Lives of the Eminent Philosophers
Page 96
66 Courtesy of the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore; acquired by Henry Walters.
68 Courtesy of the Princeton Art Museum, Princeton, N.J.
73 Left: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; purchase, Mr. and Mrs. Ronald S. Lauder Gift and Louis V. Bell, Harris Brisbane Dick, Fletcher, and Rogers Funds and Joseph Pulitzer Bequest, 2016. Right: Copyright the Trustees of the British Museum, London.
74 Courtesy of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; Frederick Brown Fund.
75 Copyright Heleno Bernardi; courtesy of the artist.
77 Musée Louvre, Paris.
79 Copyright Succession Brancusi—all rights reserved (ARS) 2017; photo copyright the Museum of Modern Art, licensed by Scala/Art Resource, New York.
81 Copyright Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.
83 Copyright Pictures from History/Bridgeman Images.
85 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
87 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Catharine Lorillard Wolfe Collection, Wolfe Fund, 1931.
89 Musée Louvre, Paris.
91 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; purchase, Abraham Foundation Gift, 2000.
97 The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles; digital image courtesy of the Getty’s Open Content Program.
99 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Rogers Fund, 1906.
103 Copyright the Trustees of the British Museum, London.
105 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; purchase, Judy and Michael Steinhardt Gift, 1992.
107 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; gift of John D. Rockefeller Jr., 1932.
111 Courtesy of the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore; gift of Charles William Lewis Jr., 1946.
117 Copyright De Agostini Picture Library/G. Nimatallah/Bridgeman Images.
124 Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples; photo copyright Scala/Art Resource, New York.
127 Courtesy of the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore; museum purchase with funds provided by the W. Alton Jones Foundation Acquisition Fund, 1986.
131 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; the Cesnola Collection, purchased by subscription, 1874–1876.
132 Cameraphoto Arte, Venice/Art Resource, New York; copyright 2017 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/SIAE, Rome.
135 Yale Art Museum, New Haven, Conn.
137 Copyright Gorka Garcia; courtesy of the artist.
139 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Left: Purchase, Lila Acheson Wallace Gift, 1992. Right: Rogers Fund, 1910.
141 Copyright 2017 Joseph Kosuth/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York; digital image copyright the Museum of Modern Art, New York, licensed by Scala/Art Resource, New York.
143 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; gift of Alexander Smith Cochran, 1913.
147 Galleria Borghese, Rome.
149 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Rogers Fund, 1912.
153 Staatliche Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe, Germany.
157 Copyright Scala/Art Resource, New York.
161 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
163 Copyright Francisco Tropa; courtesy of Galerie Jocelyn Wolff; photo copyright Teresa Santos/Pedro Tropa.
165 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1924.
169 Private collection, Cologne; courtesy of Sies and Höke, Dusseldorf; photo by Achim Kukulies.
170 Courtesy of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), Los Angeles; from the Nasli and Alice Heeramaneck Collection, Museum Associates Purchase; www.lacma.org.
173 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Rogers Fund, 1914.
176 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Rogers Fund, 1911.
179 The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles; digital image courtesy of the Getty’s Open Content Program.
182 Kunsthalle Hamburg, Hamburg.
183 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; purchase, the Horace W. Goldsmith Foundation Gift, through Joyce and Robert Menschel, 1991.
187 Harvard Art Museums/Fogg Museum; gift of Belinda L. Randall from the collection of John Witt Randall, R6251; photo: Imaging Department, copyright President and Fellows of Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass.
189 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; purchase, bequest of Walter C. Baker, 1971.
195 The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles; digital image courtesy of the Getty’s Open Content Program.
199 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; purchase, Lila Acheson Wallace Gift, the Bothmer Purchase Fund, Malcolm Hewitt Wiener, the Concordia Foundation and Christos G. Bastis Gifts and Marguerite and Frank A. Cosgrove Jr. Fund, 2002.
201 Copyright the Trustees of the British Museum, London.
203 Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum; anonymous gift in honor of David Gordon Mitten, 2001.257; photo: Imaging Department, copyright President and Fellows of Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass.
209 The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles; digital images courtesy of the Getty’s Open Content Program.
210 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Fletcher Fund, 1923.
213 Left: Musée d’Orsay, Paris; copyright RMN‐Grand Palais/Art Resource, New York. Right: Museo Nazionale Romano (Palazzo Altemps), Rome; photo copyright Vanni Archive/Art Resource, New York.
215 Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum; bequest of David M. Robinson, 1960.490; photo: Imaging Department, copyright President and Fellows of Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass.
217 The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles; digital images courtesy of the Getty’s Open Content Program.
221 British Library, London; photo copyright British Library Board/Robana/Art Resource, New York.
224 Copyright the Trustees of the British Museum, London.
229 Musée Condé, Chantilly, France; photo copyright RMN‐Grand Palais/Art Resource, New York.
231 Nationalgalerie, Staatliche Museen, Berlin; photo copyright bpk Bildagentur/Nationalgalerie/Klaus Göken/Art Resource, New York.
235 Copyright British Library Board/Robana/Art Resource, New York.
239 Private collection; photo copyright Christie’s Images/Bridgeman Images.
243 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; the Cesnola Collection, purchased by subscription, 1874–1876.
247 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; purchase, Rogers Fund, 1917.
250 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; gift of Mrs. Frank Knox, 1953.
258 Gemaeldegalerie Alte Meister, Kassel, Germany; copyright Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel/Ute Brunzel/Bridgeman Images.
261 The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles; digital image courtesy of the Getty’s Open Content Program.
263 Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum; bequest of Frederick M. Watkins, 1972.328; photo: Imaging Department, copyright President and Fellows of Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass.
265 Copyright the Trustees of the British Museum, London.
269 Courtesy of Numismatik Naumann GmbH, Vienna.
271 Copyright Musei Capitolini, Rome.
273 Left: Copyright the Trustees of the British Museum, London. Right: The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles; digital image courtesy of the Getty’s Open Content Program.
274 Courtesy of Contemporary Fine Arts Berlin; the Estate of Norbert Schwontkowski; photo: Jochen Littkemann.
277 Musée Fesch, Ajaccio, France; copyright RMN‐Grand Palais/Art Resource, New York.
278 Musée des Beaux‐Arts, Carcassonne, France; copyright RMN‐Grand Palais/Art Resource, New York.
281 Mauritshuis, The Hague.
284 Copyright Musée Marmottan Monet, Paris/Bridgeman Images.
289 Indianapolis Museum of Art; Emma D. Wilkinson Fund.
290 Copyright Villa Albani, Rome; copyright Album/Art Resource, New York.
293 Gemaeldegalerie Alte Meister, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Dresden; copyright Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.
294 Copyright Album/Art Resource, New York.
297 Copyright Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris/Archives Charmet/Bridgeman Images.
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br /> 301 Copyright the Trustees of the British Museum, London.
303 Copyright Musée Condé, Chantilly, France/Bridgeman Images.
307 Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid.
310 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Rogers Fund, 1913.
313 Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples. Left: Photo copyright De Agostini Picture Library/A. Dagli Orti/Bridgeman Images. Right: Photo copyright Alinari/Art Resource, New York.
315 Copyright Sam Kaprielov; courtesy of the artist.
317 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; gift of Darius Ogden Mills, 1904.
321 The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles; digital images courtesy of the Getty’s Open Content Program.
325 Copyright the Trustees of the British Museum, London.
331 Duomo, Pisa, Italy; photo copyright Alinari/Art Resource, New York.
333 The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles; digital image courtesy of the Getty’s Open Content Program.
337 National Gallery of Australia, Canberra; gift of the artist 1988; copyright Albert and Barbara Tucker Foundation; courtesy of Sotheby’s Australia.
341 Palazzo Ducale, Venice; photo copyright Cameraphoto Arte, Venice/Art Resource, New York.
345 Copyright Francesco Clemente; courtesy of Mary Boone Gallery, New York; digital image copyright the Museum of Modern Art, licensed by Scala/Art Resource, New York.
347 Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum; gift of Mr. and Mrs. William de Forest Thomson, 1919.508; photo: Imaging Department, copyright President and Fellows of Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass.
351 Copyright BnF, Dist. RMN‐Grand Palais/Art Resource, New York.
355 Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum; gift of the Royal Museums of Art and History, Brussels, 1935.38.2; photo: Imaging Department, copyright President and Fellows of Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass.
357 Statens Museum for Kunst, National Gallery of Denmark, Copenhagen.
359 Copyright Mia Bergeron; courtesy of the artist.
361 Copyright Florian Lettl.
362 Copyright Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, United Kingdom/Bridgeman Images.
367 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Rogers Fund, 1921.
373 Copyright the Trustees of the British Museum, London.
375 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Rogers Fund, 1911.
381 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Fletcher Fund, 1924.
384 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Rogers Fund, 1914.
389 The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles; digital image courtesy of the Getty’s Open Content Program.
392 Duomo, Orvieto, Italy; photo copyright Scala/Art Resource, New York.
395 Copyright Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna; photo copyright Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York.
397 Copyright 2017 Estate of Pablo Picasso/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York; digital image copyright the Museum of Modern Art, licensed by Scala/Art Resource, New York.
399 Copyright Michael Schultheis; courtesy of the artist and Winston Wachter Fine Art.
400 Copyright Pictures from History/Bridgeman Images.
403 Copyright Royal Collection Trust/copyright HM Queen Elizabeth II 2017.
405 Copyright Mark Reynolds; courtesy of the artist.
407 Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum; gift of Philip Hofer, 1984.454.25; photo: Imaging Department, copyright President and Fellows of Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass.
409 Copyright Günter Haese; courtesy of Galerie F. Hessler, Luxembourg.
412 Copyright Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth/Bridgeman Images.
414 Copyright Musei Capitolini, Rome. Left: Photo copyright DeA Picture Library/Art Resource, New York. Right: Photo copyright Ghigo G. Roli/Art Resource, New York.
417 The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles; digital image courtesy of the Getty’s Open Content Program.
421 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Fletcher Fund, 1924.
424 The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles; digital image courtesy of the Getty’s Open Content Program.
430 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; purchase, Joseph Pulitzer Bequest, 1926.
433 Musée Louvre, Paris; photo copyright RMN‐Grand Palais/Art Resource, New York.
434 Copyright HIP/Art Resource, New York.
437 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Left: Museum Accession. Right: Gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1917.
439 Copyright Eric Martin; courtesy of the artist.
440 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
442 Digital image copyright Museum Associates/LACMA, licensed by Art Resource, New York.
445 Copyright Kiki Smith; courtesy of the artist and the Pace Gallery, New York; published by Graphicstudio/USF; digital image copyright the Museum of Modern Art, licensed by Scala/Art Resource, New York.
448 Copyright Piero Passacantando; courtesy of the artist.
453 Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), Los Angeles; the Ciechanowiecki Collection; gift of the Ahmanson Foundation; www.lacma.org.
455 Mauritshuis, The Hague.
456 Copyright Paul Stephenson; courtesy of the artist and Stolen Space Gallery, London.
459 Copyright Pamela Sunday; courtesy of the artist.
465 Copyright Peter Gallo; photo: Mark Woods; courtesy of Horton Gallery, New York.
469 Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
471 Copyright Harold Edgerton/MIT; courtesy of Palm Press, Inc.
473 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; purchase by subscription, 1896.
475 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; purchase, Patricia and Marietta Fried Gift, 2013.
477 Copyright Rafael Lozano‐Hemmer, “Seismoscopes,” 2009; photo by Antimodular Research.
480 Copyright British Library Board. All rights reserved/Bridgeman Images.
483 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; purchase, Bequest of Walter C. Baker, 1971.
487 Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), Los Angeles; gift of Vergil Whirlow; www.lacma.org.
489 The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles; digital image courtesy of the Getty’s Open Content Program.
490 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Jacques and Natasha Gelman Collection, 1998.
493 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Rogers Fund, 1911.
495 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
496 The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles; digital image courtesy of the Getty’s Open Content Program.
501 Courtesy the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; gift of Mr. and Mrs. Cornelius C. Vermeule III in the Name of Cornelius Adrian Comstock Vermeule.
505 The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles; digital image courtesy of the Getty’s Open Content Program.
506 The Metropolitan Museum of Art; New York; bequest of Walter C. Baker, 1971.
511 Copyright Agnes Denes; courtesy of Leslie Tonkonow Artworks and Projects, New York; photo copyright The Metropolitan Museum of Art; image source Art Resource, New York.
513 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Rogers Fund, 1903.
515 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Fletcher Fund, 1925.
517 Copyright Christopher Bucklow; courtesy of the artist.
520 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; gift of Robert Gordon, 1875.
521 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; gift of Robert Gordon, 1875.
523 Copyright Ernesto Klar; courtesy of Postmasters Gallery, New York.
526 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; the Cesnola Collection, purchased by subscription, 1874–1876.
528 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Rogers Fund, 1921.
533 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Marguerite and Frank A. Cosgrove Jr. Fund, 1993.
534 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; the Cesnola Collection, purchased by subscription, 1874–1876.
537 Copyright Succession Brancusi—all rights reserved (ARS) 2017; photo copyright the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; image source Art Resou
rce, New York.
539 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Rogers Fund, 1910.
541 The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles; digital image courtesy of the Getty’s Open Content Program.
547 Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris; http://gallica.bnf.fr.
551 Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris; http://gallica.bnf.fr.
556 Apostolic Palace, Vatican City.
Endpapers: Study for “The School of Athens,” by Raphael. Department of Drawings and Prints, Uffizi Gallery, Florence.
Index
Page numbers in boldface indicate the main text discussion of a philosopher.
Page numbers in italics indicate the person’s entry in the Glossary of Ancient Sources.
Academic school, 178–209, 369
Academica (Cicero), 593n6, 594, 595, 612
Academy, the, 11, 122, 136, 143, 145, 178, 179, 181, 187, 188n35, 189n39, 192, 193, 198, 213n10, 317, 320, 381, 492, 592–97 origin of name, 10, 137, 152 See also Lyceum; Middle Academy; New Academy; Old Academy
Account of Nature (Posidonius of Apamea), 259
Achaeus of Eretreia, 126, 634 Omphalos, 126
Achaïcus, 634 Ethics, 306
Achileis, 37
Acropolis, 53n191, 71, 145, 249
Adeimantus, 120, 135
Aeacus, 54
Aegospotami, 65
Aenesidemus of Cnossus, 467, 478, 484, 485, 610, 634, 648 Against Wisdom, 485
On Inquiry, 485
Outlines of Pyrrhonism, 474
Pyrrhonian Discourses, 484–85, 489
Aeschines Socraticus, 71, 80, 93–95, 102, 151, 229, 634
Aeschylus, 85, 126, 129, 158 Oresteia, 158n125
Aesop, 34, 36, 84, 251
Against Baton (Eratosthenes of Cyrene), 432
Against Epicurus (Theodorus the Atheist), 494
Against the Mathematicians (Sextus Empiricus), 329, 489n180, 612, 646
Against the Sophists (Demetrius of Troezen), 425
Against Wisdom (Aenesidemus of Cnossus), 485
Agamemnon, 125, 167n174, 338, 352n99, 368
Agathon, 76, 148, 248, 569
Agenor, 13
Agesilaus, 89, 90, 92, 279, 431
Agesilaus (Xenophon of Erchia), 89n131
Agrippa, 478, 634. See also Skepticism: modes of
Agrippa (Apellas), 485