Mendès-France, Pierre, 184, 186, 187
Meyrier, Jacques, 86–87
Mikoyan, Anastas, 101
Milks, Harold, 49, 61, 64, 85, 107
Miller, Arthur, 191
Minh, Duong Van, 385
Mitchell, John, 358
Mohr, Charles, 387
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 185, 186, 188, 351
Le Monde, 105, 164
Mongolian People’s Republic, 22
Moore, Victor, 235
Morris, George E. “China,” 111
Morris, Roger, 267
Morrison, Ian, 111–12
Moscow: censorship lifted in, 203–4
censorship office in, 200
KGB in, 199, 209, 210, 211
reactions to Cuban missile crisis in, 209–12
schools in, 198, 202–3
ST in, 195–99, 203–4
Toppings in, 195, 197–99, 202–3. See also Soviet Union
Moscow Union of Writers, 196
Mountbatten, Lord, 128
Moyers, Bill, 3
Mukden, Manchuria, 38–43, 78
Muslim Scholars Party, 290–91, 294
Mydans, Carl, following p. 110, 136, 137, 141
Nagasaki, 4
Nanking: airport in, 45–46
bombing of, by Nationalist air force, 93
Chiang’s move of capital to, 6, 10, 48–49
Chiang’s palace headquarters in, 120
during Chinese Civil War, 45–52, 84–90
closing of Canadian Embassy in, 104
Communist occupation of, 91–94, 105, 107–8, 205, 353–54
courtship of Toppings in, 50–52
cultural life of, 93–94
Cultural Revolution in, 305
description of, 50–51
diplomatic contact between Chinese Communists and Western nations in, 95
evacuation of Americans from, 45, 46–47
executions of Japanese generals in, 49
fall of, during Chinese Civil War, 84–90, 90n
Huang Hua in, 95–97
Japanese attack against, 48
Joint U.S. Advisory Group (JUSMAG) in, 35, 40, 45, 46–48, 175, 176
refugees in, 46, 85
ST in, 40, 45–52, 73, 78, 85–90, 90n, 94, 105, 109, 169–70
ST’s departure from, 105–6
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in, 78–79
university students in, 91, 93
Nasution, Abdul Haris, 280–82, 284–86, 294
National Geographic, 311, 369
National Liberation Front (NLF), 254, 260, 384–85
National security: and news media, 386–87, 393–97
and reliance on bombing, 391–92
and reluctance of U.S. to talk with adversaries, 390–91
and strategic misconceptions, 393
and White House, 390–93. See also specific U.S. presidents
National Security Agency, 395–96
Nationalist Central News Agency, 92
NATO, 126
Navy, U.S. See U.S. Navy
Nayar, M. K. Unni, 112
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 151, 156
Nehru, Pandit, 173, 234
Neizvestny, Ernest, 213
Nesson, Charles, 360
Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 32
Neues Deutschland, 193
New Republic, 326
New York Daily News, 84
New York Herald Tribune, 49, 159
New York Times: Audrey Topping as photojournalist for, 211, 238, 304–5, 311, 333, 345, 368–69
on bombing of Cambodia, 265, 267
China series in, by ST, 345, 348–49
and Chinese Civil War, 33, 57, 89, 111
on Chinese terra-cotta warrior sculptures, 369
on Cuban missile crisis, 210
on Cultural Revolution in China, 304, 334
on eavesdropping after 9/11 terrorist attacks, 395–96
on elephant as gift to Truman from Sihanouk, 252
on Ellsberg case, 362
financial difficulties of, in twenty-first century, 321, 396
four-section design of, 320–21
front page design of, 321–22
Halberstam with, 219–20
hiring of ST at, 50, 194
and Hiroshima memorial service for victims of atomic bomb, 3
on Indochina in 1940s, 118
Keller’s design changes for, 321
Kennedy’s criticisms of, 219
and Khmer Rouge occupation of Phnom Penh, 273– 77
and Korean War, 159
and Pentagon Papers, 2, 328–32, 334–35, 345–46, 352, 358–61, 394–95
Pulitzer Prizes for, 220, 277, 315, 317, 323, 360–61, 383
reform of foreign news report and restructuring of Foreign News Copy Desk at, 318–22
Saigon Bureau chiefs of, 382–83, 387
Salisbury’s dispatches on Vietnam War to, 312–18
on second Iraq War, 395
on Sino-Soviet split, 201
Snow’s article on China for, 325–26
Soviet affairs expert for, 203–4
ST as assistant managing editor of, 320, 321, 322–27
ST as chief correspondent in Southeast Asia for, 219– 20, 297–99
ST as foreign editor at, 195, 310–22, 324
ST as managing editor of, 214, 320–21
ST on Metropolitan staff of, 194–95
ST’s interview with Zhou Enlai for, 311, 332–34, 347–48, 351–54
succession dispute at, 322–24
Cyrus Sulzberger’s denial of job for ST at (1947), 49, 89, 194, 312
“Takeout” special article for, 320
on Vietnam War, 239, 257, 312–18, 324, 394
Web site of, 396. See also names of staff members and owners
New York Times Magazine, 199, 305, 306, 311, 375
New Yorker, 330, 395
News media: and antiwar movement, 386–87
censorship of, 200, 203–4, 379, 386
“embedding” of war correspondents in front-line units during second Iraq War, 387
financial difficulties of, in twenty-first century, 396
and First Amendment rights, 334, 359–60
and Freedom of Information access to official records, 396
future of, 397
and Iraq wars, 387
journalists killed or missing during Vietnam War, 272–73, 386
and national security, 386–87, 393–97
Pentagon training in relations with, 387
and problems of Vietnam War reporting, 386
and subpoenas seeking identity of confidential sources, 396
Web sites of, 396. See also Associated Press (AP); International News Service (INS); New York Times; and other newspapers
Newsweek, 204
Nicaragua, 214, 217
Nie Rongzhen, 12
Nienchuang, China, 56, 57
Nigerian civil war, 324
Nixon, Richard: and bombing and invasion of Cambodia, 241, 242, 265–73
China policy of and visit by, 11, 19, 23–24, 101–2, 200, 203, 326, 338, 349–51, 355, 362, 377, 391
and Pentagon Papers, 362
and Vietnam War, 24, 241, 242, 265–73, 381, 392
Watergate scandal and resignation of, from presidency, 363, 381
Njoto, 289
NLF. See National Liberation Front (NLF)
Nolting, Frederick, 156–57
Nonnenmacher, Herman and Anna, 167
North Korea: boundary between South Korea and, 168, 180, 377
as buffer state for China, 377
and nuclear weapons, 168. See also Korean War
North Vietnam: and Cambodia, 253–55, 261–64
Chinese troops in, 130, 233
creation of, 2
founding of Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), 102
French “Road of Death” in, 134, 136–41
Geneva Accords on, 188
Mao’s recognition of DRV, 102
&
nbsp; maps of, 134, 226
Potsdam Conference on, 127
Salisbury’s visa to, 312
Soviet arms shipments to, 232–33
Stalin’s recognition of, 102
U.S. bombing of, during Vietnam War, 206, 222, 227–30, 232, 233–34, 239–41, 256, 257, 312–14, 328, 391–92
victory of, in Vietnam War, 381–85. See also Hanoi; Vietnam War
NSC. See U.S. National Security Council (NSC)
Nu Cheng-yuan, 88
Nuclear test-ban treaty, 212
Nuclear weapons, 3–4, 17, 168, 180, 184, 185, 215, 302
Oakes, John, 312
Obama, Barack, 4, 391
O’Donovan, Patrick, 64–65
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 125, 127–30, 388. See also Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Officer, Keith, 103
Operation Therese, 144–45
OSS. See Office of Strategic Services (OSS)
Owen, Taylor, 272
Packard, Reynolds, 33–35
Pai Chung-hsi, 55, 79, 83, 113–16
Pakistan, 374–75
Palmer, Frank, 289
Panikkar, Sardar K. M., 87, 103–4, 173–75, 180–81
Paracel Islands, 171
Paris, 162
Parman, S., 284–85
Parwanto, 292
Pasternak, Boris, 196
Pathet Lao, 205, 208, 239, 381, 384
Patti, Archimedes L. A., 129–30
Pearson, Lester, 104, 234, 235, 238
Peet, John, 192
Peking: Associated Press (AP) bureau in, after Communist takeover, 117
businesses in, 7, 9, 338–39
Chen Yi in, during 2003, 72
Clubb as last American diplomat in, after Communist takeover, 34
College of Chinese Studies in, 9, 10
Cultural Revolution in, 305–7, 338–39, 341–42, 356
description of, 337–39
different names for, 6
documentary on Forbidden City in, 311
Great Hall of the People in, 269, 301, 326, 333, 338, 341, 349, 351–55, 372, 375, 376
Opera House in, 16, 93
Sihanouk in exile in, 242, 269, 277
social life in, 33
ST in, during Chinese Civil War, 7–11
surrender of, during Chinese Civil War, 82–83, 300
Toppings in, during 1971, 337–39, 345–55
Yenching University in, 10, 95–98, 100–101
The Peking Letter (ST), 9
Peking Literature and Art, 302
Peng Dehuai, 29, 44, 179, 182, 301, 302, 339–40
Peng Zhen, 201, 304
Pengpu, China, 61–65, 73, 75–77
Pentagon Papers: acquisition of, by New York Times, 328–30, 361
authenticity of, confirmed by New York Times, 330
on bombing of North Vietnam by U.S., 230, 241
contents of, 328–29, 394–95
on domino theory, 146
on Eisenhower and French Indochina War, 184–85
and Ellsburg, 328–29
and Ellsburg case, 361–64
on French Indochina War, 146
on Geneva Accords (1954), 187
historians’ and analysts’ work on, 328
legal considerations in publication of, 331, 358–59
length of, 328, 330
and New York Times generally, 2
newspapers in competition with New York Times over, 359
and possible invasion of Vietnam by China, 170
preparation of, for publication by New York Times, 330–32, 334–35, 345
publication of, by New York Times, 345–46, 352, 358, 394–95
on Ronning, 235, 362
target date for publication of, in New York Times, 334, 345
U.S. Supreme Court ruling on publication of, by New York Times, 358–61
and Watergate scandal, 362–64
Zhou Enlai on, 352, 362
People’s Daily, 110, 301, 355
People’s Liberation Army (PLA): and Chinese Civil War, 1, 7, 15, 26, 28, 37–38, 73n, 83, 89, 90n, following p. 110
and Cultural Revolution, 306
and war against Japan, 340. See also Chinese Civil War
People’s Republic of China. See China
Phat Diem, Vietnam, 159
Philippines, 4–6, 125, 130, 154, 170
Phleng, Neal, 246–47
Phouma, Souvanna, 205, 208, 239, 384
Ping-hsing Pass, Battle of, 27, 31
PKI. See Indonesian Communist Party (PKI)
PLA. See People’s Liberation Army (PLA)
Plaut, Walter, 33
Pol Pot, 171, 242, 243, 269, 273–77
Poland, 220, 323
Pomfret, John, 321
Potsdam Conference/Treaty, 127, 130, 190, 353
Powell, Herbert B., 177
Powers, Francis Gary, 197, 197n, 201
Pran, Dith, 273–77
Pravda, 3, 199–201, 203, 210
Priest, Dana, 396
Protest demonstrations. See Student demonstrations
Pu Lun, Prince, 33
Pu Yi, Emperor, 33, 354
Pulitzer Prize, 158, 212, 220, 277, 315, 317, 323, 360–61, 383, 386
Pyle, Richard, 386
Qiang Zhai, 102, 233
Qin dynasty terra-cotta warrior sculptures, 369
Qin Shi Huangdi, 369
Qiu Huizuo, 365–66
Ramírez, Alfredo, 214, 215
Rand, Christopher, 49
Rand Corporation, 29, 328
Randt, Clark, Jr., 100
Raymond, Jean de, 123
Reagan, Ronald, 215
Red Guards, 305, 307–9, 336, 338–44, 356, 374
Red Star over China (Snow), 4, 325, 326
Reid, James W., following p. 224, 261–64
Reporters Committee for the Freedom of the Press, 396
Reston, James “Scotty,” 206–7, 322–24, 331, 333, 334, 345
Reuters, 342, 365
Rhee, Syngman, 168, 171
Rice, Edward E., 235
Richter, Sviatoslav, 196
Ridgway, Mathew B., 179–80
Riggs, Robert, 34
Risen, James, 396
Roberts, Gene, 387
Robertson, Frank, 6
Robertson, Walter, 7
Roderick, John, 19–20, 33–35
Rogers, William, 265
Rolling Thunder Operation, 229–32
Romania, 269, 311, 355, 371
Ronning, Chester: and Canada’s recognition of Communist China, 104
in Canadian Ministry of External Affairs, 104
and Chiang Kai-shek and Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 51–52
death of, 240
and Deng Xiaoping, 367–68
as diplomat in Nanking during Chinese Civil War, 45, 51–52, 86, 91, 92, 97, 99
documentary on, 332–33
and documentary on Yangtze River, 368
and Ellsberg case, 362
and engagement of daughter Audrey, 52
family background of, 51
and founding of Communist China, 103, 104
and Geneva Conference on Korea and Vietnam (1954), 104, 167, 168, 185, 234, 333
and Geneva Conference on Laos (1961), 205, 234
and house detention of ST by Communists in Nanking, 92
and Huang Hua, 97
and Mao Zedong, 338
and Panikkar, 180
parents of, 9, following p. 224, 297, 332–33
on Pentagon Papers, 362
photograph of, following p. 224
and “Smallbridge” mission during Vietnam War, 234–41, 305, 314
and ST’s posting with Communist forces, 61, 68
and Zhou Enlai, 51, 168, 301, 326, 333, 338, 349, 352, 367–71
Ronning, Halvor, following p. 224, 332–33
Ronning, Hannah, following p. 224, 332–33
Ronning, Inga, 9
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 9, 20–23, 1
25, 127
Roschin, N. V., 81–82, 95
Rosenthal, Abe, 320–25, 330–35, 345–47, 358
Rostow, Walt, 151
Rusk, Dean, 157, 235, 238, 239, 313–14, 330
Russell, Bertrand, 210–11
Russia. See Soviet Union
Russian Daily News, 32
Russo, Anthony J., 329, 362
Saigon: Americans in, 125–27
British turnover of, to French following World War II, 128
description of, 123
Dewey’s death in, 127–29
evacuation of Vietnamese and journalists from, 381–83, 385
fall of, to North Vietnamese in Vietnam War, 381–85
“Five O’clock Follies” briefings in, 386
during French Indochina War, 122–33, 142, 145, 152, 161–64
Ho Chi Minh’s takeover of, from Japanese, 128
journalists in, during Communist occupation of, 385
Kennedy brothers in, during early 1950s, 151–52, 154–57, 209, 222, 223–24
Le Duan’s purge of South Vietnamese in, 385
New York Times bureau chiefs in, 387
opium dens in, 123, 161
refugees in, 122
ST in, 118, 122, 124–25, 151–52, 154–55, 158, 161–64, 170, 180, 225, 227, 254–55, 386
U.S. military command in, during 1960s, 123. See also Vietnam War
St. Laurent, Louis, 104
Salan, Raoul, 163
Salinger, Pierre, 206
Salisbury, Harrison, 304, 312–18, 361
Sánchez-Paridi, Ramón, 215
Sauvezon, Marie Georges, 263–64
Schanberg, Sydney, 273–77, 381, 382
Schlesinger, Arthur S., 208
Schoenhals, Michael, 372–73
Schwartz, Harry, 203–4
SEATO, 186–87, 208
Sebald, William J., 150
September 30 Movement, 283–87, 289, 294
Service, John, 21–23, 119
Shabad, Ted, 196, 210
Shanghai: and Chinese Civil War, 59–60, 84, 94
economy of, 59–60
executions in, 59, 108, following p. 110
exodus from, during Battle of the Huai-Hai, 58–59
fall of, to Communist troops, 94
Foreign Correspondents Club in, 60
Hampson as AP correspondent in, 60, 92, 97
Nationalist defense of, 94
refugees in, 59
Shanghai Club in, 59
ST in, 58–60, 105–6
Shanghai Communiqué, 200, 355, 377
Shanghai Evening Post and Mercury, 59
Shaplen, Bob, 159
Shaplen, Elaine, 159
Sheehan, Neil, following p. 224, 328–30, 334, 360, 361
Sheehan, Susan, 329–30
Sherry, Norman, 161
Siegal, Allan, 319, 330
Sihamoni, Norodom, 277
Sihanouk, Prince Norodom: and bombing of Cambodia by South Vietnam and U.S., 253–54, 262, 264, 267
and China, 258–59, 268–69, 338, 351
On the Front Lines of the Cold War Page 57
