George Washington

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George Washington Page 77

by David O. Stewart

social life at, 281–83, 308

  wartime damage, 282

  Washington’s land speculation, 160

  Washington’s management of, 225, 244, 289, 309–10, 326, 366

  Washington’s marriage, 90

  and Washington’s resignation from command, 275, 278

  Washington’s return, after presidency, 393

  and Washington’s return from militia command, 51

  and the Washingtons’ social life, 108

  Mount Vernon Compact, 288

  mutinies, 215, 224–25, 246, 268–69, 271–74, 315, 374, 416, 448n10

  mythical status of Washington

  and assumption of Continental Army command, 209–10

  and Braddock expedition, 65–66

  and carriage accident, 304

  and First Continental Congress, 190

  and Forks of the Ohio campaign, 36

  and Indian prophecy tale, 66

  and resignation from command, 276–77

  and Washington’s presidential tour of the country, 327

  and Washington’s public image, 9–12

  National Bank of Washington, 346, 349, 532n4

  naval power

  and blockades, 95

  and British control of New York, 220

  and Franco-American alliance, 252–53, 255

  and French ship seizures, 518n7

  and impressment of sailors, 375–77

  and Jay Treaty, 376, 380, 381

  and privateering, 362–64, 378, 519n13

  Nelson, William, 171

  Nemacolin, 56

  neutrality, 216, 298–99, 362–67, 369, 376–79, 382, 391

  Neville, John, 370

  Newburgh mutiny, 374

  New Hampshire, 292–93, 299, 307, 308, 503n12

  New Orleans, 384

  newspaper media, 43, 62, 306, 307, 320–21, 324, 470n7. See also specific publications

  New York (state)

  and Compromise of 1790, 338, 339

  and Constitutional Convention, 299, 502n25

  military occupation, 219

  and ratification of the Constitution, 307–8

  and regional dynamics of constitutional governance, 322

  and residence-of-the-government debate, 330

  and Washington’s winter trip to Boston, 74–75

  New York Assembly, 500n16

  New York City, 74–75, 219, 222, 274, 290, 329–30, 504n26

  New York Provincial Congress, 209

  Nicholas, Robert Carter, 425n11, 469n1

  Niemcewicz, Julian Ursyn, 527n3

  non-importation/exportation campaigns, 168–72, 182–85, 188, 191–93, 195, 198

  North Carolina, 307–8, 310, 322, 334–35

  Northwest Ordinance, 305

  Northwest Territory, 349, 360, 375, 377, 385

  Notes of the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 441n8

  Ohio Company, 30–31, 33, 37, 87, 431n12

  Ohio Indians, 40, 198, 433n13

  Ohio River, 287. See also Forks of the Ohio

  Ohio valley, 36, 95, 161–63, 186, 433n9

  oratory skills, 117–18, 454n11

  Paine, Thomas, 224, 388

  pardons, 372

  Parliament, 167, 171, 182, 184, 186, 189, 197, 203, 252

  Peale, Charles Willson, 173, 301

  Pendleton, Edmund

  and currency disputes, 139

  and Fairfax Resolves, 185, 186

  and First Continental Congress, 189

  and Robinson scandal, 147

  and Washington’s appointment to army command, 206, 207

  and Washington’s career trajectory, 390

  and Washington’s legislative efforts, 135

  Pennsylvania

  and antislavery sentiment, 403

  and Compromise of 1790, 337–38, 513n17

  political dynamics of, 75

  and Proclamation of 1763, 161–62

  and residence-of-the-government debate, 343, 509n5

  and Washington’s second term, 359

  See also Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

  Pennsylvania General Assembly, 194

  Pennsylvania State House, 202

  Perrine’s Hill, 261–64. See also Battle of Monmouth Court House

  Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

  and Compromise of 1790, 337, 339–40, 342

  and early battles of the Revolution, 222–23

  military occupation, 219

  newspaper media in, 74–75

  Philadelphia Free Library, 189

  and president’s residence, 345–46

  and residence-of-the-government debate, 330, 504n26, 509n5

  social life in, 301–2

  and Washington’s election to presidency, 312

  Philipse, Polly, 75, 81

  Pickering, Timothy, xix, 230, 374, 380, 381–83

  Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 399

  Pinckney, Thomas, 372

  piracy, 384. See also privateering

  Pitt, William, 92, 95, 100, 102, 376

  Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, 376

  political pamphleteering, 156, 192, 194, 205, 274, 283, 332–33, 400

  Pontiac’s Rebellion, 138

  Popes Creek, 14, 17

  postal service, 319–20, 323, 332

  Potomac Company, 287, 331, 343–44, 498n35, 514n22

  Potomac River

  and Compromise of 1790, 339, 342–43, 504n26, 514n24, 514n29

  ferry crossing, 135, 277

  as fishery resource, 126–27

  and Mount Vernon, 119–20

  navigation improvement project, 173, 195, 282, 284, 286–88, 309, 311, 339, 343–44, 400

  and residence-of-the-government debate, 330–32, 338–40, 340–42, 343, 346–47, 350–51, 391, 513n13

  and Washington’s family background, 13–14

  Powel, Elizabeth, 301

  Powel, Samuel, 301

  Powhatan Confederacy, 13

  Presbyterians, 192

  privateering, 362–64, 378, 519n13

  Proclamation of 1754, 466n1, 468n21

  Proclamation of 1763, 138, 161–62

  public debt, 332–35, 336, 337–40. See also assumption-of-debt debate

  “Publius” essays, 306

  Putnam, Israel, 208, 210

  Quakers, 75, 95, 192, 221, 233, 330, 335, 403–4, 511n25

  Quartermaster General’s Office, 226–27, 235

  Quebec, Canada, 219, 235–36

  Quebec Act, 186

  Raleigh Tavern, 170, 181–82

  Randolph, Edmund

  and antislavery sentiment, 403

  and Bank of the United States debate, 348, 349

  biographical sketch of, xix

  and Constitutional Convention, 293, 297–98, 303

  corruption allegations against, 380–83, 517n7

  family influence in Virginia politics, 115

  Fauchet on, 523n22

  and first constitutional government, 326

  and Jay Treaty, 379

  and ratification of the Constitution, 308

  State Department appointment, 367

  and Washington’s cabinet, 374

  and Washington’s presidential tours, 351–52

  and Washington’s second term, 358

  and Whiskey Rebellion, 370–71, 372

  Randolph, Peyton

  appointed speaker of the House of Burgesses, 166

  and economic conflicts with Britain, 139

  and Fairfax Resolves, 185

  and First Continental Congress, 189, 194

  and resistance to Coercive Acts, 182

  and Richmond C
onvention, 198–99

  and Robinson scandal, 147, 469n1

  and Stamp Act taxes, 144

  and Washington’s career trajectory, 390

  Rappahannock River, 16, 427n14

  Reed, Joseph, 487n19

  regional politics and tensions

  and appointment of Continental Army generals, 207–8

  and assumption-of-debt debate, 334–35

  and Bank of the United States debate, 348

  and Compromise of 1790, 344

  and dynamics of constitutional governance, 319, 322

  and residence-of-the-government debate, 330

  Report on Public Credit of January 1790, 333

  Republican Party, 367, 383, 384

  residence-of-the-government debate, 329–32, 336, 338–43, 391, 504n26, 509n5, 512n32, 513n17. See also Compromise of 1790

  Revere, Paul, 191, 193

  Rhode Island

  and antislavery sentiment, 403

  and Black soldiers, 403

  and Compromise of 1790, 339, 340–44

  and Constitutional Convention, 299

  and ratification of the Constitution, 306–8, 310

  and regional dynamics of constitutional governance, 322

  Richmond, Virginia, 198

  road construction and maintenance, 55–58, 57, 100–104, 441n8

  Robinson, John, 76, 78, 115–16, 134, 139, 144, 146–48, 166, 390, 469n1

  Ross, David, 168

  Ross, Hector, 152

  Ross, James, 371

  Royal American Regiment, 80

  Royal Navy, 20–21, 93, 95, 259, 267, 290, 375, 376

  Rush, Benjamin, 485n24

  Rutherford, Thomas, 141

  Rutledge, John, 301

  Santo Domingo, 400

  Schuyler, Philip, 207–8, 210

  Second Continental Congress (1775–1781)

  and appointment of army generals, 207–8

  and Battle of Monmouth Court House, 266

  and British peace efforts, 255

  and conditions at Valley Forge, 241–47, 344

  and Continental Army supply problems, 226–29

  and Conway Cabal, 231–35, 237–39

  and early battles of the Revolution, 222–25

  and Lee’s court-martial, 265

  and onset of Revolution, 198–99, 199–200, 202–4

  and plan to invade Canada, 236–37

  and soldier pay and pensions, 246–47

  and Steuben’s appointment, 249

  and treaty with France, 252

  and Valley Forge war council, 251

  and Washington’s appointment to army command, 204–6, 210–11

  and Washington’s career trajectory, 10, 326, 353, 390–91

  Washington’s deference to, 220–21, 241

  Sedgwick, Theodore, 341–42, 343, 511n25, 513n21

  Seneca Indians, 433n13

  Seneca’s Morals (Seneca the Younger), 19

  Seven Years’ War, 79, 252, 433n13

  Shag, Will (slave), 131

  Shakespeare, William, 272, 456n10

  Sharpe, Horatio, 75

  Shawnee Indians, 3, 56, 78–79, 433n13

  Shays Rebellion, 292–95, 370–71

  Sheels, Christopher (slave), 408, 411

  Sherman, Roger, 501n13

  Shirley, William, 73, 74

  Six Nations, 433n13

  slaves and slavery

  antislavery and abolitionist sentiment, 50, 402–9, 414

  and Barbados, 26

  and Constitutional Convention, 302

  “dower” slaves, 406, 413–14, 532n4

  and emancipation efforts, 358, 403–8, 413–15, 530n20

  and Fairfax Resolves, 184

  and Jay Treaty, 377

  and manumission, 403, 408, 531n23

  and Martha Washington’s estate, 90

  and military service of African Americans, 403 (see also African American soldiers)

  at presidential residence in Philadelphia, 351

  Quaker opposition to, 335, 403–4, 511n25

  revolts, 400

  and role of Virginia militia, 32

  runaway slaves, 129, 131, 408–9, 465n13

  violence among slaves, 25

  Virginia laws regarding, 431n11, 530n9

  Washington’s changing position on, 11, 216, 403–9, 416–17, 532n8

  and Washington’s childhood, 4

  and Washington’s estates, 119, 124, 125–27, 128–32, 282, 393, 400–402, 406–7, 412–15, 425n4, 530n9, 530n15, 532n4, 532n7

  and Washington’s public image, 9–10

  smallpox, 27, 129, 226, 411

  Smollett, Tobias, 157

  smuggling, 143–44, 168

  Smyth, John F. D., 1

  Society of the Cincinnati, 283–84, 293

  Sons of Liberty, 145

  South Carolina, 307, 330, 335, 403, 405

  Spectator, The, 19

  spies and espionage, 42, 221

  Springfield Arsenal, 293

  Springsbury Club, 301–2

  Stamp Act, 141–42, 143–46, 151, 154, 166, 168, 183, 463n11

  Stanwix, John, 6–7, 8, 93

  states’ rights, 309, 349

  Stephen, Adam

  and Battle of Fort Necessity, 41–42, 46

  and Battle of Germantown, 481n17

  biographical sketch of, xix

  and Braddock expedition, 59–63

  corruption charges against, 140–41

  court martial, 481n17

  electoral campaigns, 135–36

  and Forks of the Ohio campaign, 38

  and Indian raids in western lands, 67

  and military training and discipline, 73, 75, 78, 446n22

  rivalry with Washington, 481n17

  and Virginia’s frontier fort strategy, 79

  and Washington’s command style, 69

  and Washington’s conflict with Dinwiddie, 83

  and Washington’s political ambitions, 72–73, 149

  Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm von, 248–52, 250, 254, 257, 488n1, 489nn9–10

  Stewart, Robert, 121–22

  Stuart, David

  and antislavery sentiment, 335, 405–6, 407, 409

  biographical sketch of, xix

  and postwar economic challenges, 334

  and residence-of-the-government debate, 331–32, 514n29

  and social life at Mount Vernon, 281

  and Washington’s presidential style, 322

  Stuart, Gilbert, 392–93

  Suffolk Resolves, 191

  Summary View of the Rights of British America (Jefferson), 156, 185

  surveying of lands, 21–22, 24–26, 29–33, 51, 162–63

  Susquehanna River, 330–31, 337, 513n17

  Susquehannock Indians, 436n12

  Swearingen, Van, 136

  Tanaghrisson (“the Half-King”), 31, 33–34, 36, 38–41, 44, 46–47, 435n12

  Tarborough, North Carolina, 351

  taxes and tariffs

  and Bank of the United States debate, 346–47, 350

  and Boston Tea Party, 180–81

  and causes of revolution, 212

  collection of, 145–46, 150–51, 292

  colonial resistance to British taxes, 143–46

  and Constitutional Convention, 302

  and end of Seven Years’ War, 137

  and French neutrality crisis, 363

  and national securities (bonds), 499n9

  and non-importation movement, 168–72

  and postwar economic challenges, 290–91

  and ratification of the Constitution, 309


  and Robinson scandal, 146–48

  and soldier pay and pensions, 269

  Stamp Act, 141–42, 143–46, 151, 154, 166, 168, 183, 463n11

  Townshend duties, 167–68, 170, 171, 183, 470n7

  and Washington’s first term, 323

  and Whiskey Rebellion, 346–47, 360, 368–73, 382, 388, 391, 399

  See also specific acts

  Tenth Amendment, 348

  Test Act, 117

  Thompson, Mary, 532n8

  Thomson, Charles, 189, 475n24

  Thornton, Edward, 213

  tobacco farming, 14, 51, 125–26, 139, 143, 150–51, 154, 170, 184

  Tour Thro’ the Whole Island of Great Britain (Defoe), 19

  Townshend duties, 167–68, 170, 171, 183, 470n7

  Treatise of Military Discipline, A (Bland), 71

  Treaty of Alliance (1778), 252, 273, 362–63, 366

  Treaty of Paris (1763), 137

  Treaty of Paris (1783), 376

  Trent, William, 36, 37–40

  Trenton, New Jersey, 220–21, 248, 266, 302, 312, 329–31. See also Battle of Trenton

  tuberculosis, 25–28, 357–58

  Tucker, St. George, 408

  Tyler, John, 498n35

  United States Congress (1789–present)

  and assumption-of-debt debate, 332–33, 334–35

  and Bank of the United States debate, 346–47, 348–51

  and Compromise of 1790, 337, 338–39, 341–42, 344

  and French neutrality crisis, 364–65, 366

  and residence-of-the-government debate, 329–32

  and slavery issue, 405, 407–8

  and trade embargoes, 375–76

  Washington’s annual messages to, 348, 366, 369, 373, 383–84, 393, 519n12

  and Washington’s career trajectory, 353

  and Washington’s election, 311–12

  and Washington’s first term, 319–21, 321–23, 323–24, 326–27

  and Washington’s health problems, 335–36

  and Washington’s inaugural address, 314–15

  and Washington’s legacy, 416

  and Washington’s second term, 357

  and Whiskey Rebellion, 368–69, 373–74

  and XYZ Affair, 398–99

  United States Department of the Treasury, 332, 346

  Unites States Constitution

  and Bank of the United States debate, 347–49

  Constitutional Convention votes on, 300

  and executive powers, 301

  and foreign policy powers, 385

  and Jay Treaty, 379

  and scope of Washington’s accomplishments, 11, 215

  and soldier pay and pensions, 488n35

  and style of American presidency, 315–16, 319–21

  and Washington’s first term, 322

 

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