Executive Secrets

by William J. Daugherty

  The Hinchey Report: CIA Activities in Chile (18 September 2000)—Hinchey. (Located at www.foia.state.gov/HincheyReport.htm, accessed 25 November 2000.)

  Office of Policy Coordination, 1948–1952 (CIA Official History)—OPC/CIA

  GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS

  Central Intelligence Group, Review of the World Situation as it Relates to the Security of the United States, 26 September 1946.

  Department of Defense Directive 3600.1, Information Operations, October 2001.

  Executive Order 11905, United States Foreign Intelligence Activities, 18 February 1976, 41 FR 7703.

  Executive Order 12036, United States Foreign Intelligence Activities, 24 January 1978, 43 CFR 3674 (revoked by Executive Order 12333).

  Executive Order 12333, United States Intelligence Activities, 4 December 1981, 3 CFR 200 (1981, 46 FR 59955 (as amended by Executive Order 12701, 14 February 1990, 55 FR 5933).

  Hughes-Ryan Amendment to the 1961 Foreign Assistance Act, Pub. L. No. 187-195, para. 662 (1974) codified as amended at 22 USC 2422 (1998), section 662.

  Intelligence Authorization Act of 1991, Pub. L. 102–88, 105 Stat, 429 (1991), Section 503[c][4][e].

  Intelligence Oversight Act of 1980, adopted as part of the Intelligence Authorization Act of 1991, as amended by the Intelligence Authorization Act of 1991, at Title V of the National Security Act, 50 USC 413.

  National Security Act of 1947, 50 USC 403.

  NSC-1/1, The Position of the United States with Respect to Italy, 14 November 1947.

  NSC-1/2, The Position of the United States with Respect to Italy, 12 March 1948.

  NSC-1/3, Position of the United States with Respect to Italy in the Light of the Possibility of Communist Participation in the Government by Legal Means, 12 March 1948.

  NSC-4, Coordination of Foreign Intelligence Information Measures, 14 December 1947.

  NSC-4A, Annex to NSC-4, 17 December 1947.

  NSC-10/5, Scope and Pace of Covert Operations, 23 October 1951.

  NSC-20/4, U.S. Objectives with Respect to the USSR to Counter Soviet Threats to U.S. Security, 24 November 1948.

  NSC-162/2, Basic National Security Policy, 30 October 1953.

  NSC-5412, National Security Council Directive on Covert Operations, 15 March 1954.

  NSC-5412/1, Note by the Executive Secretary to the National Security Council on Covert Actions, 15 March 1954.

  NSC-5412/2, Directive on Covert Operations, 28 December 1955.

  National Security Decision Directive-2, National Security Council Structure, 12 January 1982.

  National Security Decision Directive-32, U.S. National Security Strategy, 12 November 1982.

  National Security Decision Directive-54, United States Policy Toward Eastern Europe, 2 September 1982.

  National Security Decision Directive-75, U.S. Relations with the USSR, 17 January 1983.

  National Security Decision Directive-159, Covert Action Policy Approval and Coordination Procedures, 18 January 1985.

  National Security Decision Directive-286, Approval and Review of Special Activities, 15 October 1987.

  National Security Decision Memorandum-40, Responsibility for the Conduct, Supervision, and Coordination of Covert Action Operations, 17 February 1970.

  National Security Directive-1, Organization of the National Security Council System, 30 January 1989.

  National Security Presidential Directive-1, Organization of the National Security System, 13 February 2001.

  National Security Review-29, Intelligence Capabilities 1992–2005, of 15 November 1991.

  Presidential Decision Directive-2, Organization of the National Security Council, 20 January 1993.

  Presidential Decision Directive-35, Intelligence Requirements / National Needs Process, 2 March 1995.

  Presidential Decision Directive-39, Counterterrorism Policy, 21 June 1995.

  Special Operations Forces Command Authority, 10 USC 167.

  Testimony of Warren Marik Before The Subcommittee on Technology, Terrorism, and Government Information, Senate Judiciary Committee.

  United States House of Representatives, Select Committee on Intelligence, 94th Congress, 1st Sess. 1976. [Pike Committee Report]

  United States House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Joint Inquiry Into Intelligence Community Activities Before and After the Terrorist Acts of September 11, 2001, December 2002, 107th Congress, S. Rept. No. 107-351 and H. Rept. 107-792. [Joint Report]

  United States Senate, Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Book 6: 94th Congress, 1st Session, 1975, S. Rept. No. 94-465 (20 November 1975). [Church Committee Report]

  United States Senate, Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, 94th Cong., 1st Session, S. Rept. No. 94-755 (26 April 1976). [Church Committee Report].

  United States Senate, Staff Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, “Covert Action in Chile 1963–1973,” 94th Cong., 1st Session, December 1975. [Church Committee Report].

  BOOKS

  Acheson, Dean. Present at the Creation. New York: W.W. Norton, 1969.

  Aldrich, Richard J. The Hidden Hand: Britain, America, and Cold War Secret Intelligence. New York: Overlook Press, 2002.

  Ambrose, Stephen E. Eisenhower: The President. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989.

  ———. Ike’s Spies. New York: Doubleday, 1981.

  ———. Nixon: Volume Two: The Triumph of a Politician, 1962–1972. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989.

  Andrew, Christopher. For the President’s Eyes Only. New York: Harper-Collins, 1995.

  ———, and Oleg Gordievsky. KGB: The Inside Story of Its Operations From Lenin to Gorbachev. New York: HarperCollins, 1992.

  ———, Oleg Gordievsky, and Vasili Mitrokhin. The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. New York: Basic Books, 1999.

  Baer, Robert. See No Evil: The True Story of a Ground Soldier in the CIA’s War on Terrorism. New York: Crown, 2002.

  Bearden, Milt, and James Risen. The Main Enemy: The Inside Story of the CIA’s Final Showdown with the KGB. New York: Random House, 2003.

  Beckwith, Charlie A., and Donald Knox. Delta Force. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983.

  Berkowitz, Bruce D., and Allen E. Goodman. Best Truth: Intelligence in the Information Age. New Haven: Yale University Press, 200.

  Bernstein, Carl, and Marco Politi. His Holiness: John Paul II and the History of Our Time. New York: Penguin Books, 1997.

  Bill, James. The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.

  Bittman, Ladislav. The Deception Game: Czechoslovak Intelligence in Soviet Political Warfare. Syracuse: Syracuse University Research Corp., 1972.

  ———. The KGB and Soviet Disinformation: An Insider’s View. McLean, Virginia: Pergamon-Brassey’s, 1985.

  Bowden, Mark. Killing Pablo: The Hunt for the World’s Greatest Outlaw. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2001.

  Bowie, Robert R., and Richard H. Immerman. Waging Peace: How Eisenhower Shaped an Enduring Cold War Strategy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

  Brewer, Thomas C., and Lorne Teitelbaum. American Foreign Policy: A Contemporary Introduction (4th ed.). Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1999

  Brzezinski, Zbigniew. Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor, 1977–1981. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1983.

  Carter, James Earl. Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (3rd ed.). Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1995.

  Carter, John J. Covert Operations as a Tool of Presidential Foreign Policy in American History from 1800 to 1920. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2000.

  Clarridge, Duane R., and Digby
Diehl. A Spy for All Seasons: My Life in the CIA. New York: Scribner’s, 1997.

  Cline, Ray S. The CIA Under Reagan, Bush, and Casey. Washington, D.C.: Acropolis Books, Ltd., 1981.

  Cochran, Burt. Harry Truman and the Crisis Presidency. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1973.

  Codevilla, Angelo. Informing Statecraft: Intelligence for a New Century. New York: The Free Press, 1992.

  Colby, William E., and Peter Forbath. Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1971.

  Conboy, Kenneth, and James Morrison. Feet to the Fire: CIA Covert Operations in Indonesia, 1957–1958. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute, 1999.

  ———. Shadow War: The CIA’s Secret War in Laos. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 1995.

  Cook, Blanche Wiesen. The Declassified Eisenhower. New York: Penguin, 1984.

  Copeland, Miles. The Game of Nations: The Amorality of Power Politics. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969.

  Cottam, Richard W. Iran and the United States: A Cold War Case Study. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988.

  Crile, George. Charlie Wilson’s War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2003.

  Cullather, Nick. Secret History: The CIA’s Classified Account of Its Operations in Guatemala, 1952–1954. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.

  Darling, Arthur B. The Central Intelligence Agency: An Instrument of Government, to 1950. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1990.

  Daugherty, William J. In the Shadow of the Ayatollah: A CIA Hostage in Iran. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute Press, 2001.

  De Witte, Ludo. The Assassination of Lumumba. New York: Verso, 2001.

  Dorril, Stephen. MI-6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty’s Secret Intelligence Service. New York: The Free Press, 2000.

  Draper, Theodore. A Very Thin Line: The Iran-Contra Affairs. New York: Hill and Wang, 1991.

  Eisendrath, Craig, ed. National Insecurity: US Intelligence After the Cold War. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000.

  Eisenhower, Dwight D. Mandate for Change. Garden City: Doubleday & Co., 1963.

  Emerson, Steven. The Secret Warriors: Inside the Covert Military Operations of the Reagan Era. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1988.

  Epstein, Edward Jay. Deception: The Invisible War Between the CIA and KGB. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989.

  Feis, Herbert. From Trust to Terror: The Onset of the Cold War, 1945–1950. New York: W.W. Norton, 1970.

  Felix, Christopher. A Short Course in the Secret War. Lanham, MD: Madison Books, 1992.

  Ferrell, Robert H. The Eisenhower Diaries. New York: W.W. Norton, 1981.

  Gaddis, John Lewis. We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

  Gasiorowski, Mark J. U.S. Foreign Policy and the Shah: Building a Client State in Iran. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991.

  Gates, Robert M. From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

  Garvey, Glenn. Everybody Had His Own Gringo: The CIA and the Contras. Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 1992.

  Godson, Roy. Dirty Tricks or Trump Cards: US Covert Action and Counterintelligence. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2001.

  Gosnell, Harold F. Truman’s Crises. Westport, CT.: Greenwood Press, 1980.

  Grose, Peter. Operation Rollback. New York: Houghton-Mifflin, 2000.

  Hamilton-Merritt, Jane. Tragic Mountains: The Hmong, the Americans, and the Secret Wars for Laos, 1942–1992. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.

  Haney, Eric L. Inside Delta Force: The Story of America’s Elite Counterterrorist Unit. New York: Delacorte Press, 2002.

  Holm, Richard L. The American Agent: My Life in the CIA. London, England: St. Ermin’s Press, 2002.

  Holt, Pat M. Secret Intelligence and Public Policy. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1995.

  Immerman, Richard H. The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982.

  Janda, Kenneth, Jeffery M. Berry, and Jerry Goldman. The Challenge of Democracy: Government in America (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997.

  Jefferys-Jones, Rhodri, and Christopher Andrew, eds. Eternal Vigilance? Fifty Years of the CIA. London: Frank Cass, 1997.

  Johnson, Loch. America’s Secret Power: The CIA in a Democratic Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

  ———. A Season of Inquiry: Congress and Intelligence. Chicago: Dorsey Press, 1988.

  ———. Bombs, Bugs, Drugs, and Thugs: Intelligence and America’s Quest for Security. New York: New York University Press, 2000.

  ———. Secret Agencies: US Intelligence in a Hostile World. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.

  Kaiser, David. American Tragedy: Kennedy, Johnson, and the Origins of the Vietnam War. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2000.

  Karabell, Zachary. Architects of Intervention: The United States, the Third World, and the Cold War, 1946–1962. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999.

  Kimball, Jeffery. Nixon’s Vietnam War. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998.

  Kissinger, Henry. White House Years. Boston: Little Brown, 1979.

  ———. Years of Upheaval. Boston: Little Brown, 1982.

  Knaus, John Kenneth. Orphans of the Cold War: America and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival. New York: PublicAffairs/Perseus Books, 1999.

  Knott, Stephen F. Secret and Sanctioned: Covert Operations and the American Presidency. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

  Kuhns, Woodrow J., ed. Assessing the Soviet Threat. Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, 1997.

  Kuzichkin, Vladimir. My Life in Soviet Espionage. New York: Ivy Books, 1990.

  Kyle, James H., and John Robert Eidson. The Guts to Try: The Untold Story of the Iran Hostage Rescue Mission by the On-Scene Desert One Commander. New York: Orion Books, 1990.

  Lake, Anthony. Six Nightmares: Real Threats in a Dangerous World and How America Can Meet Them. New York: Little Brown, 2000.

  Laqueur, Walter. The Uses and Limits of Intelligence. Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press, 1995.

  Lert, Frédéric. Wings of the CIA. Paris, France: Histoire and Collections, 1999.

  Lockhart, Robin Bruce. Reilly, Ace of Spies. New York: Viking Press, 1984.

  Logevall, Fredrik. Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999

  Lowenthal, Mark M. Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2003.

  Mahl, Thomas E. Desperate Deception: British Covert Operations in the United States, 1939–1941. Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 1998.

  Martin, David C. and John Walcott. Best Laid Plans: The Inside Story of America’s War Against Terrorism. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.

  McNamara, Robert S. In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam. New York: Vintage Books, 1996.

  Meyer, Cord. Facing Reality: From World Federalism to the CIA. New York: Harper & Row, 1980.

  Montague, Ewen. The Man Who Never Was: World War Two’s Boldest Counter-Intelligence Operation. Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 2000.

  Nixon, Richard M. RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon. New York, Grosset & Dunlap, 1978.

  Nutter, John Jacob. The CIA’s Black Ops: Covert Action, Foreign Policy, and Democracy. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2000.

  Olmsted, Kathryn S. Challenging the Secret Government: The Post–Watergate Investigations of the CIA and FBI. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.

  O’Toole, G.J.A. Honorable Treachery: A History of US Intelligence, Espionage, and Covert Action From the American Revolution to the CIA. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1991.

  Parker, James E. Code-Name Mule: The CIA’s Secret War in Laos. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute Press, 1992.


  Persico, Joseph E. Casey, From the OSS to the CIA. New York: Viking, 1990.

  Pisani, Sallie. The CIA and the Marshall Plan. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991.

  Polmar, Norman, and Thomas B. Allen. Spy Book: The Encyclopedia of Espionage. New York: Random House, 1997.

  Powers, Thomas. The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979.

  Prados, John. The Blood Road: The Ho Chi Minh Trail and the Vietnam War. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1999.

  ———. Presidents’ Secret Wars (rev. ed.). Chicago: Ivan R. Dees, 1996.

  Rabe, Stephen G. Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anti-Communism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.

  ———. The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.

  Ranelagh, John. The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986.

  Reisman, Michael W., and James E. Baker. Regulating Covert Action: Practices, Contexts, and Policies of Covert Coercion Abroad in International and National American Law. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.

  Richelson, Jeffery T. The U.S. Intelligence Community (3rd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995.

  Robbins, Christopher. Air America. New York: Avon Books, 1979.

  ———. The Ravens: The Story of the Men Who Flew in America’s Secret War in Laos. New York: Crown, 1987.

  Roosevelt, Kermit. Countercoup: The Struggle for Control of Iran. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979.

  Rositzke, Harry. The CIA’s Secret Operations. New York: Readers Digest, 1977.

  Ryan, Paul B. The Iranian Rescue Mission: Why it Failed. Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1984.

  Saunders, Frances Stoner. The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters. New York: The New Press, 1999.

  Schewizer, Peter. Victory: The Reagan Administration’s Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1994.

  Schlesinger, Stephen, and Stephen Kinzer. Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala. Garden City: Doubleday/Anchor Press, 1983.