The Habsburgs- The History of a Dynasty
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Hungary’s special status 193
improvement in peasants’ conditions 195, 196
increasing hostility 194–5
“Josephinism” 196
Joseph’s orders 191
Joseph’s reforms 191, 193
and Leopold II 192
native intelligence 191
religious reforms 194
Josephinism 196
Karl I (1887–1922) 259–62
domestic unrest 260
foreign policy and economic independence, surrender of 261
Germany’s submarine warfare 260–1
inflation 260
October Bolshevik Revolution 260
right to self-determination by Germans 262
Karlowitz, treaty of 147, 154
Karl VI (1685–1740) 170–6
alliance with Russia 175
economic development and maritime trade 174
fought for Spanish crown 171
involvement in Spanish succession war 171
misguided wars 175
overseas trade with India and China 174
Passarowitz, treaty of 175
Petrovaradin, battle of 175
Pragmatic Sanction 172–3
Rákóczi uprising, end of 172
succession issues 170
territorial partition 171
universal excise tax 174
“universal monarchy” 171
War of Austrian Succession 175
wars against Turks 175
Königgrätz, battle of 244
Kremsier Constitution 238, 239
League of Augsburg military alliance 150
League of Rhine 150, 153
Leopold I (1290–1326) 21–2
Leopold I (1640–1705) 148–55
competition for imperial title 150
conflict over Spanish succession, 1700 151
Counter-Reformation activities/efforts 152, 154–5
economic development 155
France’s War of Devolution against Spain, 1667–8 150
idiosyncratic physical attributes 148
League of Augsburg military alliance 150
League of Rhine 153
nobles’ conspiracy in Hungary of 1670 153
pilgrimages 148
Protestantism 151–2
re-Catholicization 154
recovery from damage of Thirty Years’ War 155
“Reformation commissions” 154
religious freedom in Hungary 152
religious homogenization 155
revolt of kurucok (“bandits”) 152
Ryswick, treaty of 151
siege of Vienna 153
Turkish war 152–3
Vasvár, treaty of 153
war against French and Turks 154
Leopold II (1747–92) 197–8
Convention of Reichenbach 198
Declaration of Pillnitz 198
Grand Duke of Tuscany 197
new penal code in 1786 197
reversed Joseph’s orders 197
tax collection 197
Lepanto, battle of 87
Letter of Majesty of 1609 112
Louis XIV’s France, aggression of 147
Lunéville, treaty of 212
Lutheranism 62, 71–2, 72, 89
Madrid, treaty of 64
Magenta, battle of 241
Marchfeld, battle of 18
Maria Theresia (1717–80) 182–90
acquisition of Bavaria 189
Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of 185–6
diplomatic revolution 188
economic and population growth 187
education, religious affairs, and economy 187
election of Franz Stephan (Theresia’s husband) 185
Enlightenment ideas 181–2
Friedrich II of Prussia 184–5
Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty 183
Habsburg monarchy 181
Hungarian diet 181, 188
Hungarian liberties, 1741 188
influences on Maria Theresia’s reforms 186
invasion of Saxony (Friedrich) 188
Joseph, Kaunitz and (co-regent) 189–90
Karl Albrecht (the Duke of Bavaria) 183–5
Kaunitz (minister of second half of Theresia’s reign) 186
loss of Silesia 189
Martin von Meytens’s portrait of 1759 183, 184
Seven Years’ War 188
threats of resignation 190
Matthias (1557–1619) 113–14
pressure of Counter-Reformation 113
treaty of Oñate of 1617 113
Maximilian I (1459–1519) 43–7
affairs of Holy Roman Empire 45–6
destructive wars 46–7
“emperor elect” 47
excellent ruler with “infinite virtù” 44
humanistic trends in art and philosophy 43
“Last Knight” 43
primus inter pares position 46
Reichskammergericht (imperial high court) 46
Reichstag meeting 46
resistance from Flemish estates 44–5
rule over Low Countries 45
Maximilian II (1527–76) 105–8
“The affairs of religion” 106
Austrian and Spanish, complicated relations 106
Dutch revolt 107
religious beliefs 105–6
religious pluralism 107
Spanish recruitment in Germany 108
Mohács, battle of 68
Morgarten, battle of 21
Mühlberg, battle of 63, 76
Mühldorf, battle of 21
mutual inheritance treaty 25, 68
Napoleon 56, 81, 210, 212–16, 213, 216, 228, 230, 232, 274
Napoleonic Wars 209, 214
Neuburg treaty 26
“New Laws” of 1542 66–7
Nördlingen, battle of 136
October Bolshevik Revolution 260
“October Diploma” 242
Oñate, treaty of 113, 140
Passarowitz, treaty of 175
Pastoral Letter of 1783 204
Pavia, battle of 64
Petrovaradin, battle of 175
Philip II see Felipe II
Philip III see Felipe III
Philip IV see Felipe IV
Pillars of Hercules 55, 177
Pragmatic Sanction 172–3, 177 see also Karl VI (1685–1740)
Prague, Peace of 136
Pressburg, treaty of 214
Protestant-Catholic schism 72
Protestantism 61, 63, 71, 100, 106, 108, 133, 134, 151–2, 154, 194
Prussian-Austrian war 243
Pyrenees, Peace of 140
Rákóczi uprising, end of 172
re-Catholicization 92, 132, 134, 154
Reformation 6, 61–2, 77, 81, 154, 271–2
Renaissance 8, 43–4, 50–1, 62, 76, 249, 273
1848 revolutions 224–5
Rocroi, battle of 129
Rudolf I (1218–91) 16–19
Austrian duchies 17–18
contributions 18–19
division of authority 18
focus on Germany 17
“the House of Austria” 18
Interregnum years 17
Marchfeld, battle of 18
marriage politics 18
own tomb monument 18
record keeping 17
tax programs 17
territorial acquisitions 18
valuable territories 16
Rudolf II (1552–1612) 108–13
1600 confessional conflict 109
Counter-Reformation 109–10
hajduks (armed peasants) 111
“heretics” 110
Letter of Majesty, 1609 112
Peace of Adrianople in 1568 111
psychological problems 111–12
religious attitudes 109
Transylvanian rebellion 111
troubled individual 108–9
Rudolf IV “the Founder” (1339–65) 23–5
; areas of achievements 23–4
Privilegium maius 23, 24–5
authentic set of privileges 24
title “archduke” 24
Vienna’s university in 1365, founded 24
Ryswick, treaty of 151, 158
Sempach, battle of 26
serfdom, abolition of 238
Seven Years’ War 188
Siege of Vienna 147, 153
Sixth Coalition, formation of 215
Solferino, battle of 241
Spanish Riding School 115, 178
St. Gotthard, battle of 153
Szigetvár, battle of 71
Thirty Years’ War 114, 121, 124, 133, 137, 139–40, 140, 145, 152, 155
Turkish war 69, 111, 152–3, 175
Union of Arms 125–6, 128, 143
universal monarchy, 75–6, 81, 171
“universal monarchy” 171
uprising in Galicia 243
Vasvár, treaty of 152–3, 153
Villaviciosa, battle at 128
War of the Austrian Succession 176, 184
War of the Reunions 151
War of the Second Coalition 212
War of the Spanish Succession 151
War of the Third Coalition 214
Westphalia, Peace of 138–9, 150
White Mountain, battle of 134
World War One 257–8, 258, 267, 273–4
World War Two 270
Zürich, treaty of 241