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. 501 .
Acknowl edgments
My two collaborators in this proj ect are Paula Harrell and Richard Dyck.
Paula is the main author of Chapter 5, which is based on her research. She
read every chapter of the book in early draft form and offered detailed, in-
formed suggestions. As the manuscript neared completion, she reread every
chapter and again offered wise comments on both content and organ ization.
Rick is the main author of Chapter 7, which is based on his research, and
the author of the biography of Jiang Baili in this volume. He did an
amazing amount of reading while working as a businessman, and he of-
fered many helpful suggestions for other chapters. Both Paula and Rick
are an inspiration and a joy to work with.
For acknowledgments to those who gave me help with specific chap-
ters, please see the headnote to each chapter in the Notes section.
I owe special thanks to Joshua Fogel for reading the entire manuscript
and advising me on revisions. Fogel, the world’s leading specialist on Sino-
Japanese history, for four de cades has worked in the trenches, reading Jap-
anese and Chinese sources, and raising the level of our understanding
through his research, writings, translations, and editing.
Paul Cohen, an eminent Chinese historian, provided detailed comments
on the entire manuscript that helped me correct many errors. Andrew
Gordon, an outstanding scholar of Japan, kindly read through relevant parts
of the manuscript and broadened my perspective. Gerald Curtis, the West’s
preeminent specialist on modern Japa nese politics, was kind enough to read
the postwar chapters and offer advice. Paul Evans, Yen- lin Chung, Kato
Yoshikazu, and Joseph Schmelzeis graciously helped me broaden my vision
in the final chapters. Colleagues at Harvard’s Fairbank Center, Reischauer
Institute, Asia Center, and the Program on U.S.-Japan Relations pro-
vided a wonderful intellectual atmosphere in which to conduct the work,
and the staff members went out of their way to be helpful. I owe special
thanks to Bill Overholt, Bill Hsiao, Holly Angell, Jorge Espada, and Shinju
Fujihira.
Dou Xinyuan, who was my friend, my assistant, and my teacher during
all of my research on China for more than three de cades, was extraordinarily
. 503 .
Acknowl edgments
helpful in improving my understanding of Chinese perspectives from the
time he served as my guide in Guangdong in the 1980s. He passed away sud-
denly, several months before the completion of this book. I benefited from
the knowledge and advice of Dr. Wu Huaizhong of the Japan Research
Center of the Chinese Acad emy of Social Sciences, Professor Li Tingjiang of
Tsing hua University and Chuo University, and Professor Masuo Chisako
of Kyushu University, who gave me detailed advice on content and helped
me find other people and sources to further my research. Osawa Hajime
and Iwatani Nobu, Ye Minlei and the staff of The Chinese University Press,
Hong Kong, and its anonymous readers, kindly helped correct many errors.
In some cases, my conclusions differ from those of my advisers; none of them
should be held responsible for my conclusions. Nancy Hearst, the outstand-
ing librarian of the Fairbank Collection in the Fung Library at Harvard, was
my adviser, my research assistant in finding sources, my proofreader, and my
copyeditor.
My wife, Charlotte Ikels, made every effort to be patient with a worka-
holic for the long years it took to complete this volume. She was a wonderful
sounding board as I began to get an overview of the vari ous time periods.
She read the entire manuscript and gave professional as well as editorial
advice.
. 504 .
Index
Abe no Nakamaro, 11, 320
Bandung Conference (1955), 315, 397, 452–453
Abe Shinzo, 384–385, 386; easing of tensions Baoding Mili
tary Acad emy, 252, 265, 438, 439
with China and, 396–398; visit to China
baojia system, 177
(2018), 400; Yasukuni Shrine visits, 384,
Baoshan Steel plant, 339, 344, 345, 347, 349, 359
392, 398
Beijing (Beiping), city of, 43, 55, 124, 126, 196,
Abend, Hallett, 237
248; air pollution in, 328; Chinese
Acheson, Dean, 304
nationalism in 1930s, 201; high- speed
Aichi University, 293
railway to Tianjin, 340; Japa nese citizens
Aikoku Society, 230
living in, 273; Normal University, 157, 174;
Ainu people, 54, 90, 91
occupied by foreign powers (1900), 146, 148,
Aizawa Saburo, Lieutenant Col o nel,
159–160; Olympic Games (2008), 385, 386; in
244, 245
Sino- Japanese War (1937–1945), 268;
Akihito, Emperor, 356–358, 376, 377
Summer Palace, 70, 72, 112
All Nippon Airways (ANA), 336, 341
Beiyang Fleet, of Qing China, 112, 119–122, 224,
Amaterasu Omikami (sun goddess), 2
441
An Chung- gun, 436
Belt and Road Initiative, 400, 403, 415
An Lushan Rebellion (755–763), 29
Bergère, Marie- Claire, 447
Anami Koreshige, 383
Bianco, Lucian, 275
anarchism, 166, 233
Bismarck, Otto von, 106, 178
Anglo- Japanese Treaty (1902), 161, 204, 206
Boao Forum for Asia, 386, 396
Annan, Kofi, 382
Borodin, Mikhail, 222, 223, 458
Anti- Comintern Pact (1936), 257
Boxer Uprising (1900), 145–146, 148, 150, 155, 156;
APEC (Asia- Pacific Economic Cooperation),
indemnity funds from Boxer Protocol, 147,
397
149, 171; Japa nese troops sent against, 159–160,
Araki Sadao, 226, 232, 234–235, 239
200; Rus sian troops in Manchuria during, 185
Arao Sei, 113–114, 141
Britain / British empire, 91, 111, 115, 122, 206,
architecture, 22–25, 26
209; diplomatic relations with People’s
Ariga Nagao, 121, 155, 162–164, 212; on casualties Republic, 313, 464; lease on New Territories,
in Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), 186;
129, 187, 209; response to Manchurian Con temporary Po liti cal History, 165
Incident, 233; Sun Yat- sen in, 447. See also
Asakai Koichiro, 323
Opium War, First; Opium War, Second
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian
Bu Ping, 385
Nations), 378
Buddhism, 1–2, 3, 7, 59, 320, 412; China as Ashikaga shoguns, 42
respected homeland of, 62–63; cultural
Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, 30, 42, 43
exchanges of 1980s and, 350; introduced
“Asia for the Asians” policy, 133, 138–143,
into Japan, 19–22, 26, 27, 29; introduced to
155, 159
China from India, 19; monasteries exempt
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB),
from taxes, 13; monks, 36, 37–39; Nichiren
403
sect, 229, 234, 428, 430, 431; Pure Land sect, Asuka enlightenment, 3
21; shared culture between China and Japan,
Awakening Society, 467–468
27–28; Shingon sect, 15; Soka Gakkai Ayukawa Gisuke, 451
movement, 311–312, 327, 397; spread to Japan Ayukawa Yoshisuke, 189, 434
from Korea, 6–7; sutra mounds, 472–473n1;
temple architecture, 22, 23–25; Tendai sect, Bai Chongxi, 262, 264, 272
15; written language and, 15–16; Zen
Bai Juyi, 13
(Chan) sect, 38, 41, 56
. 505 .
Index
Bulwer- Lytton, Lord, 200
Chikamatsu Monzaemon, 57
Burlingame, Anson, 71
China, imperial: architecture in, 24;
Burlingame Mission (1868), 71–72
Buddhism introduced to, 19–22; Chinese
Burlingame- Seward Treaty, 71
students in Japan, 131; coins minted in, 25;
economic center of, 31; emperor as “Son of
Cai Tingkai, General, 235, 237
Heaven,” 9, 29, 42; end of imperial system, Cairo Conference (1943), 277
168–171; ethnic groups in, 66; Japa nese Cankao Xiaoxi (Reference News), 368–369
borrowing from (600–838), 7–10, 26;
Cao Rulin, 173, 212
learning from Japan ( after 1900), 149–153;
“cap and rank” system, 8
shipbuilding and trade, 30, 473n2; Warring
Car ter, Jimmy, 363
States period, 47, 106; weakness vis- à- vis
Castle, William R., 232
Japan and Western powers, 132–133;
Chang, Samuel, 238
“well- field” system, 13. See also tribute
Chang’an, city of. See Xi’an
system, of imperial China; and specific
Changchun, city of, 185, 187, 188, 208, 340;
dynasties
in Chinese Civil War, 452; as Xinjing
China, People’s Republic of, 464, 465; alliance
(Shinkyo [“New City”]), 197, 198, 202
with Soviet Union, 286; border clashes with
Chen Duxiu, 173
Soviet Union, 287, 322, 359; bud get Chen Fuxun, 74
tightening (1979–1981), 343–346; Chinese
Chen Jiongming, 448
leaders’ use of history, 409–410; dominant
Chen Xitong, 357
position in Asia, 370–372; fear of Japa nese
Chen Yi, General, 307, 308, 317
military revival, 362–363; Five- Year Plans,
Chen Yi, Vice Premier, 317
295, 312, 313, 317, 318, 343; founding of, Chen Yun, 344–345
295–296; high- speed railway system, 340; in Cheng Yonghua, 397
Korean War, 305–306; modernization of,
Chennault, Major General Claire Lee, 276–277
339; Nixon’s visit (1972), 309–310, 401;
Chiang Ching- kuo, 330, 360, 444
Patriotic Education Campaign (1990s),
Chiang Kai- shek (Jiang Jieshi), 174, 201, 208, 235,
365–370, 410; “petroleum faction,” 343;
419–424, 439; as authoritarian leader, 276;
repatriation of Japa nese civilians after
battle for Shanghai and, 254; changing PRC
World War II, 291; split with Soviet Union,
views of, 366; claim to rule Chinese mainland,
311, 319; UN China seat and, 309, 322, 378;
313; death of, 360; final attempt to appease
WTO membership, 370, 378, 379, 383, 394.
Japan, 239–241; flight to Taiwan, 225, 307;
See also Communist Party, Chinese;
German military advisers of, 252; Huangpu
Cultural Revolution; Great Leap Forward
(Whampoa) Military Acad emy led by, 222,
China, Republican, 105, 203, 419; Japan-
446, 448; Ichigo Campaign and, 278–279;
trained students and nationalist revolution,
Manchurian Incident and, 197; Marco Polo
168–171; new legal framework for, 162–164;
Bridge Incident and, 249; Nanjing massacre
Revolution (1911), 53, 204, 420, 447, 458;
and, 258, 259; negotiations with Mao, 294;
weak government (1915–1937), 209–211. See
normalization of Sino- Japanese relations and,
also Guomin dang
330, 339; Northern Expedition of, 196, 224,
China- Japan Friendsh
ip Association, 320, 328
226, 227, 422, 458; regroupment in Wuhan, China- Japan Working Group for Exchange of
255, 257; repatriation of Japa nese civilians
Economic Information, 348
and, 289; simultaneous war with Commu-
China Merchants Steam Navigation
nists and Japan, 233, 239; succession strug gle
Com pany, 70
with Wang Jing wei, 267, 421, 457–459;
Chinese characters, 6, 15; “brush conversations”
Tanaka’s meeting with, 225–226; Tokyo War
and, 83, 88, 270; calligraphy as art form, Crimes Trials and, 300; United Front and,
18–19; communication between nations and,
243–245, 296, 468; U.S. relations with,
26–27; Japa nese pronunciation and, 18
277–278; warlords and, 250, 262, 264; Xi’an Chinese Eastern Railway, 129, 183, 185, 187, 241.
Incident and, 245, 251
See also South Manchurian Railway
. 506 .
Index
Chinese language, 62, 158–159, 181, 293, 335;
Communist Party, Japa nese, 311
learned by Japa nese officials, 395; in Taiwan,
Concordia Association ( Jp: Kyoowakai; Ch:
360
Xiehehui), 434
Chonen (Chinese monk), 39
Confucianism, 2, 8, 61, 72, 412; classic texts of, Chongqing, city of, 267, 280, 294, 423, 469;
53, 59, 79, 86, 109–110, 446; education Flying Tigers in, 277; Japa nese air raids on,
system and, 9; in Japan, 12–13, 26; in Korea,
273; Nationalist base in, 275–276
116; literati of Qing dynasty, 77; moderniza-
Choshu daimyo, 52
tion and, 158; neo- Confucianism, 39, 60;
Choshu domain, 73, 76, 84, 85, 124, 436
revival in Tongzhi era, 69; shared culture
Choson dynasty (1392–1910, Korea), 93, 101
between China and Japan, 27
Chris tian ity, 46, 56, 138, 421
Convention of the Law of the Sea (1982), 372,
Chu, Samuel, 115
373, 374
Churchill, Sir Winston, 277
Cui Zhi, Admiral, 55
Civil War, Chinese, 202, 302, 419, 423–424,
Cultural Revolution, 174, 287, 343, 425,
444, 452; Communist victory (1949), 283,
470; China’s inward turn and, 321–322; class
286, 291, 295–296; Mao’s call for class strug gle and, 366; Deng Xiaoping during,
strug gle during, 365; population relocation
337, 341–342, 425; as disaster, 347;
following, 313; publicity about Nationalist
Sino- Japanese relations and, 312, 320
China and Japan Page 77
