to Viet Minh during, 102–3, 155, 163, 171

  de Lat
tre’s defense of Hanoi during, 147

  de Lattre’s offensive on Hoa Binh during, 160–63

  Dien Bien Phu battle during, 163, 184–85, 188

  and domino theory, 126, 393

  Dong Khe battle during, 142–43

  and Eisenhower, 184–85

  end of, 163

  fall of Lang Son during, 145

  Foreign Legionnaires in, 123, 137–40, 143, 144, 146

  French generals in, following p. 110, 135–36, 143–44, 146–47, 151–53, 155, 156, 158, 160–63

  French “Road of Death” during, 134, 136–41

  Geneva Conference (1954) and Geneva Accords on, 184–89

  Giap’s protracted war strategy during, 131, 225, 227

  Hanoi during, 122, 135–36, 142, 147, 158

  and Ho Chi Minh and Viet Minh, 87, 102, 116, 122–26, 129–33, 135–47, 152, 153, 155, 159–60, 162–63, 184

  “human wave” tactics during, 147

  journalists on, 122

  Kennedy on, 156, 184–85

  and Mao Zedong, 102–3, 131, 133, 135, 136, 142, 146, 150, 163, 170–71, 184, 377, 390–91

  map of, 134

  McNamara on, 126–27

  and news media generally, 394

  Operation Therese during, 144–45

  Phat Diem episode during, 159

  piaster racket during, 123–24

  political assassinations and executions during, 123, 133

  prisoners of war in, 140, 163

  refugees during, 122

  Saigon during, 122–33, 142, 145, 152, 161–64

  ST’s reporting during, following p. 110, 118, 122, 124–25, 136–41, 151–55, 161

  ST’s tour of China frontier during, following p. 110, 136–41

  ST’s views on, 225, 227

  Thai Nguyen battle during, 143

  U.S. policy on, 102, 124–28, 132, 146, 147, 151–53, 184–85, 329, 393, 394

  weapons used by Viet Minh during, 124, 135–36, 142–43, 163. See also Hanoi; Saigon; Vietnam War

  Frost, Elizabeth A., 337

  Frost, Robert, 199

  Fu Tso-yi, 11–12, 17, 82–83

  Fugh, Philip, 81, 96, 97, 100

  Fulbright, William, 329

  Gagarin, Yuri, 197

  Gallagher, Wes, 194–95, 272, 385

  Galula, David, 9–10

  Gang of Four, 299, 309, 341, 370, 372–73

  Gates, Robert M., 392

  Geiler, V., 248

  Gelb, Arthur, 220–21, 320–21, 323

  Gelb, Leslie, 328

  Geneva Accords, 184–89

  Geneva Conference on Korea and Vietnam (1954), 2, 104, 167–68, 180, 234, 333, 351, 391

  Geneva Conference on Laos (1961), 204–5, 208, 234, 339

  Germany: Checkpoint Charlie in Berlin, 191, following p. 224

  Dresden affair and detention of American servicemen by East Germany, 192–93, following p. 224

  French support for U.S. policy on, 126

  Khrushchev in East Germany, 193–94, 197

  Khrushchev on Berlin, 190, 211–12

  Toppings in Bonn, 310, 311

  Toppings in West Berlin, 190–94

  West Berlin in, 190–94, 206–8, following p. 224

  Gestapu, 278, 280–81, 283–87, 289, 294–95

  Getz, John, 247

  Giap, Vo Nguyen, 38, 103, 133, 142–44, 147, 163, 225, 227, 385

  Gillem, Alvin, 13

  Gilroy, Harry, following p. 224

  Gold, Gerald, 330

  Goodale, James C., 331, 358–59

  Gould, Alan, 119, 164

  Gracey, Douglas D., 127, 128

  Graham, Katherine, 359

  Great Britain: AP office in London, 158, 167, 190

  Communist China recognized by, 298

  firing on ships of, during Chinese Civil War, 84–85

  fog in, 165, 167

  and Malaysia, 223, 278, 280, 282

  post–World War II rationing in, 165

  Green, Marshall, 295–96

  Green Berets, 218, 221

  Green Gang secret society, 60

  Greene, Graham, following p. 110, 158–61

  Greene, Hugh, 159

  Greenfield, James L., 324, 325, 330–31, 335, 365

  Greenway, David, 382

  Grey, Anthony, 342

  Griswald, Erwin N., 360

  Grose, Peter, 387

  Grove, Dawson, 297

  Grover, Preston, 5–6

  Gruson, Sydney, 310, 311, 331

  Guang Yaming, 305

  Guillain, Robert, 105

  Guillermaz, Jacques, 109, 305

  Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 395

  Gullion, Edmund, following p. 110, 125, 126, 152–57, 221–22, 251

  Gurfein, Murray I., 358, 359

  Habib, Philip, 261–62

  Hai Rui Dismissed from Office (Wu Han), 302, 373

  Haig, Alexander, 271

  Hainan Island, battle of, 113–18

  Halberstam, David, 219–20, 383

  Hamengku Buwono IX, Sultan, 280

  Hampson, Fred, 49, 60, 92, 97, 108

  Hangchow, China, 94

  Hanoi: description of, 158

  evacuation of, during French Indochina War, 147

  and French Indochina War, 122, 135–36, 142, 147, 158

  Ho Chi Minh’s provisional government in, after World War II, 131

  Kennedy brothers in, during early 1950s, 155

  refugees in, 122

  and thirtieth anniversary of end of Vietnam War, 388

  Toppings in, 135–36, 158–61, 388

  and Vietnam War, 227, 313. See also French Indochina War; Ho Chi Minh; Vietnam War

  Harian Rakyat, 287, 295

  Harriman, W. Averell, 212, 234

  Hatem, George, 15–16, 326–27

  Hauck, Larry, 316

  He Liliang, 181, 343–44, 370

  He Long, 11, 340

  Heath, Donald, 153, 155, 245–47, 249–50

  Helms, Richard, 393

  Hemingway, Ernest, 214, 217

  Hersh, Seymour, 396

  Higgins, Marguerite, 159

  Hill, Russell, following p. 224

  Hiroshima, 3

  Hmong people, 384

  Ho Chi Minh: death of, 385

  and French Indochina War, 87, 102, 116, 122, 146, 154–55, 158, 188

  and Geneva Conference on Korea and Vietnam (1954), 185, 188

  and Indochinese Communist Party, 131

  Mao’s support for, 102–3, 131, 133, 135, 136, 142, 146, 150, 163, 170–71, 184

  nationalist appeal of, 218, 221

  personality of, 131

  photograph of, following p. 110

  purge of opponents of, 133

  Sihanouk on, 243, 269

  and Soviet Union, 131

  takeover of Saigon and Hanoi from Japanese by, 128, 131

  and Truman, 102, 130–31, 329, 388, 390, 394

  and U.S. support, 125, 129–31

  and Vietnam War, 38, 207–8, 235, 236

  and Vietnamese independence movement, 129–31, 133. See also French Indochina War

  Ho Chi Minh Trail, 205, 208, 232, 233, 268, 384

  Ho Ssu-yuan, 82

  Ho Ying-chin, 38, 43, 83, 86–87, 93

  Hoa Binh offensive, 160–63

  Hoagland, Paul, 130

  Hofmann, Paul, 75

  Hong Gay, Vietnam, 137, 141

  Hong Kong: British defense of, 111

  China watchers in, 297–99

  economy on, 113

  return of, to China, 378

  ST in, 111–13, 116, 117, 219, 225, 297–99, 310

  U.S. Consulate in, 298

  Valhalla owned by Toppings in, 297, 310

  Hoppin, Charles and Nancy Dewey, 129

  Hsuchow, China and Hsuchow column, 53–58, 63, 70–72, 73n, 74. See also Huai-Hai, Battle of the

  Hsueh Yueh (“Little Tiger”), 115

  Hu Jintao, 378

  Hua Guofeng, 372–73, 376

  Huai-Hai
, Battle of the: casualties of, 1, 57, 58, 66, 69–70, 73, 73n

  and Chiang Kaishek, 55, 57, 71, 74

  documentary on, 73n

  end of, 1

  and evacuation of Hsuchow, 58

  and evacuation of Pengpu, 73

  and exodus from Shanghai, 59–60

  and Hsuchow column, 53–58, 63, 70–71, 74

  Huang’s surrender of Twelfth Army Group during, 63, 69–70

  and Mao Zedong, 53, 55, 63, 71, 72

  map of, 54

  museum commemorating, 73n

  Nienchuang assault by Communists, 56, 57

  peasant support for Communists during, 66–68

  and Pengpu, 61–65

  photographs on, following p. 110

  significance of, 1, 44, 53, 73–74

  and ST in Pengpu, 61–65, 73

  ST with Communist forces during, 1, 60–61, 65–73

  and ST’s arrival in Hsuchow, 56–57, 72

  and ST’s arrival in Shanghai, 58–60

  ST’s return from Communist front during, 72–74

  and ST’s train travel to and from Pengpu, 61–62, 73

  surrender of Hsuchow column during, 71

  Huang Hua: ambassador positions of, 343

  and conference on Indochina, 167

  and Cultural Revolution, 343–44

  on founding of People’s Republic of China, 103

  and Geneva Conference on Korea and Vietnam (1954) and Geneva Accords, 184– 88

  and Kissinger, 343

  on Korean War, 176, 181–83

  and Korean War negotiations, 167–68, 180

  and Marshall’s mediation mission during Chinese Civil War, 7

  and May Seventh School, 343

  Memoirs by, 29, 96, 100

  in Nanking for diplomatic contact with Western nations, 95–97

  photographs of, following pp. 110 and 224

  on SEATO, 186–87

  and Snow, 10, 325, 327

  and ST, 10, 13, 95, 96, 97

  and Stuart’s proposed exploratory talks with Mao and Zhou, 10–11, 95–101, 100, 101

  in student movement at Yenching University, 10, 95–96

  and U.S. Army Observer Group, 20

  in Yenan, 10, 29

  and Zhou Enlai’s illness, 370, 371

  Huang Pai-tao, 56

  Huang Wei, 57, 63, 69–70

  Huang Yongsheng, 302, 341, 357, 365–66

  Hughes, John, 317

  Hundred Flowers Campaign (1957), 109–10

  Hunt, E. Howard, 363, 364

  Hurley, Patrick J., 21–23, 80

  Hussein, King, 311

  Hussein, Saddam, 393, 396

  ICC. See International Control Commission (ICC)

  India: British in, 228

  dispute between China and, 234

  Kennedy brothers in, 151, 156

  Mao’s foreign policy on, 378

  Panikkar as diplomat from, 103–4, 173–75, 180–81

  recognition of Communist China by, 103, 298

  Ronning in, 234

  and Soviet Union, 378

 

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