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Still the Iron Age

Page 36

by Vaclav Smil


  noninvasive analysis, 15

  unalloyed iron, 13

  Prompt scrap, 131

  PSH, See Paired Straight Hearth Furnace (PSH)

  Puddling process, 32

  R

  Railways, steel for, 55–56

  American steam locomotive, 57f

  axle breakages, 56

  in nineteenth-century, 56–57

  Regenerative steelmaking, 45–46

  Reinforced concrete, 62–63

  RHFs, See Rotary hearth furnaces (RHFs)

  Robert Mushet’s Special Steel (RMS), 48–49

  Rotary hearth furnaces (RHFs), 97

  S

  SAE, See Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)

  Saving one barrel of oil per ton (SOBOT), 150

  Scrap, 131, 134

  Shipping, steel in, 57, 58

  Siderite (FeCO3), 117

  Sims Metal Management, 135

  Sino-American trade, 135

  Sintering, 121

  Skyscrapers construction, 169

  Slag-making materials, See Fluxing materials

  Smelting technique, 4–5

  bloomery, 4

  Chinese, 6–7

  SOBOT, See Saving one barrel of oil per ton (SOBOT)

  Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 59–60

  Solid wastes, 153–154

  Chinese rates, 154

  by iron smelting, 156

  slag in construction, 156

  smelting in BFs, 155

  Stainless steel, 165, 173, 181–182

  Steel, 130, 163

  See also Iron

  consumer products, 179–182

  data and classification problems, 164

  electricity, 171–175

  fuels, 171–175

  high-performance niches, 165

  industrial equipment, 179–182

  inexpensive steel, 41–42

  automobile industry, 49

  Bessemer steel, 42–43

  Bessemer’s converter, 43f, 44

  Bethlehem Steel, 49f

  development, 48–49

  molten pig iron, 43

  open hearths, 45

  open-hearth furnaces, 46

  oxygen services, 46–47

  Siemens furnace, 45

  steel output, 47

  US metallurgists, 50

  US steel production, 48

  infrastructures and buildings, 165–166

  Akashi Kaikyō Bridge, 170f

  cable-stayed bridges, 169–171

  Chinese infrastructures, 168

  framing steel, 171

  heavy reinforcing bars, 166f

  skyscrapers construction, 169

  Soviet techniques, 167

  Tōkyō Tree, 170f

  for United Kingdom, 166–167

  new markets for, 50

  in agriculture, 51

  in energy industries, 53

  grain and hay production, 52–53

  pipeline construction, 53–54

  three-wheeled steel, 52f

  reinforcing steel, 163–164

  stocks, 200–202

  transportation, 175

  in automobiles, 175–176

  coils of hot-rolled sheet steel, 177f

  high-strength steels, 178–179

  in modern cars, 178

  triple steel, 179f

  US car industry, 177–178

  in transportation and construction, 54, 55

  in car industry, 58, 59–60

  in construction, 60, 62

  Parisian apartment designs, 64

  for railways, 55–56, 56–57

  reinforced concrete, 62–63

  in shipping, 57, 58

  Taylor’s application, 64

  before WW I, 35–36

  Steel industry, 183

  century and half of modern steel, 184–185

  British blast furnaces, 185–186

  changing designs of blast furnaces, 185f

  electric arc furnaces, 189–190, 191f

  growth of blast furnace daily production, 188f

  growth of blast furnace internal volumes, 187f

  hot blast, 186

  iron-and steelmaking, 190

  modern steel production, 191

  flows and consumption rates, 196–200

  industry’s state, 191–192

  GE Aerodivison, 194

  governmental intervention, 195

  modern economic development, 193

  profits, 196

  steel stocks, 200–202

  Steel production

  history, 115

  integrated steelmaking material balances, 125–130

  material balances of EAFs, 136

  Danieli design, 137

  energy-reducing measure, 137

  furnaces, 137

  inferior hot metal, 136–137

  Pig iron ratio, 138, 138

  Turkish EAF, 136

  materials for BFs and BOFs, 116

  iron ore, 117

  metallurgical coke, 122

  steel scrap, 130–135

  Steel scrap, 130, 130–131, 134

  aluminum, 134–135

  Britain’s Sims Metal Management, 135

  car recycling, 132

  countervailing trends, 132–133

  EAFs, 130–131

  International steel scrap trade, 135

  lifespans of steel-based products, 131

  light flat-rolled products, 134

  mass of collected steel, 130

  metal recycling, 130

  metal separation, 131–132

  prompt scrap, 131

  recycling rate for automotive scrap, 133–134

  Sino-American trade, 135

  steel, 130

  steel cans, 134

  Steelmaking energy cost, 145–146

  See also Modern steelmaking

  AOD, 149

  BOF and EAF, 146

  casting and rolling, 149

  China’s steelmaking, 151

  EAF furnaces, 148

  energy-saving measures, 153

  Japan’s iron and steel industry, 152–153

  macrostatistical approach, 151–152

  ore agglomeration, 146

  in United States, 150

  Sulfur dioxide (SO2), 154

  T

  Tatara, 5–6

  Transportation, steel in, 175

  in automobiles, 175–176

  coils of hot-rolled sheet steel, 177f

  high-strength steels, 178–179

  in modern cars, 178

  triple steel, 179f

  US car industry, 177–178

  U

  Ultra Light Steel Auto Body (ULSAB), 205

  Ultra-low CO2 steelmaking projects (ULCOS projects), 161

  Units and multiples and submultiples, 229

  USGS, 118

  V

  VAI, See Voest-Alpine Industrieanlagenbau (VAI)

  Vale, 119

  Vereinigte Österreichische Eisen-und Stahlwerke AG (VÖEST), 100

  Voest-Alpine Industrieanlagenbau (VAI), 96–97

  W

  Waste streams, 140

  Water pollution, 153–154

  Chinese rates, 154

  slag in construction, 156

  smelting in BFs, 155

  wastewater from BOF gas treatment, 155–156

  Wootz, 13–14, 14, 14–15

  Wrought iron, 32–34

  See also Iron

  iron balls, 33–34

  puddling process, 32, 32, 32–33, 33, 33, 34

 

 

 
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