526 “I am… it” Ibid., p. 330.
527 “What do… Mao?” Crozier, p. 273.
527 “repeatedly urged… objectives”: HA: Judd papers, Box 175, Folder 1, “Chiang Steals Some GOP Thunder,” The Washington Post, February 25, 1953.
527 “looking somewhat… soon”: Nancy MacLennan, “Mme. Chiang Opens Peace Campaign,” The New York Times, August 15, 1945.
CHAPTER FORTY-FIVE
529 “Manchuria has… whereabouts”: Davies, p. 25.
529 “false, vicious… propaganda”: Neal Patterson, “Mme. Chiang Convalescing after 8 Months of Treatment,” Washington Times Herald, June 19, 1945.
529 “a largely… airplane”: Beal, p. 9.
530 “for three… savages”: Cornell University Library, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, James M. McHugh papers, no. 2770, letter to his wife, Reel 1, June 30, 1946.
530 “one of… Manchuria”: White and Jacoby, pp. 283–85.
531 “nation-wide counter-offensive”: Mao, p. 289.
531 “Our troops… Communists”: Feis, pp. 357–64.
532 “peace, democracy… strife”: Crozier, p. 284.
533 “has become… place?”: “Mr Hurley’s China,” The New York Herald Tribune, November 2, 1945.
533 “Ambassador Hurley’s… center”: Feis, p. 409.
533 “a considerable… China”: U.S. Department of State, United States Relations with China (The White Paper), J. Patrick Hurley to President Harry S. Truman, appendix 50, p. 583.
533 “If we… guaranteed”: Chang and Halliday, Mao, p. 295.
534 “guarantee”: Hahn, Chiang Kai-shek, p. 332.
534 “general agreement”: Crozier, p. 276.
535 “Chinese carpetbaggers”: Cornell University Library, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, James M. McHugh papers, no. 2770, letter to his wife, Reel 1, June 30, 1946.
535 “Today there… can”: Ibid., letter to his wife, Reel 1, July 26, 1946.
535 “We’ve been… arrest”: Crozier, pp. 278–79.
535 “one of… politics”: Salter, p. 212.
535 “often criticized… censure”: Boorman, vol. 3, p. 153.
536 “many of… ministers”: Crozier, pp. 301–2.
536 “unfavourable… unfavourable”: HA: Arthur N. Young papers, Box 881, Arthur Young, “Short Notes on Current Articles,” undated.
536 “a left-wing… ills”: Henry Lieberman, “Madame Sun—China’s ‘Conscience,’ ” The New York Times Magazine, August 11, 1946.
537 “I have… it”: WCA: Emma DeLong Mills papers, EM to MS, August 16, 1946.
537 “we should… cooperate”: HA: Albert C. Wedemeyer papers, Box 83, Folder 7, ACW to T. V. Soong, August 10, 1946.
538 “I would… over”: Beal, pp. 341–42.
CHAPTER FORTY-SIX
541 “He [Marshall]… in”: Bland, p. 580.
541 “continued support… China”: HA: T. V. Soong papers, Box 39, Folder 11, memorandum, November 10, 1945.
541 “a vigorous… solution”: White and Jacoby, p. 293.
541 “We had… dollars”: Feis, p. 423.
541 “renewed encounter… cheeks’ ”: Mosley, p. 372.
542 “very mediocre”: Taylor, p. 138.
543 “the remotest chance”: Mosley, p. 367.
543 “Inasmuch as… settlement”: Keith E. Eiler, “Devotion and Dissent: Albert Wedemeyer, George Marshall, and China,” in Bland, p. 99.
543 “special message… friendship”: Li, p. 269.
543 “It is… world”: Henry R. Lieberman, “Mme. Chiang Ends North China Visit,” The New York Times, January 27, 1946.
543 “just about… perfect”: Beal, p. 50.
544 “ran a… thinkers”: White and Jacoby, pp. 294–96.
544 “their greedy… etc.”: Mosley, pp. 377–78.
545 “closely… nation”: HA: T. V. Soong papers, Box 37, Harry S. Truman, confidential letter to Chiang Kai-shek, August 12, 1946.
545 “it was… chat”: Beal, pp. 100–102.
546 “the evil… China”: HA: Stanley K. Hornbeck papers, Box 150, “A Man Named Donald,” The Washington Post, February 23, 1945.
546 “Time and… grateful”: Ibid., Dean Schedler and C. Yates McDaniel, “Donald, Long Hunted by Japs, Found with Rescued Internees,” The Evening Star, February 24, 1945.
546 “One day… die”: Selle, p. 367.
547 “Do you… fine”: Columbia University Library, RBML, William Henry Donald correspondence, Ida du Marc to K. C. Li, November 12, 1946.
547 “land reformers… France”: Crozier, p. 298.
548 “only thing… checkers”: Beal, p. 177.
548 “the Kuomintang… settlement”: HA: T. V. Soong papers, Box 61, Folder 11, Chou En-lai to George C. Marshall, September 30, 1946.
548 “The more… hopper”: Cornell University Library, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, James M. McHugh papers, no. 2770, letter to his wife, Reel 1, July 31, 1946.
549 “a long… inch”: Beal, p. 246.
549 “His old… ceiling”: Cray, p. 582.
549 “terrible… him”: Beal, pp. 246–47.
549 “The abstention… it”: Ibid., pp. 279–92.
550 “It is… moved”: Stuart, “How the Communists Got China” (condensation of book entitled Fifty Years in China), U.S. News & World Report, October 1, 1954, p. 45.
550 “very cold… mission”: Columbia University Library: Frank Rounds, interview by Dr. Bluma Swerdloff, Interview 2, October 1, 1962, pp. 81–82.
551 “interested in… involved”: Li, p. 279.
551 “Never,” he… mission”: William C. Bullitt, “A Report to the American People on China,” Life, October 13, 1947.
CHAPTER FORTY-SEVEN
552 “Chiang stood… dissented”: White and Jacoby, p. 288.
552 “support free… pressure”: Crozier, p. 303.
552 “a howling… go”: Frederick Gruin, “Week of the Winds,” Time, March 10, 1947.
553 “Because of… state”: HA: T. V. Soong papers, Box 63, Folder 5, T. V. Soong notes, undated.
553 “the Chinese… Communists”: Crozier, p. 304.
553 “accusing the… supporting”: Wedemeyer, pp. 382–91.
554 “he still… with”: Crozier, p. 310.
554 “the odds… people”: U.S. Department of State, United States Relations with China (The White Paper), pp. 380–84.
555 “rallied to… defence”: Crozier, p. 311.
555 “achieved only… China”: Koen, p. 32.
555 “clever and charming”: Charles Wertenbaker, “The China Lobby: I. The Legacy of T. V. Soong,” Reporter, April 15, 1952, p. 4.
555 “a Polish… watched”: FBI files, Memorandum for Mr. Lawrence M. C. Smith, Chief, Special War Policies Unit, from John Edgar Hoover, Director, no. 65-31284-99, February 24, 1943. (Material obtained from the Department of Justice in response to Freedom of Information Act inquiry.)
555 “influential Americans… expedited”: Charles Wertenbaker, “The China Lobby: I. The Legacy of T. V. Soong,” Reporter, April 15, 1952, pp. 5–6.
555 “very bad”: HA: Lauchlin Currie papers, Box 5, LC, “Memorandum for the President,” June 27, 1942.
555 “Because the… munitions”: Wertenbaker, “The China Lobby: I. The Legacy of T. V. Soong,” Reporter, April 15, 1952, p. 6.
556 “under circumstances… duty”: Wertenbaker, “The China Lobby: II The Pattern of Enrichment,” Reporter, April 15, 1952, pp. 8–9.
557 “selfless, altogether… it”: Wertenbaker, “The China Lobby: III. Voices in the Wilderness,” April 15, 1952, p. 13.
557 “mild-mannered, unassuming… man”: Keeley, p. 11.
557 “the handkerchief king”: Ibid., p. 27. The figure of $1 million comes from Cabell Phillips, “Is There a China Lobby? Inquiry Raises Questions,” The New York Times, April 30, 1950.
557 “Valenciennes” and “Cluny Venise”: Wertenbaker, “The China Lobby: XI. The World of
Alfred Kohlberg,” Reporter, April 29, 1952, p. 20.
557 “secretly, behind… States”: William C. Bullitt, “A Report to the American People on China,” Life, October 13, 1947.
557 “were able… rate”: Wertenbaker, “The China Lobby: III. The Pattern of Enrichment,” April 15, 1952, p. 10.
558 “the fabric… currency”: Eastman, p. 173.
558 “a disastrous… Generalissimo”: National Archives: RG 59, Entry 339A, Box 13, TS—Chiang—1948, Philip D. Sprouse to W. Walton Butterworth, July 7, 1948.
558 “The Generalissimo… fit”: National Archives: Microfilm, RG 59, CDF (1945–1949), LM 184, Roll 58, Frames 12–28, Roger D. Lapham, “The China Problem,” July 13, 1949.
559 “Poorly fed… Communists”: Schaller, p. 115.
559 “a stubborn… wrong”: National Archives: Microfilm, RG 59, CDF (1945–1949), LM 184, Roll 58, Frames 12–28, Roger D. Lapham, “The China Problem,” July 13, 1949.
559 “the economic… day”: Eastman, pp. 173–75.
560 “the general-in-charge… Shanghai”: Taylor, pp. 154–55.
560 “the nation’s… entrepreneurs”: Eastman, p. 180.
560 “substantial payment”: Taylor, p. 161.
560 “For over… behaviour”: Eastman, p. 188.
560 “The experience… poorer”: Taylor, pp. 156–57.
561 “brothers… other”: Taylor, p. 160.
561 “her favorite nephew”: National Archives: Microfilm file 184, Roll 58, Frame 494, September 2, 1948.
561 “After [the]… Shanghai”: U.S. Department of State, United States Relations with China (The White Paper), p. 880.
562 “The orderly… populace”: “China,” CIA Document no. RDP79-01082A0001 000020035-0, p. 8. (Material furnished to the author by the Central Intelligence Agency in response to Freedom of Information Act inquiry.)
562 “direct and… position”: National Archives: RG 59, Entry 399A, Box 13, TS— Chiang—1948, CKS to Harry S. Truman, November 9, 1948.
562 “There is… forces”: Ibid., File 306.0015, NSC 22/2, memo from the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the Secretary of State, December 16, 1943.
563 “Communists were… Yangtze”: “China: You Shall Never Yield,” Time, December 6, 1948.
563 “couldn’t be… village”: Library of Congress, Roy W. Howard papers, Box 235, Foreign File, Randall Gould to Roy Howard, November 25, 1948.
563 “quite dubious… arrangements”: pp. 202–3.
563 “this task… her”: Library of Congress, Roy W. Howard papers, Box 235, RH to W. C. Nyi, November 29, 1948.
563 “on what… position”: CIA: MORI DocID 922062, December 10, 1948.
CHAPTER FORTY-EIGHT
564 “They wanted… are”: Miller, p. 283.
564 “demands of… disasters”: Crozier, p. 318.
564 “a frantic… line” Drew Pearson, “Merry-Go-Round,” The Washington Post, December 2, 1948.
564 “Cash My-check”: Interview: “William Kirby Discusses the Legacy of Madame Chiang Kai-shek,” All Things Considered (NPR), October 24, 2003.
564 “She came… that”: Miller, pp. 288–89.
564 “a change… it’ ”: Harold L. Ickes, “Time to Tell China of Changed Attitude of People in U.S.,” Toledo, Ohio, Blade, December 10, 1948.
565 “Her traveling… wear”: “Mme. Chiang’s Wardrobe Contrasts with Early Luxury,” Rochester Times-Union, December 4, 1948.
565 “official affairs… better”: Academia Historica, Taipei: Madame, wire to CKS, December 20, 1948.
565 “TOP SECRET… laughter”: Mosley, pp. 435–36.
566 “no battle… fight”: Topping, p. 50.
566 “an unpredictable… Wellesley”: HA: Walter H. Judd papers, Box 175, Folder 1, Edgar Ansel Mowrer, “Bearing Olive Branches to U.S.,” December 1948.
566 “I hope… soon”: Academia Historica, Taipei: CKS, wire to Madame, December 9, 1948.
566 “pressed… freedom”: National Archives: RG 59, Entry 399A, Box 13, TS— Chiang—1948, CKS, message to Madame Chiang, December 27, 1948.
567 Most people… generosity: In June 1951, President Truman ordered an investigation into the China Lobby, and the resulting report, however inconclusive, states (among other things): “1. It is clear that a substantial amount of money… had been devoted in this country to a wide-spread publicity and propaganda campaign on behalf of Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalist Government. 2. It is also apparent that there is a very close connection between many of the people prominently associated with this propaganda campaign and certain American politicians and public figures who are most active in the support of the Nationalist Government of China. 3.… There are some indications but no clear proof that direct financial transactions have taken place… between Chinese Nationalist sympathizers and American political personalities.… 5. There is available evidence of large-scale corruption and profiteering on the part of certain officials of the Chinese Nationalist Government during and immediately following the end of the war.… 6.… we have indications that there is a direct relationship between the money now being used for propaganda through graft and profiteering.… 7. Since the passing of money, if any, between Chinese persons or their agents and American politicians has been skillfully conducted in a very devious manner… such transactions cannot be successfully exposed without a thorough investigation… and even then probably could not be completely revealed unless credible informers be found.” (Truman Library, James S. Lanigan to Theodore Tannenwald, Jr., “Memmorandum Re: China Lobby,” October 9, 1951.
567 “urgently needs… aid”: CIA: MORI DocID 922062, December 10, 1948.
567 “try my… this”: Academia Historica, Taipei: Madame, wire to CKS, December 20, 1948.
567 “according to… Marshall”: Ibid., Madame, wire to CKS, December 21, 1948.
568 “peace-making… Communists”: Ibid., CKS, wire to Madame, December 23, 1948.
568 “having a… plans”: Ibid., Madame, wire to CKS, December 23, 1948.
568 “I spoke… request”: Ibid., Madame, wire to CKS, January 1, 1949.
568 “the year… been”: Columbia University Library, RBML, Madame Chiang Kai-shek, “New Year’s Message,” December 31, 1948 (also in “Madame Chiang Undismayed,” The New York Times, January 1, 1949).
569 “one of… history”: Crozier, p. 320.
569 “two notorious incompetents”: Topping, p. 44.
569 “I did… criminals”: Crozier, p. 324.
570 “decide to… Communists”: Academia Historica, Taipei, CKS, wire to Madame, January 17, 1949.
570 “to cease-fire… safeguarded”: Crozier, p. 325.
570 “She has… questions”: “Mme Chiang Is Silent,” The New York Times, January 22, 1949.
570 “I could… Heigh-ho”: Dong, p. 290.
571 “Your father… people”: Academia Historica, Taipei, Madame Chiang, wire to Chiang Ching-kuo, January 21, 1949, File 080200/627, Microfilm 0561.
571 “The U.S.… now?”: Ibid., Madame, wire to CKS, January 27, 1949. (Note: Madame spells Li Tsung-jen as Li Zong-ren.)
571 “There is… together”: Ibid., Madame, wire to CKS, February 22, 1949.
572 “talk about everything”: Ibid., CKS, wire to Madame, March 8, 1949.
572 “not anxious… nation”: Ibid., Madame Chiang, wire to Chiang Ching-kuo, February 15, 1949, File 0802006/26, Microfilm 0561.
572 “I have… later”: Ibid., Madame, wire to CKS, March 5, 1949, serial no. 871.
572 “close friends”: Ibid., Madame, wire to CKS, April 13, 1949, serial no. A1036.
CHAPTER FORTY-NINE
573 “The Communists… fed?”: HA: Alfred Kohlberg papers, Box 5, Stewart Alsop, “China, a Summing Up—II,” The New York Herald Tribune, July 8, 1949.
573 “In my… demanding”: Author’s telephone conversation with Dr. Paul Marx, March 2, 2006.
574 “What attitude… KMT”: Crozier, p. 333.
574 “Farewell Leighton… aggression”
: Philip West, “Liberal Persuasion and China: Soong Meiling and John Leighton Stuart,” in Samuel C. Chu, p. 66.
574 “the thick… city”: HA: Kohlberg papers, Box 55, Stewart Alsop, “Going, Going,” The New York Herald Tribune, May 13, 1949.
575 “Chiang Kai-shek’s… weapon”: Dong, pp. 291–92.
575 “moral and… itself”: U.S. Department of State, United States Relations With China (The White Paper), p. 409.
575 “ashamed to… city”: Crozier, p. 341.
575 “CCP in… back”: Academia Historica, Taipei, Madame, wire to CKS, May 16, 1949.
575 “The foreign… helpful”: Ibid., Madame, wire to CKS, May 18, 1949.
575 “Please remember… organization”: Ibid., CKS, wire to Madame, May 20, 1949, serial no. 481.
576 “If communism… defeatism”: “Chiang Appeals for U.S. Aid; Sees New War if Reds Win,” The New York Times, July 6, 1949.
576 “I’m so… possible”: Academia Historica, Taipei: Madame Chiang, wire to Chiang Ching-kuo, September 15, 1949, File 0802006/26, Microfilm no. 0561.
576 “You are… campaign”: Ibid., Madame, wire to CKS, November 17, 1949.
576 “too many… Riverdale”: DeLong, p. 201.
576 “These stocks… Housemother”: WCA: Emma DeLong Mills papers, MSC to EM, August 9, 1949.
577 “Since I… aid”: Academia Historica, Taipei, Madame, wire to CKS, January 10, 1949.
577 “strategy to… politicians”: Philip Horton, “The Inner Circle,” Reporter, April 29, 1952, p. 5.
577 “concern[ed] with… Hong Kong”: FBI files: WFO 97-766, June 19, 1953, number illegible. (Material obtained through Department of Justice in response to Freedom of Information Act inquiry.)
578 “The persistent… mainland!”: Swanberg, pp. 351–52.
578 “the most… disguises”: Charles Wertenbaker, “The Smiling Counselor,” Reporter, April 29, 1952, p. 8.
579 “helped materially”: Cabell Phillips, “Is There a China Lobby? Inquiry Raises Question,” The New York Times, April 30, 1950.
579 “subsidiary… China”: Philip Horton, “Politics Is Politics, but Business Is Business,” Reporter, April 29, 1952, p. 7.
579 “between one… million”: Charles Wertenbaker, “The Ubiquitous Major,” Reporter, April 15, 1952, p. 21.
579 “Privately held… million”: “The White Paper,” Annex 135, “Report to President Truman by Lieutenant General Albert C. Wedemeyer, U.S. Army, Part II—China,” Economic, p. 770.
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