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14. Douglas, Feminization, 170.
15. Quoted in Anne Harrington, The Cure Within: A History of Mind-Body Medicine (New York: Norton, 2008), 112.
16. Douglas, Feminization, 170.
17. Barbara Sicherman, “The Paradox of Prudence: Mental Health in the Gilded Age,” Journal of American History 62 (1976): 880–912.
18. Quoted in Douglas, Feminization, 104.
19. Gill, Mary Baker Eddy, 33.
20. Quoted in Robert D. Richardson, William James: In the Maelstrom of American Modernism (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006), 86.
21. Roy M. Anker, Self-Help and popular Religion in Early American Culture: An Interpretive Guide (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1999), 190.
22. Gill, Mary Baker Eddy, 128.
23. Richardson, William James, 275.
24. William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature (New York: Modern Library, 2002), 109.
25. Ibid., 104.
26. Ibid., 109.
27. Ibid., 109, 111n.
28. Quoted in Fraser, God’s Perfect Child, 195.
29. Micki McGee, Self-Help, Inc.: Make over Culture in American Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 142.
30. [http://www.bripblap.com/2007/stoppingnegativethoughts/] http://www.bripblap.com/2007/stoppingnegativethoughts/.
31. Napoleon Hill, Think and Grow Rich! (San Diego: Aventine Press, 2004), 52, 29, 71, 28, 30, 74.
32. Norman Vincent Peale, back cover quote on Fenwicke Holmes, Ernest Holmes: His Life and Times (New York Dodd, Mead, 1970), [http://self-improvement-ebooks.com/books/ehhlat.php] http://self-improvement-ebooks.com/books/ehhlat.php.
33. Norman Vincent Peale, The Positive Principle Today (New York: Random House, 1994), 289.
34. Donald Meyer, The Positive Thinkers: popular Religious Psychology from Mary Baker Eddy to Norman Vincent Peale and Ronald Reagan (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1998), 268.
35. Norman Vincent Peale, The Power of Positive Thinking (New York: Random House, 1994), 28.
36. T. Harv Eker, Secrets of the Millionaire Mind (New York: Harper Business, 2005), 94.
37. Quoted in McGee, Self-Help, Inc., 143.
38. Ibid., 142.
39. Jeffrey Gitomer, Little Gold Book, 164.
40. Ibid., 165.
41. Ibid., 169.
42. Quoted in Meyer, Positive Thinkers, 80.
FOUR. Motivating Business and the Business of Motivation
1. Steven Winn, “Overcome that Gnawing Fear of Success! Seize Your Share of the American Dream! You—Yes, You, Ma’am—Can Do It, at a One-Day Gathering That’s Equal Parts Boot Camp, Tent Revival, Pep Rally and Group Therapy,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 24, 2004.
2. Rick Romell, “Selling Motivation Amounts to Big Business: Self-Help Guru Finds Success Again with His New Firm,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel online, May 21, 2007.
3. Jonathan Black, Yes You Can! Behind the Hype and Hustle of the Motivation Biz (NY: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2006).
4. William Lee Miller, “Some Negative Thinking about Norman Vincent Peale,” originally published in Reporter, Jan. 13, 1955, [http://george.loper.org/trends/2005/Aug/955.html] http://george.loper.org/trends/2005/Aug/955.html.
5. Rob Spiegel, “The Hidden Rule of Positive Thinking,” [http://www.businessknowhow.com/startup/hidden.htm] www.businessknowhow.com/startup/hidden.htm.
6. Carol V. R. George, God’s Salesman: Norman Vincent Peale and the Power of Positive Thinking (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 233.
7. George, God’s Salesman, 124.
8. Stephanie Saul, “Gimme an Rx! Cheerleaders Pep Up Drug Sales,” New York Times, Nov. 28, 2005.
9. Jerry Pounds, “The Great Motivational Myth,” [http://www.managementissues.com/2006/5/25/opinion/the-great-motivational-myth.asp] http://www.managementissues.com/2006/5/25/opinion/the-great-motivational-myth.asp.
10. Karl Vick, “Team-Building or Torture? Court Will Decide,” Washington Post, April 13, 2008.
11. Robin Leidner, Fast Food, Fast Talk: service Work and the Routinization of Everyday Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 65, 100–101, 104.
12. Stephen Butterfield, Amway: The Cult of Free Enterprise (Boston: South End Press, 1985), 100.
13. Ibid., 28–29, 36–37.
14. Jonathan Black, Yes You Can!,180.
15. Quoted in Rakesh Khurana, From Higher Aims to Hired Hands: The Social Transformation of American Business Schools and the Unfulfilled Promise of Management as a Profession (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), 303.
16. Khurana, From Higher Aims, 320–21, 325.
17. Clive Thompson, “Apocalypse Now: As the Year 2000 Approaches, Politicians and Business Leaders Are Getting Ready for the End of the World. Things Have Never Looked Better,” Canadian Business and Current Affairs, Jan. 1996, 29–33.
18. Jennifer Reingold and Ryan Underwood, “Was Built to Last Built to Last?” Fast Company, Nov. 2004, 103.
19. Michelle Conlin, “Religion in the Workplace,” BusinessWeek, Nov. 1, 1999, 150.
20. Craig Lambert, “The Cult of the Charismatic CEO,” Harvard Magazine, Sept.–Oct. 2002.
21. Dennis Toruish and Ashly Pinnington, “Transformational Leadership, Corporate Cultism, and the Spirituality Paradigm: An Unholy Trinity in the Workplace?” Human Relations 55 (2002): 147.
22. Conlon, “Religion in the Workplace.”
23. Gay Hendricks and Kate Ludeman, The Corporate Mystic: A Guidebook for Visionaries with Their Feet on the Ground (New York: Bantam, 1996), xvii.
24. Frank Rose and Wilton Woods, “A New Age for Business?” Fortune, Oct. 8, 1990, 157.
25. Thompson, “Apocalypse Now.”
26. Mark Gimein, “Now That We Live in a Tom Peters World . . . Has Tom Peters Gone Crazy?” Fortune, Nov. 13, 2000.
27. Jack Welch, with John A. Byrne, Jack: Straight from the Gut (New York: Business Plus, 2003), 436.
28. Jeffrey E. Lewin and Wesley J. Johnston, “Competitiveness,” Competitiveness Review, Jan. 1, 2000.
29. Louis Uchitelle, The Disposable American: Layoffs and Their Consequences (New York: Knopf, 2006), x.
30. Henry S. Farber, “What Do We Know about Job Loss in the United States? Evidence from the Displaced Workers’ Survey, 1984–2005,” Working Paper 498, Princeton University Industrial Relations Section, Jan. 5, 2005.
31. Quoted in Carrie M. Lane, “A Company of One: White-Collar Unemployment in a Global Economy,” unpublished ms., 131.
32. Quoted in Gaenor Vaida, “The Guru’s Guru,” Sunday Times (South Africa), July 6, 2003.
33. Lloyd Grove, “The Power of Positive Buying; Feeling Unmotivated? This Mug’s for You,” Washington Post, Dec. 31, 1994.
34. [http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:_icxqiKivO0J] http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:_icxqiKivO0J; [http://www.workplacecoaching.com/pdf/HistoryofCoaching.pdf+%22history+of+coaching%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us2] www.workplacecoaching.com/pdf/HistoryofCoaching.pdf+%22history+of+coaching%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us2.
35. Richard Reeves, “Let’s Get Motivated,” Time, May 2, 1994.
36. Lloyd Grove, “Power Of Positive Buying.”
37. William A. Davis, “Stores Cash in on Selling Success,” Boston Globe, Aug. 1, 1994.
38. Rayna Katz, “Planners Face a Different-Looking Future, Reports Say,” Meeting News, Sept. 18, 2000, [http://www.allbusiness.com/transportation-communications-electric-gas/42271801.html] http://www.allbusiness.com/transportation-communications-electric-gas/42271801.html.
39. [http://www.cprcoaching.com/employee_retention_team_building.html] http://www.cprcoaching.com/employee_retention_team_building.html.
40. Spencer Johnson, Who Moved My Cheese? (New York: Putnam, 1998), 35, 71.
41. Ibid., 57.
42. Jill Andresky Fraser, White-Collar Sweatshop: The Deterioration of Work and Its Rewards in Corporate America (New York: Norton, 2001), 195.
43. John Balzar, “Losing a
Job: From Great Depression to Reinvention, Los Angeles Times, Oct. 20, 1993.
44. Lane, “Company of One.”
45. Fraser, White-Collar Sweatshop, 191, 193.
46. Jennifer M. Howard, “Can Teams Survive Downsizing?”, [http://www.qualitydigest.com/may/downsize.html] http://www.qualitydigest.com/may/downsize.html.
47. Paul Solman, “The Right Choice?,” PBS Online NewsHour, March 22, 1996, [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/economy/att_layoffs_3-22.html] http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/economy/att_layoffs_3-22.html.
48. [http://www.thesykesgrp.com/Teamtrg01.htm] http://www.thesykesgrp.com/Teamtrg01.htm.
49. Fraser, White-Collar Sweatshop, 191–92.
FIVE. God Wants You to Be Rich
1. Abe Levy, “Megachurches Growing in Number and Size,” AP, via [http://SFGate.com] SFGate.com, Feb. 3, 2006, [http://www.religionnewsblog.com/13512/megachurchesgrowinginnumberandsize] http://www.religionnewsblog.com/13512/megachurchesgrowinginnumberandsize.
2. David Van Biema and Jeff Chu, “Does God Want You to Be Rich?” Time, Sept. 18, 2006, 48.
3. Gabriel N. Lischak, “The Rise of the ‘Megachurch’: A New Phenomenon Is Taking Shape in America—One That Is Radically Redefining the ‘Christian Experience,’ ” Jan. 6, 2006, [http://www.realtruth.org/articles/418-trotm-print.html] http://www.realtruth.org/articles/418-trotm-print.html.
4. [http://www.thechurchreport.com/mag_article.php?mid=875&mname=January] http://www.thechurchreport.com/mag_article.php?mid=875&mname=January.
5. William Lee Miller, “Some Negative Thinking about Norman Vincent Peale,” originally published in Reporter, Jan. 13, 1955, [http://george.loper.org/trends/2005/Aug/955.html] http://george.loper.org/trends/2005/Aug/955.html.
6. Joel Osteen, Your Best Life Now: 7 Steps to Living at Your Full Potential (New York: Faith Words, 2004), 183.
7. Ted Olsen, “Weblog: Kenneth Hagin, ‘Word of Faith’ Preacher, Dies at 86,” Sept. 1, 2003, [http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2003/septemberweb-only/9-22-11.0.html?start=1] http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2003/septemberweb-only/9-22-11.0.html?start=1.
8. Osteen, Your Best Life Now, 5, 101, 41.
9. Ibid., 112.
10. Dennis Voskuil, Mountains into Goldmines: Robert Schuller and the Gospel of Success (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1983), 80.
11. Chris Lehmann, “Pentecostalism for the Exurbs: Joel Osteen’s God Really Wants You to Dress Well, Stand Up Straight, and Get a Convenient Parking Space,” Jan. 2, 2008, [http://www.slate.com/id/2180590/] http://www.slate.com/id/2180590/.
12. Edwene Gaines, The Four Spiritual Laws of Prosperity: A Simple Guide to Unlimited Abundance (New York: Rodale, 2005), 88.
13. D. R. McConnell, A Different Gospel (Peabody: Hendrickson, 1988).
14. Shayne Lee, “Prosperity Theology: T. D. Jakes and the Gospel of the Almighty Dollar,” Cross Currents, June 22, 2007, 227.
15. Milmon F. Harrison, “Prosperity Here and Now: Synthesizing New Thought with Charismatic Christianity, the Word of Faith Movement Promises Its Members the Good Life,” [http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Christianity/2000/05/Prosperity-Here-And-Now.aspx] http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Christianity/2000/05/Prosperity-Here-And-Now.aspx.
16. Ibid.
17. Van Biema and Chu, “Does God Want You to Be Rich?,” 48.
18. See John Jackson, PastorPreneur: Pastors and Entrepreneurs Answer the Call (Friendswood: Baxter, 2003).
19. Quoted in Scott Thumma, “Exploring the Megachurch Phenomenon: Their Characteristics and Cultural Context,” [http://hirr.hartsem.edu/bookshelf/thumma_article2.html] http://hirr.hartsem.edu/bookshelf/thumma_article2.html.
20. Bill Hybels, “Commentary: Building a Church on Marketing Surveys,” excerpted from Christian News, July 1991, [http://www.rapidnet.com/~jbeard/bdm/exposes/hybels/news.htm] http://www.rapidnet.com/~jbeard/bdm/exposes/hybels/news.htm.
21. Witold Rybczynski, “An Anatomy of Megachurches: The New Look for Places of Worship,” Oct. 10, 2005, [http://www.slate.com/id/2127615/] http://www.slate.com/id/2127615/.
22. Frances Fitzgerald, “Come One, Come All: Building a Megachurch in New En gland,” New Yorker, Dec. 3, 2007, 46; Denis Haack, “Bruce Bezaire: Meticulous Renderings of Glory,” [http://ransomfellowship.org/articledetail.asp?AID=21&B=Denis%20Haack&TID=6] http://ransomfellowship.org/articledetail.asp?AID=21&B=Denis%20Haack&TID=6.
23. Quoted in Lischak, “Rise of the ‘Megachurch.’ ”
24. Quoted in Van Biema and Chu, “Does God Want You to Be Rich?”
25. “Jesus, CEO,” Economist, Dec. 20, 2005, [http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/PrinterFriendly.cfm?story_id=5323597] http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/PrinterFriendly.cfm?story_id=5323597.
26. Felix Salmon, “Market Movers,” Jan. 24, 2008, [http://www.portfolio.com/views/blogs/market-movers/2008/01/24/davos-surprise-rick-warren] http://www.portfolio.com/views/blogs/market-movers/2008/01/24/davos-surprise-rick-warren; Malcolm Gladwell, “The Cellular Church: How Rick Warren’s Congregation Grew,” New Yorker, Sept. 12, 2005, 60.
27. Gustav Niebuhr, “Megachurches,” New York Times, April 18, 1995.
28. Osteen, Your Best Life Now, 11.
29. Dennis Tourish and Ashly Pinnington, “Transformational Leadership, Corporate Cultism, and the Spirituality Paradigm: An Unholy Trinity in the Workplace?,” Human Relations 55 (2002): 147.
30. “Jesus, CEO.”
31. Quoted in Voskuil, Mountains into Goldmines, 78.
32. Osteen, Your Best Life Now, 298.
SIX. Positive Psychology: The Science of Happiness
1. Martin E. P. Seligman, Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment (New York: The Free Press, 2002), 24; Dorothy Wade, “Happy Yet?,” Australian Magazine, Oct. 22, 2005, 39.
2. Strawberry Saroyan, “Happy Days Are Here Again,” Elle, Dec. 1998.
3. Quoted in Jennifer Senior, “Some Dark Thoughts on Happiness,” New York, July 17, 2006.
4. Robert Biswas-Diener and Ben Dean, Positive Psychology Coaching: Putting the Science of Happiness to Work for Your Clients (New York: Wiley, 2007), 12, 31.
5. John Templeton Foundation, Capabilities Report, 2002, 82.
6. Patrick B. Kavanaugh, Lyle D. Danuloff, Robert E. Erard, Marvin Hyman, and Janet L. Pallas, “Psychology: A Profession and Practice at Risk,” July 1994, [http://www.academyprojects.org/lempa1.htm] www.academyprojects.org/lempa1.htm; Ilana DeBare, “Career Coaches Help You Climb to the Top: ‘Personal Trainers’ for Workers New Fiscal Fitness Craze,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 4, 1998.
7. Seligman, Authentic Happiness, ix.
8. Joshua Freedman, “An Interview with Martin E. P. Seligman, Ph.D.,” EQ Today, Fall 2000 [http://www.eqtoday.com/optimism/seligman.html] http://www.eqtoday.com/optimism/seligman.html.
9. Wade, “Happy Yet?,” 39.
10. Ed Diener and Martin E. P. Seligman, “Beyond Money: Toward an Economy of Wellbeing,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 5, no. 1 (2004).
11. John Lanchester, “Pursuing Happiness: Two Scholars Explore the Fragility of Contentment,” New Yorker, Feb. 27, 2006.