Raising Humans in a Digital World

by Diana Graber

  31.Konrath, S. H., O’Brien, E. H., and Hsing, C., “Changes in Dispositional Empathy in American College Students Over Time: A Meta-Analysis,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 15(2), 2011, pp. 180–198. http://doi.org/10.1177/1088868310377395.

  32.Konrath, S., “The Empathy Paradox: Increasing Disconnection in the Age of Increasing Connection,” In Rocci Luppicini (ed.) Handbook of Research on Technoself: Identity in a Technological Society (IGI Global, 2012), pp. 204–228.

  33.Michele Borba (educational psychologist and author), in discussion with author, January 10, 2018. Used with permission.

  34.Swanbro, Diane. “Empathy: College Students Don’t Have as Much as They Used To,” Michigan News, University of Michigan (May 27, 2010). Retrieved on December 31, 2017 from http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/7724-empathy-college-students-don-t-have-as-much-as-they-used-to.

  35.Ibid.

  36.Borba, discussion.

  37.Borba, discussion.

  38.Wolpert, Stuart, “In Our Digital World, Are Young People Losing the Ability To Read Emotions?” UCLA Newsroom (August 21, 2014). Retrieved on December 29, 2017 from http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/in-our-digital-world-are-young-people-losing-the-ability-to-read-emotions.

  39.Pink, Daniel H., A Whole New Mind: Why Right Brainers Will Rule the Future (New York: Riverhead Books, 2006), p. 115.

  40.Rutledge, Pamela, “The Psychological Power of Storytelling,” Psychology Today (January 16, 2011). Retrieved on January 3, 2017 from https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/positively-media/201101/the-psychological-power-storytelling.

  41.Glaze-Kelley, discussion.

  42.Brittany Oler (co-founder of Kids Email), in discussion with author, January 5, 2018. Used with permission.

  43.Oler, discussion.

  Chapter 3

  1.“Socrates Quotes,” BrainyQuote.com. Xplore Inc, 2018. Retrieved on April 19, 2018. https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/socrates_385050.

  2.Natanson, Hannah, “Harvard Rescinds Acceptances for At Least Ten Students for Obscene Memes,” The Harvard Crimson (June 5, 2017). Retrieved on November 21, 2017 from http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/6/5/2021-offers-rescinded-memes/.

  3.“Kaplan Test Prep Survey Finds Colleges and Applicants Agree: Social Media is Fair Game in the Admissions Process,” Kaplan Test Prep (April 17, 2018). Retrieved on April 21, 2018 from http://press.kaptest.com/press-releases/kaplan-test-prep-survey-finds-colleges-applicants-agree-social-media-fair-game-admissions-process.

  4.Ibid.

  5.Ibid.

  6.Wallace, Kelly, “Surprise! Social Media Can Help, Not Hurt, Your College Prospects,” CNN (February 10, 2017). Retrieved on December 5, 2017 from http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/10/health/college-admissions-social-media-parents/index.html.

  7.Ibid.

  8.Alan Katzman (founder and CEO of Social Assurity), email communication with author, December 1, 2017. Used with permission.

  9.Katzman, email communication.

  10.Katzman, email communication.

  11.Katzman, email communication.

  12.Katzman, email communication.

  13.Katzman, email communication.

  14.Katzman, email communication.

  15.Career Builder, “Number of Employers Using Social Media to Screen Candidates at All-Time High, Finds Latest CareerBuilder Study,” Cision PR Newswire (June 15, 2017). Retrieved on December 16, 2017 from https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/number-of-employers-using-social-media-to-screen-candidates-at-all-time-high-finds-latest-careerbuilder-study-300474228.html.

  16.Brooks, Chad, “Keep It Clean: Social Media Screening Gain in Popularity,” Business News Daily (June 16, 2017). Retrieved on December 27, 2017 from https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/2377-social-media-hiring.html.

  17.Singer, Natasha, “They Loved Your G.P.A. Then They Saw Your Tweets,” The New York Times (November 9, 2017). Retrieved on December 28, 2017 from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/10/business/they-loved-your-gpa-then-they-saw-your-tweets.html.

  18.Bradley Shear (founder and general counsel of Digital Armour), discussion with author, December 29, 2017. Used with permission.

  19.Shear, discussion.

  20.“Digital Birth: Welcome to the Online World,” Business Wire (October 6, 2010). Retrieved on December 16, 2017 from https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20101006006722/en/Digital-Birth-Online-World.

  21.Rose, Megan, “The Average Parent Shares Almost 1,500 Images of Their Child Online Before Their 5th Birthday,” ParentZone, n.d. Retrieved on December 16, 2017 from https://parentzone.org.uk/article/average-parent-shares-almost-1500-images-their-child-online-their-5th-birthday.

  22.Bennett, Rosemary, “Parents Post 1,500 Pictures of Children on Social Media Before Fifth Birthday,” The Times (September 6, 2016). Retrieved on December 16, 2017 from https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/parents-post-1-500-pictures-of-children-on-social-media-before-fifth-birthday-wb7vmmg55.

  23.Rose, Megan, “The Average Parent Shares Almost 1,500 Images of Their Child Online Before Their 5th Birthday.”

  24.Sue Scheff (author and digital reputation expert), discussion with author, November 15, 2017. Used with permission.

  25.American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, “The Teen Brain: Behavior, Problem Solving and Decision Making,” Facts for Families, no. 95 (September 2016). Retrieved on December 29, 2017 from https://www.aacap.org/App_Themes/AACAP/docs/facts_for_families/95_the_teen_brain_behavior_problem_solving_and_decision_making.pdf.

  26.Jacobs, Tom, “Humblebragging Just Makes You Look Like a Fraud,” Pacific Standard (October 18, 2017). Retrieved on December 29, 2017 from https://psmag.com/news/your-humblebrag-raises-a-red-flag.

  27.Sezer, Ovul, Gino, Francesca, and Norton, Michael I., “Humblebragging: A Distinct—and Ineffective—Self-Presentation Strategy,” Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 15-080 (April 2015).

  28.Richard Guerry (founder and executive director of The Institute for Responsible Online and Cellphone Communication), in discussion with author, January 4, 2018. Used with permission.

  29.Guerry, discussion.

  Chapter 4

  1.Kamenetz, Anya, The Art of Screen Time (New York: PublicAffairs, 2018), p. 10.

  2.Anderson, Monica and Jiang, Jingjing, “Teens, Social Media & Technology 2018,” Pew Research Center (May 31, 2018). Retrieved July 10, 2018 from http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2018/05/31102617/PI_2018.05.31_TeensTech_FINAL.pdf; Lenhart, Amanda, “Teens, Social Media & Technology Overview 2015,” Pew Research Center (April 9, 2015). Retrieved February 17, 2018 from http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/04/09/teens-social-media-technology-2015/.

  3.Anderson, Monica and Jiang, Jingjing, “Teens, Social Media & Technology 2018.”

  4.Geng, Y., Su, L., and Cao, F., “A Research on Emotion and Personality Characteristics in Junior 1 High School Students with Internet Addiction Disorders,” Chinese Mental Health Journal 23 (2006), pp. 457–470; Williams, Rachel, “China Recognizes Internet Addiction as New Disease,” The Guardian (November 11, 2008). Retrieved on April 4, 2018 from https://www.theguardian.com/news/blog/2008/nov/11/china-internet.

  5.Common Sense Media, “Technology Addiction: Concern, Controversy, and Finding Balance,” 2016, https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/uploads/research/csm_2016_technology_addiction_research_brief_0.pdf.

  6.Joni Siani (media and communications professor, filmmaker, and author), in discussion with author, February 19, 2018. Used with permission.

  7.Siani, Joni, Celling Your Soul, Createspace Independent Publisher (2013).

  8.Siani, discussion.

  9.American Psychiatric Association, “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders” (5th ed.) (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013).

  10.Dr. David Greenfield, 2015 presentation at Digital Citizenship Summit; and in discussion with author.

  11.Greenfield, discussion.

  12.Kardaras, Nicholas, “It’s Digital Heroin: How Screens Turn Kids
into Psychotic Junkies,” New York Post (September 27, 2016), Retrieved on December 1, 2017 from http://nypost.com/2016/08/27/its-digital-heroin-how-screens-turn-kids-into-psychotic-junkies/.

  13.Sherman, Lauren E., et al., “The Power of the Like in Adolescence,” Psychological Science 27(7), May 31, 2016, pp. 1027–1035. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0956797616645673#articleCitationDownload Container.

  14.Jensen, Frances E. and Ellis Nutt, Amy, The Teenage Brain: A Neuroscientist’s Survival Guide to Raising Adolescents and Young Adults (Toronto: HarperCollins, 2015).

  15.Chambers, R. A., Taylor, J. R., and Potenza, M. N., “Developmental Neurocircuitry of Motivation in Adolescence: A Critical Period of Addiction Vulnerability,” American Journal of Psychiatry 160 (2003), pp. 1041–1052. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2919168/.

  16.Bergland, Christopher. “Why Is the Teen Brain so Vulnerable?” Psychology Today (December 19, 2013). https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201312/why-is-the-teen-brain-so-vulnerable.

  17.Stanford Persuasive Tech Lab website. Accessed on February 17, 2018 from http://captology.stanford.edu/about/what-is-captology.html.

  18.MacKay, Jory. “Here’s Why You Can’t (or Won’t) Delete Distracting Apps from Your Phone.” The Startup on Medium (February 13, 2018). Retrieved on February 17, 2018 from https://medium.com/swlh/heres-why-you-can-t-or-won-t-delete-distracting-apps-from-your-phone-ae1c50445f1e.

  19.Fogg, B. J., Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do (Boston: Morgan Kaufman Publishers, 2013), pp. 8–9.

  20.Ouri Azoulay (former CEO of PureSight), in discussion with author, July 7, 2017. Used with permission.

  21.Gabe Zichermann (entrepreneur, behavioral designer, public speaker, and author), in discussion with author, March 19, 2018. Used with permission.

  22.Zichermann, discussion.

  23.Shafer, Scott, “Design Ethicist Tristan Harris on How to Fight Back Against Your Smartphone,” KQED News (August 22, 2017). Retrieved on April 2, 2018 from https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101861248.

  24.Ibid.

  25.Smith, Craig, “140 Amazing Snapchat Statistics and Facts (February 2018),” DMR (March 31, 2018). Retrieved on March 31, 2018 from https://expande dramblings.com/index.php/snapchat-statistics/.

  26.Gelles, David. “Tech Backlash Grows as Investors Press Apple to Act on Children’s Use,” The New York Times (January 8, 2018). Retrieved on April 2, 2018 from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/08/technology/apple-tech-children-jana-calstrs.html.

  27.Gibbs, Samuel, “Apple’s Tim Cook: ‘I Don’t Want My Nephew on a Social Network,’” The Guardian (January 19, 2018). Retrieved on March 30, 2018 from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jan/19/tim-cook-i-dont-want-my-nephew-on-a-social-network.

  28.Allen, Mike, “Sean Parker Unloads on Facebook: ‘God Only Knows What It’s Doing to Our Children’s Brains,’” Axios (November 9, 2017). Retrieved on March 30, 2018 from https://www.axios.com/sean-parker-unloads-on-facebook-god-only-knows-what-its-doing-to-our-childrens-brains-1513306792-f855e7b4-4e99-4d60-8d51-2775559c2671.html.

  29.Kang, Cecilia, “Turn Off Messenger Kids, Health Experts Plead to Facebook,” The New York Times (January 30, 2018). Retrieved on April 2, 2018 from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/30/technology/messenger-kids-facebook-letter.html.

  30.Wait Until 8th website. Retrieved on April 30, 2018 from https://www.waituntil8th.org/take-the-pledge/.

  31.Center for Humane Technology website. Retrieved on April 30, 2018 from http://humanetech.com.

  32.Ibid.

  33.Zichermann, discussion.

  34.American Academy of Pediatrics. “New Recommendations for Children’s Electronic Media Use,” Science Daily 21 (October 2016). Retrieved on November 29, 2017 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/10/161021121843.htm.

  35.“The Common Sense Census: Plugged-In Parents of Tweens and Teens,” Common Sense Media (2016). Retrieved on December 10, 2017 from https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/uploads/research/common-sense-parent-census_executivesummary_for-web.pdf.

  36.Ibid.

  37.Siani, discussion.

  38.Michele Whiteaker (writer and certified interpretive guide), in discussion and in email communication with author, April 23, 2018. Used with permission.

  39.Hill, Taylor, “Graffiti Artist Defaces 10 National Parks—and Instagrams It,” Take Part (October 22, 2014). Retrieved on May 13, 2017 from http://www.takepart.com/article/2014/10/22/one-person-decided-make-art-national-parks-and-post-it-all-over-social-media; Ortiz, Eric, “Ex-Scout Leaders Who Knocked Over Ancient Rock Get Probation,” NBC News (March 19, 2014). Retrieved on May 12, 2017 from https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/ex-scouts-leaders-who-knocked-over-ancient-rock-get-probation-n56596.

  40.Mazza, Ed. “Hiker Plunges to His Death While Taking a Selfie at a Waterfall,” Huffington Post (May 31, 2017). Retrieved on May 15, 2017 from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/selfie-waterfall-death_us_592e5a36e4 b0c0608e8c7e8b.

  41.Louv, Richard, Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder (Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books, 2005). Print.

  42.Siani, discussion.

  Chapter 5

  1.Instagram Terms of Use.

  2.Suler, John, “The Online Disinhibition Effect,” CyberPsychology & Behavior 7(3), June 2004, 321–326.

  3.Olsen, Jan M., “Swedish Man Convicted Over ‘Online Rape’ of Teens Groomed into Performing Webcam Sex Acts,” Independent (December 1, 2017). Retrieved on December 27, 2017 from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/online-rape-conviction-bjorn-samstrom-grooming-webcams-sex-acts-victims-uk-us-canada-uppsala-court-a8086261.html.

  4.Londberg, Max, “A 14-Year Old Girl Sexted on Her Crush. She May Have to Register as a Sex Offender,” Kansas City Star (December 23, 2017). Retrieved on December 27, 2017 from http://www.kansascity.com/news/nation-world/article191405954.html#storylink=cpy.

  5.Fucci, Robert, “Sutton Teen’s Suicide Raises Awareness of Cyberbullying,” Millbury-Sutton Chronicle (December 27, 2017). Retrieved on December 27, 2017 from http://www.millburysutton.com/articles/sutton-teens-suicide-raises-awareness-of-cyberbullying/.

  6.Myers, Russell, “Reports of Children Being Groomed on the Internet Have Increased Five Fold in Four Years,” Mirror (December 12, 2017). Retrieved on December 27, 2017 from http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/reports-children-being-groomed-internet-11681027.

  7.Scheff, Sue, “Top Health Concerns for Parents: Bullying, Cyberbullying and Internet Safety,” Huffington Post (December 22, 2017). Retrieved on December 27, 2017 from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/top-health-concern-for-parents-bullying-cyberbullying_us_5a3d7681e4b0df0de8b06522.

  8.Erikson, Erik H., Identity and the Life Cycle (New York: International Universities Press, 1959), p. 119.

  9.Dr. Pamela Rutledge (professor of media psychology at Fielding Graduate University and director of the Media Psychology Research Center), in discussion with author, December 6, 2017. Used with permission.

  10.Rutledge, discussion.

  11.Rutledge, discussion.

  12.Lenhart, Amanda, “Social Media and Friendships,” chapter 4 in Teens Technology and Friendships. Pew Internet (August 4, 2018). Retrieved on January 27, 2018 from http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/08/06/chapter-4-social-media-and-friendships/.

  13.“Digital Friendships: The Role of Technology in Young People’s Relationships,” UK Safer Internet Center (February 6, 2018). Retrieved on February 26, 2018 from https://www.saferinternet.org.uk/digital-friendships.

  14.Kardefelt-Winther, Daniel, “How Does the Time Children Spend Using Digital Technology Impact Their Mental Well-Being, Social Relationships and Physical Activity? An Evidence-Focused Literature Review,” Innocenti Discussion Papers no. 2017-02 (2017), UNICEF Office of Research, Innocenti, Florence.

  15.Shapiro, Lauren, and Margolin, Gayla, “Growing Up Wired: Social Networking Sites and Adolescent Psychosocial Development,” Clinical Child and Fa
mily Psychology Review 17(1), 2014, pp. 1–18.

  16.Teppers, Eveline, et al., “Loneliness and Facebook Motives in Adolescents: A Longitudinal Inquiry into Directionality of Effect,” Journal of Adolescence 37(5), July 2014, pp. 691–699.

  17.McKenna, Katelyn Y. A., Green, Amie S., and Gleason, Marci E. J., “Relationship Formation on the Internet: What’s The Big Attraction?” Journal of Social Issues 58(1), 2002, pp. 9–31.6.

  18.Best, P., Manktelow, R., and Taylor, B., “Online Communication, Social Media and Adolescent Well-Being: A Systematic Narrative Review.” Children and Youth Services Review 41 (June 1, 2014), pp. 27–36.

  19.Weale, Sally, “Digital Media Can Enhance Family Life, Says LSE Study,” The Guardian (February 5, 2018). Retrieved on February 9, 2018 from https://www.theguardian.com/media/2018/feb/06/digital-media-can-enhance-family-life-says-lse-study.

  20.“The State of the World’s Children 2017: Children in a Digital World,” UNICEF (December 2017), p. 64.

  21.Rutledge, discussion.

  22.Irvine, Martha, “Survey: Nearly Every American Kid Plays Video Games,” ABC News (February 13, 2018). Retrieved on February 19, 2018 from https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=5817835&page=1.

  23.Lenhart, Amanda, “Teens, Technology and Friendships,” Pew Research Center (August 6, 2015). Retrieved on February 28, 2018 from http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/08/06/teens-technology-and-friendships/.

  24.Ibid.

  25.Kleeman, discussion.

  26.Granic, Isabela, Lobel, Adam, and Engels, Rutger C. M. E., “The Benefits of Playing Video Games,” American Psychologist 69(1), January 2014, pp. 66–78. DOI: 10.1037/a0034857.

  27.Forde, Killian, and Kenny, Catherine, “Online Gaming and Youth Cultural Perceptions,” Slideshare. Retrieved on March 1, 2018 from https://www.slideshare.net/KillianForde1/onlinegamingandyouthculturalperceptions.

  28.Fox, Maggie, “World Health Organization Adds Gaming Disorder to Disease Classifications,” NBC News (June 18, 2018). Retrieved on July 10, 2018 from https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/who-adds-gaming-disorder-disease-classifications-n884291.