Shocked
Page 28
fatigue results in a measurable decline: S Manders and F Geijsel (2009) “Alternating providers during continuous chest compressions for cardiac arrest: every minute or every two minutes?” Resuscitation 80: 1015–018.
Jose Antonio Adams and Paul Kurlansky: miamiheartresearch.org/pgzmotion/references.html [accessed February 4, 2014].
And in one scene, as Tristin recalls it: Ben Forer, “Arizona 9-Year-Old Boy, Tristin Saghin, Saved Sister with CPR, Congratulated by Movie Producer Jerry Bruckheimer,” April 22, 2011, abcnews.go.com/Health/arizona-year-boy-tristin-saghin-saved-sister-cpr/story?id=13428007 [accessed February 5, 2014].
one study found that bystander-initiated CPR: C Sasson et al. (2012) “Association of neighborhood characteristics with bystander-initiated CPR,” New England Journal of Medicine 367(17): 1607–15.
There are many reasons why bystanders: C Sasson et al. (2013) “Increasing cardiopulmonary resuscitation provision in communities with low bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation rates: a science advisory from the American Heart Association for healthcare providers, policymakers, public health departments, and community leaders,” Circulation 127: 342–50; R Swor et al. (2006) “CPR training and CPR performance: do CPR-trained bystanders perform CPR?” Academy of Emergency Medicine 13(6): 596–601; C Vaillancourt, IG Stiell, and GA Wells (2009) “Understanding and improving low bystander CPR rates: a systematic review of the literature,” Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine 10(1): 51–65.
What they found was that 75 percent of patients who underwent CPR: SJ Diem, JD Lantos, and JA Tulsky (1996) “Cardiopulmonary resuscitation on television: miracles and misinformation,” New England Journal of Medicine 334(24): 1578–582.
Indeed they do: ML Weisfeldt et al. (2011) “Survival after application of automatic external defibrillators before arrival of the emergency medical system: evaluation in the resuscitation outcomes consortium population of 21 million,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 55: 1713–720; VL Roger et al. (2011) “Heart disease and stroke statistics—2011 update: a report from the American Heart Association,” Circulation 123: e18–e209.
And it turns out that, for some reason: ML Weisfeldt et al. (2011) “Ventricular tachyarrhythmias after cardiac arrest in public versus at home,” New England Journal of Medicine 364(4): 313–21.
Dr. Raina Merchant, a colleague of mine at Penn: R Merchant et al. (2012) “Locating AEDs in an urban city: A geospatial view (Abstract),” Circulation 126: A58.
more likely to have someone start CPR if you die in public: SL Caffrey et al. (2002) “Public use of automated external defibrillators,” New England Journal of Medicine 347(16): 1242–247; TD Valenzuela et al. (2000) “Outcomes of rapid defibrillation by security officers after cardiac arrest in casinos,” New England Journal of Medicine 343(17): 1206–209; RA Swor et al. “Cardiac arrest in private locations: different strategies are needed to improve outcome,” Resuscitation 58(2): 171–76.
In fact, it may be that a majority of patients: AF Hernandez et al. (2007) “Sex and racial differences in the use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators among patients hospitalized with heart failure,” Journal of the American Medical Association 298(13): 1525–532.
Implantation rates rose in almost all: HG Mond and A Proclemer (2009) “The 11th world survey of cardiac pacing and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: calendar year 2009—a World Society of Arrhythmia’s project,” Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 34(8): 1013–27.
In one study of patients with heart failure: GH Bardy et al. (2005) “Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure,” New England Journal of Medicine 352(3): 225–37.
Still, it’s possible that ICDs: AJ Moss et al. (2001) “Survival benefit with an implanted defibrillator in relation to mortality risk in chronic coronary heart disease,” American Journal of Cardiology 88(5): 516–20.
Estimates are hard to come by: PW Groeneveld et al. (2006) “Costs and quality-of-life effects of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators,” American Journal of Cardiology 98(10): 1409–415.
Although, interestingly: Ibid.
patients who receive a shock within the first year: DL Carroll and GA Hamilton (2005) “Quality of life in implanted cardioverter-defibrillator recipients: the impact of a device shock,” Heart Lung 34(3): 169–78.
symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder: KH Ladwig et al. (2008) “Posttraumatic stress symptoms and predicted mortality in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: results from the prospective living with an implanted cardioverter-defibrillator study,” Archives of General Psychiatry 65(11): 1324–330.
Despite the availability of trained medical staff: MN Shah, RJ Fairbanks, and EB Lerner (2007) “Cardiac arrests in skilled nursing facilities: continuing room for improvement?” Journal of the American Medical Directors’ Association 8: e27–31.
Conservatively speaking, the price tag for the ambulance ride: G Nichol et al. (2009) “Cost-effectiveness of lay responder defibrillation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,” Annals of Emergency Medicine 54: 226–35 e1-2.
7: When Is “Dead” Really Dead? Listen for the Violins.
“As Coroner, I must aver”: The Wizard of Oz (1939); Victor Fleming, director.
His team observed an average drop in temperature: E Blackstone, M Morrison, and M Roth (2005) “H2S induces a suspended animation-like state in mice,” Science 308: 518.
Pigs, apparently, don’t respond: J Li et al. (2008) “Effect of inhaled hydrogen sulfide on metabolic responses in anesthetized, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated piglets,” Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 9: 110–12.
Nor do sheep: P Haouzi et al. (2008) “H2S induced hypometabolism in mice is missing in sedated sheep,” Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 160: 109–15.
That trial began in May 2009: M Roth (2010) “Reduction in ischemia-reperfusion mediated cardiac injury in subjects undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery.” http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00858936 [accessed February 5, 2014].
A query to Ikaria: Samina Bari, e-mail response to author from Ikaria, January 16, 2013.
INDEX
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader
Abildgaard, Peter, 57, 59
Abyss, The, 149
“Adagio for Strings” (Barber), 224, 225
Adams, Douglas, 91
Adams, Jose Antonio, 194
adenosine, 126, 133
adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 71, 126, 133
adenosine monophosphate (AMP), 126–27, 130–36, 227, 228
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 69–71, 126, 133, 134
AEDs (automatic external defibrillators), 197–202, 204, 226, 235
A. I. Artificial Intelligence, 90
Alcor Life Extension Foundation, 144, 146, 148, 158, 161–68, 170–73, 225
Alien, 90
allosteric reaction, 131–32, 135
American Heart Association, 186, 187
amiodarone, 66
AMP (adenosine monophosphate), 126–27, 130–36, 227, 228
Amsterdam, 13–17
Society in Favour of Drowned Persons, 17–21, 22, 23, 26, 179, 180
apoptosis (cell death), 67, 69–71, 103, 142
arctic fish, 156
Aristotle, 92, 93, 133
arrhythmia, 53, 203, 204, 206
ventricular fibrillation, 5, 56, 59, 65, 66–67, 199, 203, 212
aspiration pneumonitis, 36
asystole, 63–64, 65, 199, 200
ATP (adenosine triphosphate), 69–71, 126, 133, 134
atropine, 64–65
automatic external defibrillators (AEDs),
197–202, 204, 226, 235
Avatar, 90
Bågenholm, Anna Elisabeth Johansson, 45–48, 68, 76, 80, 84–86, 88, 225, 226
Baldwin, Catherine, 146–53, 164
Bateson, George, 42–43
Bateson’s Belfry, 42–43
Bayless, Lorraine, 175–79, 194, 209, 217, 235
Beck, Claude, 59–60
Becker, Lance, 68–73, 102
Bedford, James Hiram, 160–62, 167
Best, Ben, 158–60, 162
Bigelow, Wilfred, 74–76, 83
biphosphoglycerate (BPG), 132, 134, 135
birds, 57–58, 121
Aristotle and, 92, 93, 133
chickens, 57, 58, 59
hibernation and, 92
Black, James, 33
Black Hawk Down, 195
blood, 67–68
chilling of, 114–15, 149
circulation of, and CPR, 185, 191–94
blood clots, 54, 55, 114
drugs to dissolve, 55, 56
blood pressure, 64, 72
hibernation and, 97–98, 101, 120
medical procedures and, 113
blood vessels, 55
BPG (biphosphoglycerate), 132, 134, 135
brain, 67–68
anterior hypothalamus in, 98
cooling of, 83–85, 106, 113–16
CPR and, 193, 194
cryopreservation and, 157–59
in dogs, 231
freezing of, 148
hibernation and, 98, 106
hypothermia and, 38
injury to, 70, 72
insulation of, 83, 85
neurons in, 70, 72, 113
nicotine and, 35
preserving during surgery, 74, 112, 113
breathing, 32–33, 59
carbon dioxide and, 32–33
hibernation and, 96–98
and lying on a horse, 29–34, 44
breathing, in CPR, 185, 188–90
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, 19–20, 22, 180, 181
mouth-to-nose resuscitation, 180–81
Brodie, Benjamin, 35–36
Bruckheimer, Jerry, 195
brumation, 91, 119
burial, premature, 38–44
Camus, Albert, 183
cancer, 137–38
carbon dioxide, 32–33, 48, 54, 98
cardiac arrest, 61, 72, 82, 106, 136, 179, 180, 210, 217, 233, 234
cold and, 83–84
CPR and, 179, 188, 189, 192, 194–96, 200, 203; see also CPR
John and, 203
survival rates after, 226
cardiac catheterization, 6, 56
Carpenter, John, 149
cell death (apoptosis), 67, 69–71, 103, 142
cell membrane, 66, 69, 70, 72, 102, 155
hibernation and, 102
cells, 68–70
ATP in, 69–71
electrical balance of, 67
freezing of, 141–42
mitochondria in, 70–72, 74, 104, 126
oxygen deprivation and, 69–70, 72, 73, 102, 104
chemopreservation, 157
Cheng Chi Lee, 124–27, 130–38, 227, 228
chest compressions, 29, 64, 66, 72, 81, 82, 185, 187–90, 192–93, 211, 212
chickens, 57, 58, 59
circadian rhythms, 126
Citizen Kane, 224
Clapp, Henry, 128
coffins, safety, 42–43
Cogan, Thomas, 18, 23
cold, 38, 73–86, 106–8
Bågenholm and, 46–47, 76, 80, 84–86, 88, 225
blood and, 114–15, 149
brain and, 83–85, 106, 113–16
cooling the body with ice, 108–11, 114, 129
French Cocktail and, 107–9, 111, 114, 129
Funk and, 4, 88
hibernation and, 96, 101, 120, 129
hypothermia, 38, 76–78, 80, 89, 127
hypothermic circulatory arrest, 113–16
shivering and, 107, 109, 125
Thomas and, 111–16, 225
Uchikoshi and, 88, 89
see also cryonics; freezing
colipase, 126
coronary arteries, 55, 56
blockage in, 6, 7, 56
costs, 231–35
of cryopreservation, 167–71
CPR, 29, 77, 81–84, 86, 106, 160, 165, 175–97, 212, 217
automatic external defibrillators and, 197–202, 204, 226, 235
Bayless and, 175–79, 194, 209, 217, 235
blood circulation and, 185, 191–94
breathing in, 185, 188–90
bystanders not performing, 176–79, 195–97, 235
for cardiac arrest, 179, 188, 189, 192, 194–96, 200, 203
chest compressions in, 29, 64, 66, 72, 81, 82, 185, 187–90, 192–93, 211, 212
crowdsourcing of, 179–80, 198–99
do not resuscitate orders and, 219, 220
Elam and, 181
Joe and, 7, 223, 236
Mark the mannequin and, 63, 64, 66, 72
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation in, 19–20, 22, 180, 181
mouth-to-nose resuscitation in, 180–81
oscillating bed and, 194
on pig, 191–92
Rescue Annie (Resusci Anne) in, 183–84, 186–91
Saghin and, 194–96
sloshing theory and, 192–93
television portrayals of, 196–97
training class for, 184–91
crowdsourcing resuscitation, 179–80, 198–99
Cryo-Care, 160
cryonics (cryopreservation), 143–74, 225, 229–31, 233
Alcor and, 144, 146, 148, 158, 161–68, 170–73, 225
Bedford and, 160–62, 167
brain and, 157–59
costs of, 167–71
cryoprotectants in, 154–57
fictional, 149–50
ice and, 154–57, 159
kidneys and, 156, 157, 159
liquid ventilation in, 148–50
Monts and, 148, 166
preservation of small things in, 156
resuscitation in, 143, 151, 153
stigma of, 151
Suozzi and, 169–71
Tom and, 171–74
vitrification in, 154, 157
Cryonics Society of California, 160, 161
cryoprotectants, 154–57
Cryovita, 161
D-alanine-D-leucine-enkephalin (DADLE), 101, 103–5, 120, 121
Dawe, Albert, 99–101
Dead Man Walking, 224
defibrillators, 59, 60, 62–63, 65–67, 182, 198, 199, 211, 212, 215
automatic external, 197–202, 204, 226, 235
implantable, 204–8, 231
delta receptors, 101
de Raad, Andrew, 13–14
diethazine, 107
diving reflex, 35
DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), 155, 160
dogs, 74–76, 83, 182, 230–31
AMP and, 134–36
brains of, 231
dachshund, 82–83
zombie, 76–80, 180
Dollar Newspaper, 43
Donfalaar, Bernard, 14–16
do not resuscitate (DNR) orders, 219, 220
dopamine, 109
Drake, Aaron, 148, 166–67
drowning:
Amsterdam Society in Favour of Drowned Persons and, 17–21, 22, 23, 26, 179, 180
Bågenholm and, 45–48, 68, 76, 80, 84–86, 88, 225, 226
Funk and, 3–6, 8–10, 46, 47, 88, 224–26, 234–36
Hawes and, 23
hypothermia and, 38
Royal Humane Society and, 23, 24–27
Serpentine and, 21, 22, 24, 27–28
Wortman and, 13–20, 37
drugs, dose response and, 131
Duke Lemur Center, 117
Dundee, John Wharry, 108–11, 113, 114, 129
Durante, Jimmy, 224
Eisenberg, Mickey, 58
EKG:
asystole on, 64
fibrillation on, 65
heartbeat on, 51–52
Mark the mannequin and, 63, 64, 65
Elam, James, 180–83
electrical functions in the body:
balance in cells, 67
cell membranes and, 69
heart impulses, 52–53
electrical shock, applying to heart, 57–59
see also defibrillators
electrolytes, 141–42
electrons, 70, 71
EMTs, 209
do not resuscitate orders and, 219, 220
see also paramedics
endorphins, 101
enkephalins, 101
enzymes, 70, 72, 103–4
p53, 103
epinephrine, 35, 64, 72, 213
ethylene glycol, 155, 157
Ettinger, Robert, 149
Event Horizon, 90, 149
Fahy, Greg, 153–54, 156–58, 164
feather, tickling throat with, 15–16, 20, 29, 36–37, 44, 229
Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 43
fibrillation, 5, 56, 59, 65, 66–67, 199, 203, 212
see also defibrillators
flagellation, 36
Flatliners, 63
Frankenstein’s monster, 57, 63
Franklin Institute, 48
freezing, 141–42, 153
cells and, 141–42
cryonics and, see cryonics
cryoprotectants and, 154–57
wood frogs and, 141, 142, 154–56
French Cocktail, 107–9, 111, 114, 129
frogs, 140–42, 154–56
Funk, Michelle, 3–6, 8–10, 46, 47, 88, 224–26, 234–36
gag reflex, 36–37
Galiso, 160
genes, 104
gene therapy, 137–38
ghrelin, 122–23
glucose (sugar), 133–34, 136, 154
Green, Anne, 42
Greenhill, Ms., 58
groundhogs, 74–76, 121
ground squirrels, thirteen-lined, 93–104, 116, 117, 120, 121, 226, 230