Good Reasons for Bad Feelings
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rumination and, 93–94
unpropitious situations and, 95
usefulness of, 16, 88–94, 102–3
M
MacLean, Paul, 52
Malignant Sadness: The Anatomy of Depression (Wolpert), 112
mania, 64, 113, 130
Marginal Value Theorem, 96–98, 100
marijuana, 239–40
Marks, Isaac, 71–72, 75
marriages, 172
Masters, William, 211
Maynard Smith, John, 166–67
Mealey, Linda, 177
mechanisms, of body, 11–13
medications, 79, 266
melancholia, 121
men
anxiety and, 82
depression in, 126, 141
fetishes and, 208–9
life expectancy of, 39
sex and, 215–16
mental disorders
anxiety, 67–68
brain and, 9
causes of, 8–10
describing, 17–21
as ecosystems, 25
fitness costs of, 252
genetic factors in, 9, 246, 247–50
information processing and, 259–61
natural selection and, 250–51, 262
symptoms as, 28, 47–48
as system failures, 27–28
Merchant of Venice, The (Shakespeare), 219
methamphetamine, 240–41
Meyer, Adolf, 148
microbiome, 37–38
midlife crisis, 116–17
Miller, Geoffrey, 173, 251
mind, 29–30, 61
Mineka, Susan, 75–76
Minnesota Starvation Experiment, 102–3
mismatch
of brains and drugs, 240
of brains and environments, 237
of people and environments, 35–36
missing heritability, 248–49
mixed state, 133
modern environments
abundance in, 231–33
eating disorders and, 36, 228–29
mental disorders in, 254
perils of, 123–27
modern media, 126, 189–90, 205, 231–33
mood
computer model for, 104–6
evolutionary origins of, 114
mixed state of, 133
physical situations and, 102–3
as range, 87–88
stabilizing, 261
mood disorders
complexity of, 134–35
as public health crisis, 113–14
mood instability disorders, 253–54
Mood Model, 104–6
moodostat, 112, 131, 134, 245
mood regulation mechanisms
antidepressants and, 136
failure of, 112–16, 122–23
fragility of, 123–24
morality, 162–63, 172–73, 193
morphine, 240
mortality rates, 13
mother-infant bonding, 89–90
mothers
blamed for autism, 246
genes from, 251–52
male homosexuality and, 206–7
Mothers Against Drunk Driving, 181
motivation, 196–97, 238
motivational structure, 153
Münsterberg, Hugo, 145
Museum of Natural History, 10
mutations, 38, 251
mutualism, 167, 169
N
narcotics, synthetic, 240–41
narratives, 144
National Comorbidity Survey, 23
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 8
National Institute on Drug Abuse, 243–44
natural selection
constraints to, 38
Darwinian fitness, 10, 183, 259
defensive, 41–42
emotions and, 57–58
environment and, 230–31
group selection and, 165
infection and, 36–38
mental disorders and, 250–51, 262
mismatch and, 35–36
process of, 31–32
repression and, 197–98
reproduction and, 32–33, 39–40, 165, 202
sex and, 204–7
social learning and, 76
trade-offs and, 38–39
vulnerability and, 15, 34–41, 127–28, 262
Nature, 113, 166
negative emotions, 48, 55, 64–66
Nesse, Randolph M., xiii, 14, 102
Nettle, Daniel, 83, 94, 231
neuroscientists, 187
neurotic inhibition, 92
neurotoxins, 237–38
neurotransmitters, 240–41
New York Times, 205–6
nicotine, 237, 238–39
NIMH. See National Institute of Mental Health
Nisbett, Richard, 191
Noë, Ronald, 174
Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan, 93–94
nomothetic explanations, 144–45, 150–51, 216
nonhelping, 164
noradrenaline, 77
normality, 48
nutrition, 36
O
obesity, 219–24
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 194–96, 260
obsessive-compusive personality disorder, 195–96
OCD. See obsessive-compulsive disorder
offspring, 165, 216
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 84
opium, 237, 240
opponent process, 261
opportunities, 60, 95
optimists, 108–9
organic complexity, 26–27, 58, 134–35, 247, 249
orgasm, 210–14
overweight, 219–24
P
pain, 46–48, 86–87, 109–10, 135
panic disorder, 74, 76–79
paranoia, 195, 260
partner choice, 173–75, 204–7
partner selection and rejection, 173
Pascal, Blaise, 74
path dependence, 38
pathogens, 37
Pavličev, Mihaela, 210
Pavlov, Ivan, 61, 83
payoffs, 98, 105–6
Peck, M. Scott, 201
person, 137–38, 148, 158. See also individual
Personality (Allport), 145
pessimists, 108–9
pets, 177–78
Phaedrus (Plato), 59
phobias, 69–71, 75–76. See also fear
Pinker, Steven, 164
Plato, 59, 124
Plutchik, Eric, 53, 54
Polimanti, Renato, 253
Porsolt test, 101
positive emotions, 54–55, 64–66
positive feedback
behavior regulation and, 241–42
in bistable systems, 132
in cybernetics, 129
eating disorders and, 219, 231
in self-adjusting systems, 83, 231
positive psychology, 64–65
postpartum depression, 90
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 79–80
potlatch ceremonies, 175
Poulton, Richie, 72
predictive adaptive response, 230
pregnancy, 211
premature ejaculation, 211
Price, John, 91
Pride and Prejudice (Austen), 147
Principles of Psychology, The (James), 51
prisoner’s dilemma, 167–68
Productive and Unproductive Depression: Its Functions and Failures (Gut), 94
projection, 188
prosocial tendencies, 169, 173
proximate explanations, 11–12
psychiatry
biopsychosocial model of, 8
clinical evaluations in, 20–23
evolutionary biology and, 162, 263
medical model of, 27–28
neuroscience and, 187
psychoanalysis and, 187
VSAD and, 119–21
psychodynamic defenses, 189
psychodynamic therapy, 190
psychotherapy, 172
psychotropic drugs, 237–38
PTSD. See post-traumatic stress disorder
Q
quitting activity, 99–101
R
racehorses, 256–57
Rahe, Richard, 148
Railton, Peter, 60
reason, 197–98
reciprocity, 164, 167, 171
recklessness, 72
relationships
ambivalent, 179–80
attachment in, 205, 215
caring in, 177–78
communal, 171–72
exchange, 168–69
psychotherapy, 172
sexual, 173, 214–16
repression, 185, 187–90, 193–94, 205
reproduction
disease and, 39–40
emotions and, 48–49
maximizing, 211
natural selection and, 32–33, 165, 202
reptilian brain, 52
resilience, 92
resistance, antibiotic, 37
resources
allocation of, 157
exchanges of, 172
of partners, 175
in social systems, 151–52
responses
automatic, 75–76
to competition, 91
excessive, 82, 123
fight-or-flight, 73
inappropriate, 123
predictive adaptive, 230
to situations, 122–23
to success and failure, 150
Review Of Social Systems (ROSS), 151–57
rewards, 61, 106
Richerson, Peter, 170
Ridley, Matt, 161
risk taking, 95, 99–100, 256
Rosenhan, David, 21
ROSS. See Review Of Social Systems
rumination, 93
S
sacrifice, 33, 169
sadness, 88, 181
Salk, Jonas, 266
Schedule of Recent Experiences, 148
Scheier, Michael, 107
schizophrenia
benefits associated with, 253
genetic research on, 247
infection and, 254
rates of, 245–46
Schmitz, Mark, 121
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 29
Science, 9
seasonal affective disorder, 102–3
Sehnsucht, 57
selection. See natural selection
self-adjusting systems, 231
self-deception, 184–85, 193
self-esteem, 176–78
self-esteem formula, 132
Self-esteem = Success/pretentions (formula), 132
self-interest, 162, 174–75
Selfish Gene, The (Dawkins), 161, 184–85
selfishness, 161, 184, 193, 196–97
self-sabotaging, 92
Seligman, Martin, 101–2
set point
of mood, 130–31
of weight, 231
sex and sexuality
arousal and, 209–10
climaxes and, 210–14
male control in, 216
new attitudes toward, 217–18
partners in, 204–7
problems with, 201–4
relationship problems and, 214–16
selection in, 173
uncoordinated desires in, 207–9
sex ratios, 165–66
Shakespeare, William, 219
Shampoo (film), 206
Shaw, George Bernard, 205
sickness behavior, 102–3
Siddhartha, 268
signal detection theory, 74
situation(s)
in each life domain, 154, 155
emotions as response to, 58, 155
goals and, 59–60
propitious and unpropitious, 95
role in causing symptoms, 148, 158–59
Sloman, Leon, 91
Smith, Adam, 160, 174
Smoke Detector Principle
anxiety and, 73–74
defining, 40–41
error management theory and, 209
excessive mood responses and, 124
false alarms and, 267
positive feedback and, 83
PTSD and, 80
SOCIAL (Social, Occupation, Children, Income, Abilities, Love), 152
social anxiety, 176–78
social behavior, 167–69
social learning, 76
social life
brain size and, 189
as product of self-interest, 162
social navigation, 94
social psychology, 191
social resources, 93, 231–33
social selection, 172–76, 173
social support, 80
social systems, 151–57
social traps, 135
Society of Biological Psychiatry, 9–10
Sociobiology (Wilson), 48–49, 206
sociopaths, 177
Spitzer, Robert, 21
split-brain research, 192
standard model of Darwinian fitness, 255–57
start-up costs, 98, 242
starvation, 226
status, 91, 92–93
Stearns, Stephen, 253
Stein, Dan, 26
stimulus-response models, 61
St. John-Smith, Paul, 267
stoicism, 233
Stonnington, Cynthia, 115
Strangers to Ourselves Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious (Wilson), 191
stress, 147–49
stress diathese model, 158
stress regulation, 77
subjective feeling, 56
substance abuse
learning and, 236–37, 241
as old problem, 239–41
rates of, 235
withdrawal and, 241–42
suffering
causes of, 15–16
usefulness of, 46–48
useless, 74
suicide
conservation of resources and, 90–91
predicting risk of, 156–57
rates of, 85–86
symbiosis, 174
symptoms
associated with life situations, 148, 158–59
clusters of, 20
as disorders, 47–48
evolutionary origins of, 48
life events and, 148
of mental disorders, 17–18
severity of, 110–11
system failures, 27
T
Tantalus, 223–24, 231–33
testing, for mental disorders, 17, 23
THC (in marijuana), 239, 240
theodicies, 15–16
Theory of Moral Sentiments, The (Smith), 160
“There Is No Natural Religion” (Blake), 112
thermostats, 220
thinking, unconscious, 191–92
Thomson, J. Anderson, Jr., 94
threats, 60
Tinbergen, Niko, 12–13
tobacco, 36, 238–39, 239–40
Tomkins, Silvan, 54
Tooby, John, 171
Toxoplasma gondii (parasite), 254
trade-offs, 38–39, 255–59
trading favors, 169, 172
trait-group models, 174
traits
costs and benefits of, 33, 164
fitness landscape and, 255–58
prosocial, 173
selection of, 15, 256–58
vulnerabilities and, 14–15, 34, 41
traumatic memories, 187
Treatise of Human Nature, A (Hume), 116–17
treatments, 136, 243–44, 266–67
triune brain, 52
Trivers, Robert, 167–68, 183–85, 193, 197, 251
Troisi, Alfonso, 267
trust, 162
Tung, Jenny, 230
Turke, Paul, 239
U
unconscious, 190–92
unconscious cognition, 192–93
unpropitious situations, 95
usefulness
of emotions, 48, 55
of low mood, 16, 88–94, 102–3
of pain, 46–48
of suffering, 46–48
V
Vaillant, George, 141
vapor lock, 250
VDAA. See Viewing Diseases As Adaptations
Viewing Diseases As Adaptations (VDAA), 14, 41, 119–21, 228, 263
Viewing Symptoms As Diseases (VSAD), 27, 118
Volkow, Nora, 243–44
VSAD. See Viewing Symptoms As Diseases
vulnerability
to addiction, 226–27, 235–36, 242–43
benefits paired with, 253
to diseases, 14, 34–41, 41–42
factors in, 261
intrinsic, 250
model for identifying, 158
natural selection and, 15, 34–41, 127–28, 262
W
Wagner, Günter, 210
Wakefield, Jerome, 26, 47, 86, 121
Wallen, Kim, 213
Walsh, Homan, 262–63
Watson, Paul, 94
West, Stuart, 170, 178
West-Eberhard, Mary Jane, 173
Whitehead, Alfred North, 262
White Wilderness (film), 33
Why We Get Sick: The New Science of Darwinian Medicine (Williams and Nesse), xi, 14
Wiener, Norbert, 129, 245, 260
Wierzbicka, Anna, 58
Williams, George, xi, 11, 13, 33, 161, 163
Wilson, David Sloan, 174
Wilson, Edward O., 48–49, 206
Wilson, Timothy, 191
Windelband, Wilhelm, 144
Wisdom of the Body, The (Cannon), 73
withdrawal, 94, 241–42
Wolpert, Lewis, 112
women
anxiety and, 82
depression in, 92, 141
eating disorders and, 228
fertility and, 214–15
life expectancy of, 39
orgasms and, 209–14
partner selection and, 209
rates of depression in, 126
sex and, 215–16
worry, 81