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INDEX
Acheson, Dean, 115, 127
Afghanistan: and Carter, 188–89
current operations in, 84
and Reagan, 38–39, 71, 189, 195, 205–7
Soviet invasion of, 120, 184, 188, 191
U.S. Congress backing for covert action in, 206
Africa, 51, 52, 95, 154, 156, 198
Angola, 93, 179–80, 209–10
and Eisenhower, 145–46
Ethiopia, 191
and Reagan, 209–10
terrorist acts in against U.S., 219
AIDS virus, Soviet disinformation about, xvii, 77–78, 198, 225n5
Allende, Salvador, 43, 44, 165, 171–73. See also Chile
Alliance for Progress, 156. See also Chile
Al-Qaeda, xix, 219
Angola: different tribes in, 179
and Ford, 93, 178–80
opposition to covert action in, 180
and Reagan, 209–10
anti-Sandinista rebels. See “Contras”
Approval and Review of Special Activities (NSDD-286), 101, 196, 240n20
Arbenz, Jacobo, 127, 133, 138–40
Argentina, and Nicaragua, 203–4, 253n30
Aspin, Les, 102–3
assassination plans: for Allende, 43, 44, 173
for Castro, 146–47, 148, 155–56, 245n4, 247n38, 248n12
under Eisenhower, 132, 145–48, 246–47n34, 247n38
forbidden under Ford administration, 43, 178, 208
under Kennedy, 147–48, 155–56, 233n40, 248n12
for Lumumba, 43, 145–46, 148, 245n4, 246–47n34
myths of CIA carrying out, xvi, 42–45, 78, 157–58, 173, 198, 233nn37, 40
under Nixon, 173
for Trujillo, 147, 148, 157–58
ZRRIFLE unit, 147–48
Atlantic Monthly, 76
atomic bomb, 114
Aum Shinrikyo, 86–87
Australian Broadcasting Company, 73
Baker, James, 203
Basic National Security Policy (NSC-162/2), 132–33
Basic Principles of Relations, 174
Batista, Fulgencio, 146
Bay of Pigs operation, 49, 99
aftermath of, 148, 152, 159
beginnings of plan, 146
as complete disaster, 140, 144, 154–55
lack of close presidential scrutiny of, 25
secrecy of excluding experts in, 98
Bearden, Milt, 206
Beers, E. Rand, 217
Belgian Congo, former, 145–46, 154
Berger, Samuel, 219
Berlin blockade, 114
Berlin Wall, fall of, 213
Bernstein, Carl, 11, 201–2
bin-Ladin, Osama, xix, 219, 220
Bishop, Maurice, 191–92
Bissell, Richard M., 124, 148, 152, 155, 157–58
“black” propaganda, 77–79
Blair, Dennis, 65, 67
Bosnia, 51, 65, 67
“Brezhnev Doctrine,” 207
British Broadcasting System, 73
British Guyana, 157, 160
British intelligence activities in the U.S., 18, 228–29n14
British Secret Intelligence Service (BSIS), 126, 127, 148–49
Bruce, David K.G., 127
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 48, 186–91, 201
Bukovsky, Vladimir, 141
Bundy, McGeorge, 148, 152, 159, 161–62
Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR), 49, 53, 106, 217
Bush, George H.W., 213–16
and congressional oversight of covert action, 95
and covert action, change of emphasis for, 214
covert action programs under awaiting declassification, 216
and pardon to Iran-Contra culprits, 36–37
and review process for covert action, 100–101, 215–16
security organization under, 214–16
understanding of covert action, 48, 54, 213
Bush, George W., 220
and review process for covert action, 101, 240–41n21
Cambodia, 210
Canada, and involvement with escaped hostages in Iran, 109, 184
“Carlos the Jackal,” xix, 5
Carter, Jimmy, 183–92
and Afghanistan, 188–89
and Central America, 190–91
and congressional oversight of covert action, 95, 184–85, 189, 191–92
and covert action, attitude toward, 26–27, 39, 48, 183, 192, 230n15, 251n3
and covert action, review process for, 99–100, 185
dislike of CIA, 183, 184
and escape of hostages in Iran, 109, 184
and Ethiopia, 191
and Grenada, 191–92
and human rights in Soviet Union, 186
and Iran, 184
Presidential Findings under, 184–85, 189–92
security organization under, 184–85
and Soviet Union, 185–90
and Yemen, 189–90
Casey, William J., 197–211
and Cambodia, 210
as CIA director during Reagan years, 33–34, 97, 155, 188, 193–95, 202
and Counterterrorism Center, 208–9
and covert action in Central America, 54, 55, 203–5
and Iran-Contra scandal, 35–37
Castro, Fidel, 43, 98, 140, 154, 190, 197
plans to assassinate, 146–47, 148, 155–56, 245n4, 247n38, 248n12
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): Carter’s dislike of, 183, 184
and congressional oversight relative to, 107–9
congressional/senatorial investigations of, xvi, 3, 25–26, 29, 43–44, 170, 176, 177, 183, 229n3
Counterintelligence Center (CIC), 104
Covert Action Planning Group (CAPG), 104–5
Covert Action Review Group (CARG), 104–5
covert actions, argued against by, xx, 154, 226n9
Covert Action Staff, 187
creation of, 59, 116, 242n2
Directorate of Operations (DO), xxi, xxiii, 67, 100, 105, 172, 186
downsizing during Clinton administration, 66, 218
EO 12333 mandate for, 14, 195
during Ford administration, 178
Interagency Working Group for Covert Action, xxii
and Iran-Contra scandal, 34–37, 232n27
and Nixon’s relationship with, 169, 172
Office of General Counsel (OGC), 103, 104
officer career attitudes toward covert action in, 4, 33–34, 231n20, 241n22
Operations and Management Staff, xxi
Operations and Resources Management Staff (ORMS), 104
Propaganda and Political Action Staff, 33
Publications Review Board, xxii
Soviet/East European Division (SE), 186
Special Activities Division (SA), 104
ZRRIFLE unit, 147–48. See also assassination plans; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) advantages over Department of Defense (DoD) in covert action; covert action, approval and review; covert action, programs; intelligence profession; myths of covert action by CIA
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
advantages over Department of Defense (DoD) in covert action, 59–70
DoD not wanting peacetime covert action, 59
flexibility versus military mind-set, 65–66, 69, 235n11
inexpensiveness, 21, 62–63, 133
instantaneous reaction to crises, 63
keeping action covert, 40, 49, 67
lack of authority for DoD to undertake covert action, 61, 67
peacetime versus wartime conditions, 60
as realized by Eisenhower in NSC-5412, 135
as realized by Truman in NSC-10/2, 122
specialists, 63–64
sponsorship of U.S. is concealed, 61–62, 67
subject to oversight, 69–70
third-country nationals used, 61–62, 69
understanding local scene, 62
unidentified paramilitary, 68
Central Intelligence Group (CIG), 119
Chad, 209
Change in Name of Special Group 5412 (NSC Action Memorandum 303), 159
Chiang Kai-Shek, 143
Chile: assassination of Allende, 43, 44, 173
costs of programs in, 21, 165, 171, 172, 229n20
and Johnson administration, 21, 156, 160, 165, 229n20
and Kennedy administration, 21, 156–57, 248–49n14
and military coup, 44, 92, 172–73
and Nixon administration, 21, 34, 44, 48, 102, 157, 171–73
Chilean Radical Party (PR), 156, 165
China, 5, 128, 143, 158
involvement in Angola, 179
Christian Democrat party, Italy, 120, 160–61
Christian Democrats (PDC) of Chile, 156, 165, 171
Church, Frank, 3, 25–26
Church Committee: aftermath of for CIA, 177, 178
investigating CIA abuses, 3, 102, 176, 183
investigating CIA in Angola, 180
investigating CIA in Chile, 44, 165
investigating possible assassinations by CIA, 43, 173. See also congressional/senatorial investigations
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency). See Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Clark, William, 195, 202
Clarridge, Duane “Dewey,” 208–9
Clifford, Clark M., 91, 114
Cline, Ray S., 20, 131, 143, 206
Clinton, Bill, 216–20
and Bosnia/Serbia, 51, 65, 67
and covert action, attitude toward, 26–27, 48–49, 217–18
and covert action programs, 51–54
and Deutch at CIA, 64–68
Presidenti
al Findings under, 219, 220
programs awaiting declassification, 218–19
Reagan programs continued under, 220
and review process for covert action, 27–28, 30, 100, 101–7, 137, 240–41n21
security organization, 216–17
and terrorism, 219–20
Codevilla, Angelo, 5–6, 79, 180
Colby, William E., 29, 47, 94, 157, 178
cold war: covert action as alternative to war during, 19–20, 60, 149
early development of covert actions during, 60, 131
during Eisenhower administration, 131
end of, xviii, 34, 207, 211, 214, 216, 223
KGB activities during, xvii, 77–78, 81, 127, 198, 225n5, 232n33, 232–33n35, 238n18
paramilitary operations in Europe during, 126–27
policies during, 1, 38, 92, 115, 124, 145
propaganda during, 74–75, 118–20
Colombia, 219, 220
Combating Terrorism (NSDD-138), 208
Communism, perceived threat of: in Africa, 145–46, 179–80
in Cambodia, 210
in Chile, 156–57, 172
during Eisenhower administration, 133, 135, 136–37
in El Salvador, 203
in Europe during 1960s, 6, 158
in Europe in 1940s, 6, 16, 20, 113–20, 116–24, 126–27
in France, 6, 114, 243–244n20
in Guatemala, 83, 127, 138–39
in Indonesia, 83, 141–44
in Iran, 6–7, 27, 83
in Italy, 6, 42, 83, 114, 115–20, 158–60
in Japan, 140–41
during Kennedy administration, 153
in Laos, 62, 85
during Nixon administration, 171
policy for, 1, 38, 92, 115, 124, 145
in Surinam, 197
in Syria, 149
in Tibet, 144–45
during Truman era, 124–26
computer system hacking. See cyberterrorism; information warfare
Conboy, Kenneth, 143
concealing sponsor of covert action, 61–62, 135
in Chile, 172
in Congress for Cultural Freedom program, 125
in Cuba, 146
in propaganda operations, lack of need for, 73
Congress for Cultural Freedom, 124–25
congressional/senatorial investigations: of Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), xvi, 3, 25–26, 29, 170, 176, 177, 183, 229n3
of Iran-Contra scandal, 30–31
into possible assassinations of foreign leaders, 42–43. See also Church Committee; Hinchey Committee; Pike Committee
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