How the Cold War Began

by Amy Knight

  Department of National Defence, Canada

  Diefenbaker, John

  Dwyer, Peter: background informs fbiof Popov's recall; in Ottawa at time of defection?; inter­viewed by Fluency Committee about "Elli"; investigates Fuchs; reports on Commission progress; urges arrests; warns Hoover about White works on Gouzenko case

  Eastland, James

  Egypt

  Einstein, Albert

  Eisenhower, Dwight D.

  Elliott, Edwin

  Elliott, Frances

  "Elli" (Soviet spy in Britain): British investigations; Gouzenko's allegationsnn; not mentioned in Gouzenko memoirs

  embassies: British, in Istanbul; British, in Ottawa; Canadian, in Egypt; Canadian, in New Zealand; Canadian, in Washington; Soviet, in London; Soviet, in Ottawa: confiscates everything in Gouzenko's apart­ment; espionage activities; established; Gouzenko's defection from Pavlov and others recalled from; promotes Pavlov; protests Gouzenko's testimony; social events; told about detentions; Zabotin and Gouzenko arrive; Zabotin and others recalled from; U.S., in London; U.S., in Ottawa

  Emmerson, John

  Evans, John-Paul

  Farafontov, A.N.

  Farmer, Nina

  Fauteux, Gerald

  FBI see also Hoover, J. Edgar and United States: Adams case; and Soviet spies in Britain; Bentley case; Camp X training; complex political role; did not suspect Philby; failed to notice Rose; Fuchs case; Gouzenko case Halperin case Hiss casen; history of cultivating journalists; liaison with siss; Norman case; not interested in Kravchenko not interested in Krivitsky; on diffi­culty of deciphering messages; pays little attention to "Elli"; pressures academics to "cooperate"; saves Bentley from irs; sees Truman as soft on communism spy hunt Steinberg case; told of Popov's recall; Witczak case; works with RCMP

  Federation of Atomic Scientists

  Federation of Russian Canadians

  Feller, Abraham

  Ferns, Henry

  Finkelstein, Moses

  Fitin, Pavel

  Fordyce, Ruth

  Freed, Norman

  Fuchs, Klaus: connection to Halperin investigated, arrested, and convicted; not investigated by MI5; passes information to NKVD; recruited by GRU

  Garson, Stuart

  Germany

  Gerson, Harold

  Glazebrook, George

  Golitsyn, Anatolii

  Golos, Jacob

  Gorbachev, Mikhail

  Gouseva, Alia

  Gouseva, Svetlana (Anna) (later Anna Gouzenko)

  Gouzenko, Andrei (son)

  Gouzenko, Anna (Svetlana) Gouseva: and Igor's defection and Igor's writing; background and marriage; enjoys life in Canada in hiding; life with Igor

  Gouzenko, Evelyn (daughter) see also Wilson, Evelyn

  Gouzenko, Igor: allegations about "Elli" and grudocu­ments; appears on television; artistry; causes headaches for Canadian government and RCMP childhood and education code-named "Corby" death; defection did not implicate White; effects of defection on relatives in Soviet Union enjoys life in Canada enjoys limelight; family life; finances gathers information before defection; in hiding; interviewed by FBI; interviewed by media ,

  interviewed by RCMP; interviewed by siss; marriage; on Nunn May; on Zabotin; opinion of, in Soviet Union n; paranoia; plaque erected in his memory; publications about, publications by recalled to Soviet Union sent to Ottawa embassy; testifies at Rose's pre-trial; testifies at spy trials; testi­fies before Commission theft of GRU documents

  Gouzenko, Irina (Igor's sister)

  Gouzenko, Sergei Davydovich (Igor's father)

  Gouzenko, Vsevolod (Igor's brother)

  Grierson, John

  Griffin, Eugene

  Groves, Leslie

  GRU cipher system; effect of Gouzenko's defection; espionage activities in Britain; espionage activities in Canada espionage activi­ties in United States; exaggerated impor­tance of information?; Gouzenko's work for; increasing effectiveness during Cold War; informed of Gouzenko's defection; inspects North American oper­ations; orders embassy officers back to Soviet Union; punish­ment for traitors; recruits Fuchs n; rivalry with NKVD; role at embassy; translation of name

  Guernsey, T.M.

  Halifax, Lord (Edward Wood)

  Halperin, Israel: address book; arrest and hearing; attempted recruitment of; detained by RCMP; later career; release sought by other scientists; tes­timony against

  Hanssen, Robert

  Harris, Henry

  Harvison, Clifford "Slim": accused of vendetta against Rose; added to RCMPteam; contact with Royal Commission n; investigates CASCW; investigates detainees

  Heeney, Arnold

  Hicks, Granville

  Hiroshima, Japan

  Hiss, Alger: convicted of perjury; effect of Gouzenko allegations framed?; investigated by HUCK; not named by Gouzenko; role in U.S. State Department suspected of espionage unknown to Carr

  Hiss, Donald

  Hitler, Adolf

  Hobby, Oveta

  Hollis, Roger: and hunt for "Elli" and Nunn May's arrest; background; follows Royal Commission hearings closely; grows irri­tated with Philby; interviews Gouzenko sees communism as threat told by U.S. Embassy that Hoover did not leak story; urges arrests

  Holmes, Stephen

  Hoover, J. Edgar, see also FBI: and Bentley case; and "Elli" investigations; and Norman investigations; con­vinced of communist danger; corresponds with RCMPnn; informed of Gouzenko's memoirs; informs White House of spy network in Canadan; kept informed of Carr case; kept informed of Gouzenko case kept informed of Rose case; mistrusts Stephenson; on Halperin; refuses arrests without evidence saves Bentley from IRS; scoffed at by Philby; sees Truman as soft on communism suspects Hiss; uses media to press for actionn; warns against Grand Jury investigation into spies; warns Truman against White

  House Un-American Activities Committee (HUCK): investigates Bentley allegations n; investigates Steinberg; investigates White and Hiss; pressures academics; supported by anti-communist group in Canada; uses Rose arrest to promote spy hunt; wants to interview Gouzenko

  Howe, C.D.

  HUCK see House Un-American Activities Committee

  Infeld, Leopold

  Institute of Pacific Relations

  Japan; atom bomb used against; Emmerson's work in Norman's work in seen as threat to U.S.

  Jenner, William: and siss investigations into Asian communists; appealed to by Steinberg; chairs siss; devotes time and resources to spy hunt; interviews Gouzenko

  Kellock, R.L.

  Kelly, William

  Kerr, Sheila

  KGB, see alsoNKVD (later mgb): disbanded and reestablished; Gouzenko's battle against; Gouzenko's paranoia about; Pavlov's later career; power

  Khrushchev, Nikita

  King, William Lyon Mackenzie: and Churchill; anti-Semitism; appoints Royal Commission n; assumes spy suspects are guilty; awaits U.S. arrests; complains of overwork; concerns about Western provinces' secession; discusses atomic energy with United States and Britain; discusses Gouzenko allegations with United States and Britain; enables arrests through Order-in-Council; explains spy case to Parliament; follows Royal Commission hearings closely; initially hesi­tant to offer asylum to Gouzenko; learns of detentions; makes public statement on Gouzenko case; meets Gouzenko; na'ivete; on spies in United States; petitioned for Halperin's release; political success; receives letter of praise about Norman relationship with Robertson; relieved by Rose's arrest; retires; sees self as major player in spy crisis; shocked by Gouzenko revelations; tells Soviets about detentions; wants to discuss spy issue with Sovietsn

  Korean War

  Kravchenko, Valenin

  Kravchenko, Viktor

  Krivitsky, Waltern

  Krysac, Anna see Gouzenko, Anna (Svetlana) Gouseva

  Krysac, Stanley see Gouzenko, Igor

  Kulakov (cipher clerk replacing Gouzenko)

  Kuznetsov, Fedor

  Labour Progressive Party see also Communist Party of Canada

/>   Ladd, Mickey

  Lamphere, Robert ,

  LaPierre, Laurier

  Lasky, Victor

  League Against Facism

  League Against War and Fascism

  Leahy, William

  Leopold, John: background; comes up with pseudonym for Gouzenkos; establishes surveillance on spy suspects; initial reaction to Gouzenko's defection; interviews Gouzenko promoted sees communism as menace

  Liberal Party

  Liddell, Guy

  Linton, Freda

  Lippmann, Walter

  Long, Tania

  Lunan, Gordon: detained and interro­gated; gives information to Soviets; learns of Gouzenko's defection on Wartime Information Board; reasons for giving information to Soviets refuses to testify at Halperin's trial; shared apart­ment with Poland; sickened to discover he implicated others; testifies before Commission trial and sentence

  Lyon, Frederick

  MacArthur, Douglas

  MacDonald, Malcolm: and Gouzenko case; and Nunn May; chairs November meetings on arrests; informs Britain of King's plan for diplomatic protest; meetings with King; staff includes informant

  Mackay, George

  Mackenzie, G.J.

  Maclean, Donald: bred at Cambridge? espionage activities flees to Russia; not captured; value to Soviets unclear

  Main, Harold

  Malenkov, Georgii

  Manhattan Project

  Martin, David

  May, Alan see Nunn May, Alan

  Mayo, Charles

  Mazerall, Edward: convicted; implicated by Lunan; implicates Lunan; inter­rogated by Harvison; member of CASCW; recruited by Lunan; testifies before Royal Commission

  McCarran, Pat: death; establishes siss; Gouzenko interviews; investigates Asian communists; lack of sympathy for suicides; liaison with FBI; political background; rabidly anti-communist

  McCarthy, Joseph

  McClellan, George

  McManus, Bob

  McRuer, J.C.

  Menzies, Stewart: background; convinced of communist danger; gets reports on Gouzenko case; in Ottawa at time of defec­tion?; mistrusts Stephenson; urges arrests

  Merkulov, Vsevold

  MGB (formerly NKVD )

  MI5 : and Gouzenko case; and Gouzenko's allegations about "Elli"; and Nunn May deceived by Philby; declassifies Gouzenko file; fails to investigate Fuchs; follows Royal Commission hearings; formed investigates penetrations of British intelligence; responsibilities; role in Gouzenko's defection?; skeptical of Krivitsky; suspects Philby; urges arrests

  MI6 and Gouzenko case; and Gouzenko's allegations about "Elli"; deceived by Philby; dominated by old-boy network; follows Royal Commission hearings formed gets reports on Adams case; gets reports on Rose case; investigates Fuchs; investigates penetra­tions of British intelligence; Philby as chief of counterin­telligence; report on Zabotin and Farmer; spy in Moscow? urges arrests

  Mikhailov, Pavel,

  Mil'shtein, Mikhail (Milsky)

  Molotov, Viachislav

  Morris, Robert: burned in effigy; Norman investigations n; problems with Bentley; Steinberg inves­tigations; targets Pearson

  Motinov, Petr

  Mulvenna, Dan

  Mundt, Karl

  Murray, Gladstone

  Nagasaki, Japan

  National Research Council, Canada

  Nazis

  Netherlands

  New Zealand

  Nichols, Lou

  "Nick the Greek"

  Nightingale, Matt

  Nixon, Richard

  NKVD (later MGB), see alsoKGB: and Volkov's attempted defection atomic espionage; conducts purges under Stalin's orders; effect of Gouzenko's defection espionage activities in Canada espionage activities in United States; exaggerated importance of infor­mation?; increasing effectiveness during Cold War; informed of Gouzenko's defection; Philby's reports to recruits Gouzenko; rivalry with GRU; role at embassy; suggestion that Hiss worked for

  Norman, Herbert: background and career before allegations career during allegations commits suicide damaged by Gouzenko affair; defended by Pearson investigated by RCMP and fbisuspected of espionage

  Norman, Irene

  Nunn May, Alan: arrest consideredn; arrest, trial, and conviction; background; espionage activities identified through Gouzenko allegations interrogated by mi later career and death; member of CASCW; overlooked by miin early years; reasons for giving information to Soviets

  Official Secrets Act

  Osler, B.B.

  Ottawa: family life for Gouzenkos; history; social and political life

  Ottawa Civil Liberties Association

  Ottawa police

  Pan-Canadian Anti-Communist Secretariat

  Pappin, William

  Park, Frank

  Pauling, Linus2

  Pavlasek, Frantisek

  Pavlov, Klavdia

  Pavlov, Vitalii: background; diplo­matic and espionage activities informed by King of detentions later career; memoirs; on changes in Soviet intelli­gence post-Gouzenko; promoted; response to Gouzenko's defectionnn; sent back to Soviet Unionn; told to increase vigilance

  Pearson, Drew

  Pearson, Lester B.: ambassador to United States; atomic-energy negotiations; background; defends Norman; denies warning fbiabout White distinguishes domestic communism from Soviet ideology; follows Royal Commission hearings; Gouzenko's suspicions of; Minister of External Affairs; target of red hunters; tells Parliament that Gouzenko does not want to be interviewed by siss; wins Nobel Peace Prize

  Peters, J.

  Philby, Kim: assists in Fuchs investi­gation; background defects to Moscow; does not warn Nunn May of interroga­tions; escapes suspicion; follows Royal Commission hearings closely gives advance copies of King's statements to Soviets; intent; keeps NKVDapprised of Gouzenko case n; on Dwyer; prepares report on Gouzenko case; protects Nunn May reports mispy to NKVD n; reports Volkov defection to NKVD; suspected of espionage; transformed by Cambridge; unlikely to be "Elli"

  Philip, PJ.

  Pincher, Chapman

  Polakova (Soviet officer)

  Poland, Fred

  Popov, Grigorii

  Power, C.G.

  Putin, Vladimir

  Quebec

  Rasky, Frank

  RCMP see Royal Canadian Mounted

  Police (RCMP)

  Red Army Intelligence see GRU

  Redin (Soviet military officer in United States)

  Remington, William

  Rivett-Carnac, Charles: and case against Rose; background; challenged by Gouzenko case confers with Robertson; establishes surveillance on spy suspects; heads Gouzenko casen; interviews Gouzenko promoted strives to change King's mind; tries to persuade Gouzenko to move Robertson, Norman: accused of anti-Americanism; advised of likely source of media leak; advises King during Royal Commission; advises King on Gouzenko case; atomic-energy negotia­tions; background; challenged by Gouzenko case; comes up with Gouzenko's code name; confers with British Secret Service; cor­responds with RCMP; corre­sponds with Soviets; entertains Rose; gets letter from Pearson about Commission report; interviews Norman; suggests Rose disappear; visits United States and Britain with King

  Rogov, Vasilii: beyond legal power of Canadian court; espionage activities; response to Gouzenko defection

  Romanov, Alexander

  Roosevelt, Franklin D.

  Rose, Fanny

  Rose, Fred: and Freda Linton; arrest; backgroundelected to Parliament espionage activities implicated by Bentleyn; in Parliament for King's explanation of spy case; intent; later life; meets Steinberg; not initially arrested; pre-trial hearing; response to Gouzenko's defec­tion; suspected by Harvison; trial and sentence; U.S. connections; visits with Robertson

  Rose, Laura

  Rosenberg, Julius

  Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP): and Rose case arrests Popov; asked by siss for all evidence; com­munism investigations detains and interrogates suspects finds Gouzenko increasingly troublesome; gathers evi�
�dence; gives asylum to Gouzenko gives evidence to Royal Commission; gives Halperin petition to fbin; Gouzenko's growing paranoia about; informs British intelligence of spy network; informs fbiof spy network; initially refuses Gouzenko's request for asylum; interviews Gouzenko investigates Normannot equipped to deal with counterespionage n; pre­pares account of Gouzenko's defec­tion; receives gru documents from Gouzenko; works with FBI

  Royal Commission to Investigate the Disclosures of Secret and Confidential Information to Unauthorized Persons: and Nunn May's arrest and trial; established final report Gouzenko's testi­mony tohearings interim reports material declas­sified; on Order-in-Council; planned; requests detentions and interroga­tions

  Russia see Soviet Union

  Sawatsky, John

  Sears, Val

  Shallet, Sidney

  Shugar, David: Commission evidence against; efforts to release; later career; member of CASCW; release sought by other scientists; tes­tifies before Commission; trial

  Sillitoe, Percy

  Silvermaster, Nathan

  Sise, Hazen

  SISS see U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee

  Skardon, William

  Smith, Bedell

  Smith, Durnford

  Soboloff, Samuel

  Sokolov, Lida

  Sokolov, Vsevolod (Boris)

  Sokolsky, George

  Sourwine, Jay

  Soviet Union: atomic espionage; atomic research; collapse; effects of Gouzenko's defec­tion; espionage value unclear; financial struggles post-war; intelligence branches see gru and NKVD investigates Gouzenko's defection; joins Allies in World War II; morale of espionage staff; named in Commission report; reaction to Canadian detentions; reaction to Commission report; rela­tions with Britain; relations with Canada; relations with United States; reorganizes intelligence services pace program; spies in Britain spies in Canada; spies in United States trains and indoctri­nates foreign recruits

  Spanish Relief Committee

  Spanton (Mountie)

  Stalin, Joseph: architect of Soviet foreign policy; death demands answers in Gouzenko's defection; forbids murder of Gouzenko; initiates atomic research and espionage; King's misguided opinion of; learns of potential arrests in Canada n; makes statement in favour of United Nations; mistrusted by Roosevelt; praised by Churchill; wartime popularity

  Steinberg, Arthur: background; career; damaged by Gouzenko affair; FBI surveillance of; friendship with Boyer; implicated by Gouzenko; inves­tigated by SISS; not mentioned in Gouzenko memoirs; refused to be recruited