coup against, by Lon Nol, 255, 268
and de Gaulle, 259–61
and diplomatic relations with U.S., 253
elephant as gift to Truman from, 244, 251–53
exile of, in Peking, 242, 269, 277
on French Union, 243
and Johnson, 259, 261, 262
and Khmer Rouge, 269, 272, 276
as king of Cambodia, 242
photograph of, following p. 224
political role of, in Cambodia, 242–43, 276–77
and Soviet Union, 258–59, 268, 269
ST’s interview with, 242–43
on Viet Minh, 243, 269
and Vietnam War, 253–54, 269
Silverstein, Louis, 321
Singapore, 282
Sino-Japanese War (1894), 353
Sioux City Journal, 84
Siwantse, China, 12–13
“Smallbridge” mediation mission, 234–41, 305
Smith, Hedrick, 330
Snow, Edgar, 4, 10, 16, following p. 110, 119–20, 325–27, 333, 346
Snow, Lois Wheeler, 325, 326
South Africa, 311
South Korea: boundary between North Korea and, 168, 180
U.S. troops stationed in, 391. See also Korean War
South Vietnam: CIA-inspired coup against Diem in, 218–19, 220, 221
creation of, 2
Diem regime of, 188, 218–19, 220
Geneva Accords on, 188
maps of, 134, 226
Potsdam Conference on, 127
and SEATO, 186–87
Vietcong in, during Vietnam War, 227–29, 239, 242, 384–85. See also Saigon; Vietnam War
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 186–87, 208
Soviet Union: aid for China from, 25
censorship lifted in, 203–4
and Chinese Civil War, 22–23, 25–28, 31, 81–82, 95, 96
and Cuban missile crisis, 208–14
Cuba’s relationship with, 216–17
documentary on Kremlin in, 311
and East Germany, 190–94
and Geneva Conference on Korea and Vietnam (1954) and Geneva Accords, 185, 186, 188
and Ho Chi Minh, 131
ideological split between China and, 2, 17, 199–203, 302
and India, 378
and Korean War, 171, 172, 174, 178, 180, 181
and Manchuria, 22, 25–28, 30, 31, 81, 349, 377
Mao’s foreign policy on, 98–99, 101, 378
and nuclear test-ban treaty, 212
and Pershing missiles in Western Europe, 215
possible aggression against China by, 349, 350
possible nuclear war between China and, 17
and Sihanouk, 258–59, 268, 269
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance, 101, 102, 117–18
space program of, 197, 199
spies of, 197n, 205
and Stuart’s attempts at peace settlement for Chinese Civil War, 79–82
and U-2 spy flight, 197, 201
and Vietnam War, 207–8, 229, 232–33
in World War II, 25–28. See also Khrushchev, Nikita; Moscow; Stalin, Joseph
Space program, 197, 199
Stacks, John, 323
Stalin, Joseph: and Chiang Kai-shek, 22–23, 25–28, 31
and Chinese Civil War, 22–23, 25–28, 31, 81–82, 95, 96
and de Gaulle, 393
death of, 201
and declaration of war against Japan during World War II, 25–28
and Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), 102
Khrushchev on, 201–2
and Korean War, 171, 172, 178, 180, 181
and Mao Zedong, 23, 25–28, 81–82, 95, 96, 98–99, 101, 117, 172, 201–2
removal of body, from Lenin Mausoleum, 202–3
and Yalta Conference, 22–23, 25, 31. See also Soviet Union
Starr, Don, 33
Starzel, Frank, 158
State Department, U.S. See U.S. State Department
Stewart, Ian, 298
Stewart, John, 222
Stewart, Potter, 360
Stillwell, Joseph W., 9, 13, 20, 30
Stillwell, Win, 9
Stindt, Gary, following p. 224
Stone, Dana, 273
Strobel, Warren, 395
Strong, Anna Louise, 16–17
Stuart, J. Leighton: burial of, 100–101
and Communist occupation of Nanking, 94
death of, 96, 100
departure of, from Nanking, 99, 105
and French Indochina War, 87
and Huang Hua, 10–11, 95–97, 100, 101
and Mao Zedong, 98–101, 103
and Marshall, 80–81
peace mediations by, during Chinese Civil War, 80–82
photograph of, following p. 110
and Yenching University, 95–98, 100–101
Stuart, John, 100
Student demonstrations: anti–Vietnam war demonstration at Kent State, 271
in Chinese Civil War, 91
and Huang Hua, 10, 95–96
Kami in Indonesia, 281
in Tiananmen Square (1966), 306–7
in Tiananmen Square (1989), 91–92, 379–80
Subandrio, Dr., 281–84, 289, 295
Sucheng Chan, 384
Sudyono, Willi, 290
Sugigsono, Col., 287
Sugiharto, Maj. Gen., 290
Suharto, Gen., 279–81, 286–88, 294–96
Sujono, Maj., 285
Sukarno, President, 2, 223, following p. 224, 278–96
Sukarnoputri, Megawati, 296
Sulzberger, Arthur Hays, 49, 320
Sulzberger, Arthur Ochs “Punch”: and evacuation of journalists from Saigon, 382
and four-section design of New York Times, 321
Kennedy’s complaint to, about Halberstam, 219
mother of, 368
and Pentagon Papers, 331–32, 334, 345, 358
and Rosenthal appointment as managing editor of New York Times, 323–24
and Salisbury’s dispatches on Vietnam War, 313
and Cyrus Sulzberger as columnist, 312
Sulzberger, Cyrus, 49, 89, 194, 311–12
Sulzberger, Iphigene, 368
Sumitro, Gen., 288–89
Sun Fo, 87
Sun Li-jen, 30–32, 35, 35n
Sun Yat-sen, 48, 78, 87, 120
Sun Yuan-liang, 58
Supardjo, Mustafa Sjarif, 284, 285, 287, 289
Supono, 284
Suprapto, Maj. Gen., 285
Supreme Court, U.S. See U.S. Supreme Court
Suramarit, Morodom, 242
Surgical use of acupuncture anesthesia, 336–37
Sutoyo, Lt. Gen., 290
Suyin, Han, 111–12
Swain, John, 274
Sydney, William, 64–65
Sylvester, Arthur, 313
Syria, 391
Szulc, Tad, 219
Tai Yung-kwan, 84
Taiwan: Chiang Kai-shek’s retreat to, 79, 83, 114
invasion of, by Communist forces, 96, 339, 353
massacre of Taiwanese by Chinese Nationalist troops in, 79
Nationalist Chinese occupation of, following World War II, 79
Nationalist government on, 120, 121n, 354
Potsdam and Cairo declarations on, 353
and Sino-Japanese War (1894), 353
transfer of Nationalist air force, navy, and army divisions to, 79, 83, 96
U.S. policy on, 117, 172, 182–83, 339, 349–50, 353, 355, 377
Zhou Enlai on, 352–55
T’aiyuan, China, 93
Tang En-po, 94
Tang, Nancy, 351
Tass, 365–66
Tat’ung, China, 11
Taylor, Maxwell, 227–28
Teng Chieh, 86
Tereshkova, Valentina, 199
Tet offensive, 231
Thai Nguyen, battle of, 143
Thailand, 146, 149
Thieu, Nguye
n Van, 382, 383–84
Tho, Le Duc, 381
Thompson, Jane, 209, following p. 224
Thompson, Lewellyn “Tommy,” 209, 211, following p. 224
Tian Wuzhang, 72–73
Tiananmen Square demonstrations, 91–92, 306–7, 379–80
Tibet, 374–77
Time magazine, 119, 136, 137, 193, 230, 273
Tjugito, 284
Tokyo Club, 280
Topolsky, Anna, following p. 224
Topolsky, Joseph, following p. 224
Topping, Audrey Ronning: and acupuncture anesthesia in surgery, 336–37
in Angkor, 243–44
in Bangkok, 148
in Berlin, 190– 91, 194
in Bonn, 310, 311
China travels by, 73n, 304–5, 332–34, 336–39, 345–55
in Connecticut, 194
courtship and marriage of, 6, 45, 50–52, 112–13
and Deng Xiaoping, 367–68
documentaries by, 311, 332–33, 368
evacuation of, from Nanking, 45, 52
and Graham Greene, 159–61
in Hanoi, 135–36, 158–61
in Hong Kong, 112–13, 225, 297, 310
and Kennedy, 154
and Khrushchevs, 211, 212
in London, 158, 165, 167, 190
in Moscow, 195, 197–99, 202–3, 209–12
in Nanking/Nanjing, 50–52, 111, 120, 176
and newspaper article on Topping during Chinese Civil War, 64, 112
and Panikkar, 104, 180–81
parents and grandparents of, 9, following p. 224, 297, 332–33
and Pentagon Papers, 345, 346
photographs of, following p. 224
as photojournalist, 199, 211, 212, 238, 297, 304–6, 311, 326, 332–33, 337, 345, 348, 368– 69, 375
pregnancies of, and daughters’ births, 136, 145, 165, 191, 311
in Saigon, 122, 154, 158, 161, 180
in Scarsdale, N.Y., 311
sculpture by, 167, 199
and Sihanouk, 242– 43
in Tibet, 374–77
travel of, to Hong Gay, 137, 140–41
at University of British Columbia, 112
Vietnam trip by (2005), 129, 130–31, 387–89
and Zhou Enlai, 301, 326, 333, 349, 352, 367–71
Topping, Joanna, 311, 345
Topping, Karen: birth of, 165
in China as adult, 73n
in Hong Kong, 297
in London, 165
in Moscow, 198–99, 202–3, 209–10
photographs of, following p. 224
in West Berlin, 190–91
Topping, Lesley, 165, 198–99, following p. 224, 297, 368
Topping, Robin, 191, 198–99, following p. 224, 297
Topping, Seymour: Associated Press hiring of, 2, 49–50
books by, 9, 327, 388, 403
Council on Foreign Relations fellowship offered to, 158
courtship and marriage of, 6, 45, 50–52, 112–13
and daughters’ births, 145, 165, 191, 311
education of, 4, 6, 9, 325
grandchildren of, 73n
and International News Service, 2, 6, 7, 33, 49
novels by, 9
overview of journalistic career of, 1–3, 5–6
parents of, 51, following p. 224
photographs of, following pp. 110 and 224
on Pulitzer Prize board, 361, 396–97
salary of, 6, 49, 195
in World War II, 3–6. See also Associated Press (AP); Chinese Civil War; New York Times; Pentagon Papers; and specific countries and cities
Topping, Susan: birth of, 145
in China, 148, 158, 367–68
in Hong Kong, 297
and John Kennedy, 155
in London, 165
in Moscow, 198–99, 202–3, 209–10
photographs of, following p. 224
in West Berlin, 190
and Zhou Enlai, 367–68
Toronto Globe and Mail, 342
Tran Van Giau, 129
Transcription of Chinese language, 399–401
Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895), 353
Trinh, Nguyen Duy, 239
Trudeau, Pierre, 105, 367, 368
Truman, Harry: and atomic bombs dropped on Japan, 3
and Chinese Civil War, 7, 18–20, 31, 48, 69, 78, 80, 96, 117, 118, 156, 172
elephant as gift from Sihanouk to, 244–53
and French Indochina War, 102, 124–27, 132, 146, 329, 393, 394
and Ho Chi Minh, 102, 130–31, 388, 390
and Korean War, 170, 172–75, 179, 180
and Mao Zedong, 19–20, 23, 99, 102, 117–18, 390–91
and Soviet involvement against Japan in World War II, 27, 28
and Stalin’s alliance with Chiang Kai-shek, 26
and Taiwan, 117, 172, 182–83, 339, 353, 377
Tsinan, Battle of, 53, 55
Tsing-tao Daily Herald, 107
Tu Yu-ming, 35–39, 42, 55, 58, 61, 63, 69–71, following p. 110
Tu Yueh-sheng, 60
Tuchman, Barbara, 21, 23, 317
U Nu, Premier, 149
U Thant, 234
U-2 spy flight, 197, 201
Ulbricht, Walter, 192
United Nations: and Cambodia, 276
and Chinese forces in Burma, 150
and Communist China, 11, 105, 172
and Indonesia, 279, 280, 282
and Korean War, 169, 171, 174, 178, 180
and second Iraq War, 395
and Taiwan, 353
and Vietnam War, 222, 234
United Press, 33, 253
United States. See Chinese Civil War; French Indochina War; Korean War; National security; Vietnam War; specific presidents and government agencies
U.S. Air Force, 27–29, 33–34, 38, 148, 178
U.S. Army Observer Group, 14, 15, 20–23, 72
U.S. Defense Department, 42, 185, 192, 328, 358
U.S. Marines: and Chinese Civil War, 59, 70, 87
and Korean War, 174, 175, 177–78, 180
and surrender of Japanese at end of World War II, 107
and Vietnam War, 229, 230, 381–83
U.S. National Security Council (NSC), 146, 170
U.S. Navy, 59, 96, 394
U.S. State Department: and bombing of Cambodia, 265, 267, 268
and burial of Stuart in Hangzhou, China, 100
China specialists in, 34n, 119, 155, 325
and CIA operation in Burma, 149
criticisms of, over outcome of Chinese Civil War, 119, 155
on domino theory, 126
and elephant as gift to Truman from Sihanouk, 244–52
and French Indochina War, 153–54
Gullion and XYZ mission for, 222
and Mao’s interest in cooperation with U.S., 23
and possible coalition government between Chiang and Mao, 21
and Stuart’s peace mediations during Chinese Civil War, 81–82
and Stuart’s proposed exploratory talks with Mao and Zhou, 97–99, 101, 103
and Taiwan, 117
and U.S. recognition of Communist China, 117–18
and Vietnam War, 233, 234–35, 237–38, 313, 316
White Paper on China by, 18, 19, 118–19, 352
U.S. Supreme Court, 358–61
University of Missouri, 4, 5, 107, 325
Untung, Lt. Col., 284–86, 289
UP. See United Press
Urquhart, Robert, 59
Vance, Cyrus, 360
Vang Pao, 384
Vecchio, Mary Ann, 271
Veit, Ivan, 331
“Vesuvius” operation, 261–64, 267
Viet Minh: and Bao Dai, 131–32
bombing of Saigon by, 122–23, 152
in Cambodia, 243, 244
and China frontier, 135–47, 170
Chinese advisers to, 102–3, 155, 163, 171
as Communist, 164
de Lattre on strategy against, 153
and death o
f Peter Dewey, 129
and Dien Bien Phu battle, 163, 184–85, 188
and Geneva Accords (1954), 188
and Giap, 38, 103, 133, 142–44, 147, 163
and Hoa Binh offensive by de Lattre, 160–63
and Nationalist Chinese troops, 116
and Phat Diem episode, 159
and protracted war strategy, 131, 225, 227
and purge of Ho Chi Minh’s opponents, 133
U.S. support for French against, 125
weapons for, 124, 135–36, 142–43, 163
during World War II, 130. See also French Indochina War
Vietcong: attack on Pleiku by, 228–29
in Cambodia, 253–55, 258, 261–64
and Du Co battle, 255–56
in South Vietnam, 227– 31, 239, 242, 384–85
victory of, 384–85. See also Vietnam War
Vietnam: Bao Dai’s regime in, 125, 126, 131–32, 146, 152–55, 218, 384, 394
China as traditional enemy of, 170–71
free market economy in, 388
French “Road of Death” in, 134, 136–41
Geneva Accords (1954) and partition of, 188
Greene’s Quiet American on, 160
Ho Chi Minh and independence for, 129–31, 133
Japanese rule of, during World War II, 128, 131
Kennedy brothers in, during early 1950s, 2, 151–52, 154–57, 218, 222, 223–24
Le Duan as successor to Ho Chi Minh in, 385, 388
maps of, 134, 226
political assassinations and executions in, 123, 133
Potsdam Conference on, 127
refugees from, 385
Toppings’ return to, in 2005, 129, 130–31, 387–89
U.S. relations with, in twenty-first century, 388–89
war between China and (1979), over Paracel Islands, 171. See also Ho Chi Minh; North Vietnam; South Vietnam; Vietnam War
Vietnam Study Task Force, 328–29. See also Pentagon Papers
Vietnam War: Agent Orange used during, 234
antiwar movement during, 269, 271, 334, 361, 386–87
bombing of Cambodia by U.S. during, 241, 242, 253–54, 256, 262, 264–73, 391–92
bombing of North Vietnam by U.S. during, 206, 222, 227–30, 232, 233–34, 238, 239–41, 256, 257, 312–14, 328, 391–92
and Canada, 234–35
casualties of, 228–29, 230, 233, 257, 270–73, 312–14, 316, 383–84, 386, 388, 392
cease-fire during, 381
cessation of bombing of North Vietnam by U.S., 240
and China, 189, 207, 232–33, 377–78, 385
Communist victory in, 381–85
compared with U.S. invasion of Iraq (2003), 392, 393, 395
de Gaulle on, 208, 260–61
and domino theory, 126, 146, 393
Duc Co battle during, 256–57
Emerson’s reporting on, 324
fall of Saigon to North Vietnamese during, 381–85
“Five O’clock Follies” briefings during, 386
Flaming Dart reprisals in, 229
Four Points as precondition for peace negotiations in, 222, 236, 237, 240
On the Front Lines of the Cold War Page 58
