464 “In the… well”: HA: T. V. Soong papers, Box 63, Folder 17, T. V. Soong to Chiang Kai-shek, December 23, 1943. (Note: The author has changed some of the language in the translation.)
465 “Madame Chiang… me?”: HA: T. V. Soong papers, Box 58, Folder 1, T.V. to Li Shi-zeng, June 17 (presumably 1944).
465 “Uncle Joe”: HA: Joseph Stilwell papers, Stilwell, “The Black Book,” p. 78.
CHAPTER FORTY
469 “What a… democrat”: HA: Joseph Stilwell papers, Stilwell, “The Black Book,” pp. 85–86.
469 “the climax… eyes”: Crozier, p. 249.
469 “to put… powers”: Stilwell, p. 237.
469 “there should… power”: Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, FDR papers, Map Room File, Box 17, Folder 3, message from Churchill to Roosevelt, November 17, 1943.
469 “to keep… away”: HA: Roger J. Sandilands Collection, John Fairbank to Sandilands, February 22, 1988.
470 “sadly distracted… personality”: Churchill, pp. 289–90.
470 “You think… bite”: HA: Walter H. Judd papers, Box 175, Folder 2, Robert Eunson, “First Lady Hopes U.S. Will Continue Firm Vietnam Stand,” March 19, 1965.
470 “capriciousness”: Davies, p. 278.
470 “the full… express”: Tuchman, p. 516.
471 “driven absolutely mad”: Davies, p. 278.
471 “Terrible performance… back”: Stilwell, p. 245.
471 “the most… brain”: Alanbrooke, pp. 477–80.
472 “well-guarded… end”: Moran, pp. 139–40.
473 “childish”: Davies, p. 278.
473 “we will… on”: Mosley, p. 262.
473 “Now let… so”: Stilwell, p. 255.
474 “The President… Asia”: Tuchman, p. 518.
474 “be expelled… Japan”: http://www.niraikanai.wwma.net/pages/archive/cairo.html.
474 “My dear… he?”: Feis, p. 109.
475 “wife’s support… much”: Chiang Kai-shek Archive: Chen Jin-jin, “Stories of Love,” in Study of Modern Chinese Women, ed. Wang Yu-gao and Wang Yu-zheng, vol. 2, pp. 275–88.
475 “poor leadership”: Tuchman, p. 522.
475 “four hundred… pigtails”: Davies, p. 280.
475 “Well, Joe… Ha!”: Stilwell, pp. 251–52.
476 “lore of… do”: Davies, p. 281.
476 “‘I take… truck”: Stilwell, pp. 251–56.
476 “She realizes… ‘noble’”: HA: Joseph Stilwell papers, Stilwell, “The Black Book,” p. 95.
477 “denied the… inflation”: Blum, Roosevelt and Morgenthau, p. 269.
477 “an elaborate… etc., etc.”: HA: Roger J. Sandilands papers, John Fairbank to RS, February 22, 1988.
477 “went through… projects”: Blum, Roosevelt and Morgenthau, pp. 463–76.
479 “large reserves… effort”: Tuchman, p. 527.
479 “They [the… government”: Blum, Roosevelt and Morgenthau, pp. 476–79.
480 “dignity of… doors”: Kerr, pp. 158–61.
481 “outrageous,” UNRAA… shirts”: Library of Congress: Roy W. Howard papers, Box 235, Foreign File, Randall Gould to RH, November 25, 1948.
CHAPTER FORTY-ONE
482 “The manners… China”: White and Jacoby, p. 256.
482 “a philanthropic… overtones”: Caldwell, p. 19.
483 “shocked by… again”: Dorn, pp. 116–22.
485 “propaganda blitz… demons”: Fenby, p. 416.
486 “merciless military extortion”: White and Jacoby, p. 178.
486 “peppery Cantonese”: Ibid., p. 70.
486 “As far… doomed”: Ibid., p. 187–88.
487 “hopelessly inadequate”: Tuchman, p. 585.
487 “Over in… hope”: Stilwell, pp. 306–7.
487 “the nation… people”: “Sun for Enlightenment,” Time, April 24, 1944.
487 “Perhaps nothing… personality”: White, “Life Looks at China,” Life, May 1, 1944.
488 The Four… approached”: Diana Lary, “Creating the Role of the Leader’s Consort: Madame Chiang Kai Shek,” Sino-American Relations, March 2004.
488 “There are… small”: White, “Life Looks at China.”
489 “The Generalissimo… back”: Wallace, pp. 349–50.
489 “launched forth… Communists”: Feis, p. 147.
489 “case against… on”: Wallace, p. 351.
489 “given every… regime”: Tuchman, pp. 593–94.
490 “to comment… disease”: Lattimore, China Memoirs, p. 186.
490 “painful maladies… strain”: WCA: Emma DeLong Mills papers, MS to EM, April 6, 1944.
490 “Chinese Communists… Japan”: Feis, p. 140.
490 “deteriorating at… Stilwell”: Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, FDR papers, Map Room File, Box 10, FDR–Chiang Kai-shek, January 1944–December 1944, “Memorandum for the President from the U.S. Chiefs of Staff,” July 4, 1944.
491 “drastic measures… stake”: Ibid., “Message from the President to the Generalissimo,” July 6, 1944.
491 “After the… tops”: Tuchman, p. 541.
492 “a limey… King”: Mosley, p. 301.
492 “The British… moon”: Tuchman, p. 548.
492 “It takes… Japs”: Stilwell, pp. 271–77.
492 “By provoking… own”: Tuchman, pp. 551–58.
493 “We had… corpses”: Stilwell, pp. 282–83.
493 “How was… pressure”: Tuchman, pp. 561–68.
493 “brutally embarassing… airfield”: Ibid., pp. 573–74.
494 “the only… years”: White and Jacoby, p. 159.
494 “I consider… for”: Tuchman, pp. 578–86.
494 “A corporal… enemy”: H. R. Isaacs, “Kweilin Destruction,” CBI Roundup, 1944.
495 “Thus in… China”: White and Jacoby, p. 197.
CHAPTER FORTY-TWO
496 “It would… zero”: Chang with Halliday, p. 99.
496 “try to… Americans”: Princeton University, Seeley G. Mudd Library: John Foster Dulles Oral History Project, Transcript of a Recorded Interview with Walter H. Judd by Philip A. Crowl, Washington, D.C., December 11, 1965.
496 “There is… country”: Ibid.
496 “T.V. says… bill”: Stilwell, p. 331.
496 “a Chinese… CKS”: Tuchman, p. 620.
497 “I would… orders”: Ibid., p. 410.
497 “adopted the… delays”: Ibid., pp. 629–30.
497 “must… be… responsibility”: Feis, p. 189.
498 “the harshest… incandescent”: White and Jacoby, pp. 220–21.
498 “the greatest… them”: Fenby, pp. 428–29.
498 “cutting my… knife”: Stilwell, p. 343.
498 “Thus,” as… challenges”: Schaller, p. 88.
498 “in accordance… procedure”: Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, FDR papers, Map Room File, Box 10, FDR–Chiang Kai-shek, January 1944–December 1944, C.H. (Cordell Hull) to FDR, “Memorandum for the President,” April 28, 1944.
498 “immense influence”: National Archives: RG226, Entry A1-170, Box 401, November 21, 1944.
498 “must go”: Tuchman, p. 636.
498 “on this… yield”: HA: T. V. Soong papers, Box 36, T. V. Soong, wire to H. C. Chun, October 11, 1944.
499 “the situation… it”: University of Oklahoma, Western History Collections, Patrick J. Hurley Collection, Box 90, Folder 5, Stilwell, telegram to Marshall, October 10, 1944.
499 “THE AX… late”: Stilwell, p. 345.
499 “Stilwell has… Chiang Kai-shek”: Feis, pp. 194–95.
499 “the pro-Chinese-Communist… Stilwell”: HA: Alfred Kohlberg papers, Box 5, Joseph Alsop, “Budens and Morris,” The New York Herald Tribune, September 4, 1951.
499 “Stilwell’s dismissal… Ho”: HA: Kohlberg papers, Box 5, Joseph Alsop, “The Foredoomed Mission of General Marshall,” The Saturday Evening Post, January 21, 1950.
500 “pliant bad… worse”: HA: Kohlberg papers, Box 5
, Joseph Alsop, “Chiang Kai-shek, 1953,” The New York Herald Tribune, October 30, 1953.
500 “very decent… developed”: Tuchman, p. 643.
500 “the most… deepest”: “Once China’s Heroine, Soong Ching-ling” The New York Times, September 21, 1966.
500 “nonsense… qualities”: “Roosevelt and China,” The New York Herald Tribune, November 2, 1944.
501 “lushly reported… things”: Fairbank, Chinabound, pp. 245–46.
502 “Chungking is… warlord”: Service, pp. 93–96.
503 “on the… doctors”: Seagrave, The Soong Dynasty, p. 413.
503 “On the… necessary”: “Denials by Chiang at Party Related,” The New York Times, December 1, 1944.
503 “In leading… convinced”: Hahn, Chiang Kai-shek, pp. 292–93.
504 “Even during… request”: White and Jacoby, p. 123.
504 “First Lady… ransom”: Grace Davidson, “First Lady of China Too Chic,” Boston Post, July 20, 1944.
504 “pale and listless”: “Mme. Chiang Now in Brazil Reportedly for ‘Rest Cure,’ ” Boston Herald, July 15, 1944.
504 “I haven’t… illness?”: Academia Historica, Taipei: CKS, wire to Madame, July 20, 1944.
505 “I have… here”: WCA: Emma DeLong Mills papers, EM to MS, August 9, 1944.
505 “May-ling is… China”: DeLong, p. 184.
505 “not supposed… humidity”: HA: T. V. Soong papers, Box 58, Folder 1, Madame Chiang, telegram to T. V. Soong, August 15, 1944.
505 “physicians fear… recovery”: “Madam Chiang Not Told of Wendell Willkie Death,” The New York Times, October 9, 1944.
505 “conduct was outrageous”: White and Jacoby, p. 112.
506 “bad odor… family”: FBI files: American Embassy, Taipei, “Possible Return of Dr. H. H. Kung to China: Visit of Madame H. H. Kung,” U.S. State Department, Foreign Service Despatch 793.00/1-2957, February 12, 1957. (Material furnished to the author by the Department of Justice in response to a Freedom of Information Act inquiry.)
506 “indifferent reception… intolerable”: Bill Costello, “China’s Richest Man, Irked at Poor Reception, Makes Sure That It Won’t Happen Here Again,” The Washington Post, July 2, 1944.
506 “suffering the… course”: DeLong, pp. 184–85.
506 “Are you… again”: Academia Historica, Taipei, CKS, wire to Madame, November 29, 1944.
507 “Your birthday… possible”: Ibid., CKS, wire to Madame, March 19, 1945.
507 “How she… phrases”: DeLong, p. 208.
507 “I’ll be… accident”: Ibid., p. 191.
507 “a chronic… shocked”: HA: Frank Dorn papers, Box 4, Folder 10, Dorn handwritten notes, March 9, 1945.
508 “changed discord… cabal”: “Madame Chiang Applauds Wedemeyer Book,” Taiwan Journal, November 23, 1987.
508 “with lightly… resistance”: WCA: United Press, “Mme Chiang Will Stay in U.S., Say Chinese,” undated, source unknown.
508 “When could… China”: Ibid.
CHAPTER FORTY-THREE
509 “History is… miscalculations”: Tuchman, p. 166.
509 “overbearing self-confidence”: Lattimore, China Memoirs, p. 85.
509 “a preposterous… China”: Davies, p. 342.
509 “Moose Dung… Shek”: Fenby, p. 438.
509 “He works… mistakes”: HA: Frank Dorn papers, Box 4, Folder 14, Dorn handwritten notes, “Situation (Sino-American) in China,” undated.
510 “disaster”: Service, p. 329.
510 “inept, incompetent… reactionary”: Princeton University: Seeley G. Mudd Library: The John Foster Dulles Oral History Project, Transcript of a Recorded Interview with Walter H. Judd by Philip A. Crowl, Washington, D.C., December 11, 1965.
510 “Hurleyed out… China”: Schaller, p. 103.
510 “an island… army”: White and Jacoby, pp. 249–52.
510 “exploded rather… expanded”: Ibid., p. 199.
511 “almost to… them”: Ibid., pp. 208–11.
511 “The Chinese… China”: Feis, p. 160.
511 “among the… China”: Schaller, p. 99.
511 “immediately… insist”: Tuchman, p. 591–93.
512 “The Yenan… newspapers”: Feis, p. 162.
512 “They are… determination”: Service, pp. 194–95.
512 “if you… thoughts”: Chang and Halliday, Mao, p. 256.
512 “big and… face”: Davies, p. 346.
512 “playing a… become”: HA: Dorn papers, Box 1, Folder 56, John Davies, “Comments on Current Crisis,” December 5, 1944.
512 “The Communists… future”: Ibid., Box 4, Folder 14, Dorn handwritten notes, “The Situation (Sino-American) in China,” undated.
513 “‘Don’t worry… settlement”: Service, p. 331.
513 “An impressive… Kai-shek”: White and Jacoby, p. 254.
513 “You have… requested”: Service, p. 332.
514 “an extremely… reason”: HA: Frank Dorn papers, Box 1, Folder 46, report from John Service for General Stilwell, “The Need for Greater Realism in Our Relations with Chiang Kai-shek,” October 10, 1944.
514 “The Chinese… support”: Feis, p. 263.
514 “to take… helpful”: Ibid., p. 222.
514 “buffoon… ‘negotiations’ ”: HA: Frank Dorn papers, Box 4, Folder 14, Dorn handwritten notes, “Situation (Sino-American) in China,” undated.
515 “We must… negligible”: Feis, pp. 235 (footnote 11)–237.
515 “It was… war”: Ibid., pp. 243–50.
516 “It should… interests”: U.S. Department of State, United States Relations with China (The White Paper), p. 115.
517 “The generalissimo… team”: HA: Lauchlin Currie papers, Box 5, Harold R. Isaacs, “The Situation in China since Stilwell’s Recall,” December 22, 1944.
518 “If CKS… public”: HA: Frank Dorn papers, Box 4, Folder 5, handwritten notes, March 8, 1945.
518 “Our dealings… Chiang”: Service, pp. 161–64.
518 Although the… elsewhere: John Service, recalled from China at Hurley’s behest, was later accused by McCarthy of Communist sympathies; although he was cleared of that charge by the Tydings Committee, he was fired by the State Department. He appealed his dimissal, won his case in the Supreme Court, and returned to State but left after realizing that he would no longer be given important assignments. He ended his career at the Center for Chinese Studies at the University of California at Berkeley.
John P. Davies left China in 1945 after Hurley accused him of being a Communist and threatened to ruin his career at the State Department. He subsequently served in Russia, Germany, and Peru. In spite of the fact that nine investigations from 1948 to 1954 failed to produce any evidence of disloyalty or Communist sympathies, he was dismissed in 1954 by Dulles, who claimed he had “demonstrated a lack of judgment, discretion and reliability.” Davies was eventually exonerated of the charge but spent ten years outside the United States before returning home. Both Service and Davies had warned that the Communists would win the civil war, thus arousing Nationalist animosity.
John C. Vincent, who was head of the China desk and the Far Eastern Division at State from 1944 to 1949, was described by McCarthy “as (1) a big Communist tremendously important to Russia, as (2) a part of an espionage ring in the State Department, and (3) as one who should ‘not only be discharged but should be immediately prosecuted.’ ” In spite of the fact that the Tydings Committee concluded that “the McCarthy charges are absurd,” he was suspended by the State Department. Vincent was eventually cleared of disloyalty charges and allowed to retire. (Koen, pp. 216–223.)
CHAPTER FORTY-FOUR
519 “Has China… Yalta?”: Furuya, p. 822.
519 “hard-boiled, shrewd… it”: HA: Lauchlin Currie papers, Box 5, Harold R. Isaacs, “The Situation in China since Stilwell’s Recall,” December 22, 1944.
519 “the world’s… prick”: Schaller, p. 89.
519 “sententio
us” and… man”: HA: Frank Dorn papers, Box 4, Folder 18, handwritten notes on Wedemeyer, undated.
519 “General Stilwell… command”: HA: Albert C. Wedemeyer papers, Box 81, Folder 1, Claire L. Chennault to ACW, July 6, 1945.
520 “misapprehension or misinformation”: Ibid., November 6, 1944.
520 “has been… character”: Ibid., Box 82, File 23, ACW to George C. Marshall, December 10, 1944.
520 “In the… reorganizing”: HA: Lauchlin Currie papers, Box 5, Harold Isaacs, “The Situation in China since Stilwell’s Recall,” December 22, 1944.
520 “The Chinese… effort”: HA: Wedemeyer papers, Box 82, File 23, ACW to George C. Marshall, December 10, 1944.
521 “one of… US”: HA: Lauchlin Currie papers, Box 5, Harold Isaacs, “The Situation in China since Stilwell’s Recall,” December 22, 1944.
521 “Elder sister… better”: Lin Bo-wen, “Family Affairs in T. V. Soong’s Documents,” Chinese News, May 17, 2004.
522 “frequent and… Kai-shek”: HA: Lauchlin Currie papers, Box 5, Harold R. Isaacs, “The Situation in China since Stilwell’s Recall,” December 22, 1944.
522 “many intricate… them”: HA: Wedemeyer papers, Box 82, Folder 23, ACW to George C. Marshall, August 1, 1945.
522 “We are… aware”: Lin Bo-wen, “Family Affairs in T. V. Soong’s Documents,” Chinese News, May 17, 2004.
522 “an ambitious… Soong”: HA: Lauchlin Currie papers, Box 5, Harold R. Isaacs, “The Situation in China since Stilwell’s Recall,” December 22, 1944.
522 “Madame Kung… government”: Ibid., “George Sokolsky on T. V. Soong,” February 17, 1944.
523 “We have… road”: Feis, p. 275.
523 “I wonder… that?”: Tuchman, p. 652.
523 “the great… illusion”: Feis, p. 284.
523 “Stalin agreed… conversation”: U.S. Department of State, United States Relations with China (The White Paper), p. 96.
524 “our future… Communism”: Feis, p. 291.
524 “It is… satisfactory”: National Archives: Microfilm, RG59, CDF (1945–1949), LM-184, Roll 50, Frames 628-29, June 28, 1945.
524 “the impression… meaning”: Feis, pp. 301–4.
525 “clearly indicated… disappointment”: HA: Walter H. Judd papers, Box 165, Folder 20, Wedemeyer to WHJ, July 7, 1951.
526 “categorically”: Feis, p. 319.
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