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From the Tree to the Labyrinth: Historical Studies on the Sign and Interpretation

Page 79

by Umberto Eco


  “Discours sur la nature des animaux” (Buffon), 183

  Dissertatio de arte combinatoria (Leibniz), 40n26, 46, 400, 422

  Divination manuals, 1–2

  Divine Comedy (Dante), 147

  Divine names, theory of, 150–151

  Divine Names, The (Pseudo-Dionysius), 152, 157–158, 400, 404

  “Dr. Brodie’s Report” (Borges), 438

  Documentum de arte dictandi et versificandi (Geoffrey of Vinsauf), 124–125

  Donatist heresy, 277

  Donatus, 116, 117–120, 138

  Dorando, Guglielmo, 1–2

  Dorfles, Gillo, 544

  Doubles, 225–226

  Doyle, Arthur Conan, 313n5

  Dragonetti, Roger, 292

  Dreams, 27, 177, 261, 566, 579, 580

  Dronke, Peter, 125, 136n19

  Duby, Georges, 568

  Ducrot, Oswald, 557

  Dumas, Alexandre, 546

  Dummett, Michael, 354

  Duns Scotus, John, 240, 331, 338, 342, 352; De Bruyne’s historiography and, 343; on denotation, 373–374

  Durando, Guglielmo, 2

  “Du rôle de l’intellect dans l’activité esthétique” (De Bruyne), 346

  Dynamic Object, 565, 567

  Dyroff, Adolf, 311

  Eckhart, Johannes (Meister), 335

  Eclogue (Virgil), 171

  Editio super Porphyrium (Abelard), 12–13

  Egidius Romanus (Giles of Rome), 104, 204n29

  Ekphrasis, 263, 268

  Eleazar of Worms, 399

  Elementatio theologica (Proclus), 234

  Elipandus, archbishop of Toledo, 278

  Elyot, Sir Thomas, 22

  Empedocles, 181

  Empiricism, British, 459, 460, 464, 468

  Encyclopaedia septem tomis distincta (Alsted), 34

  Encyclopediae seu orbis disciplinarum (Scalichius de Lika), 23

  Encyclopedias, 3–4, 9, 18, 21–23, 28, 70–94; allegorism and, 136, 143; for children, 32n21; Chinese, 438; formats of, 70–94; Individual Encyclopedia, 72; Kabbalism and, 417; medieval, 28–33, 87; new encyclopedic models, 55–60; open-ended, 47, 55; Pliny and model of ancient encyclopedia, 23–28, 87, 183; polydimensional, 47, 437; Renaissance and Baroque, 33–37; semantics and, 550, 551–554, 565, 566; Specialized Encyclopedia, 58, 72, 85, 88, 89. See also Maximal Encyclopedia; Median Encyclopedia

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Semiotics (Sebeok, ed.), 552

  Encyclopédie (Diderot and D’Alembert), 28, 47–49, 437

  English language, 232

  Enigma, 118, 119n2

  Enthymemes, 63–64, 128n11

  Epicurean hypothesis, 424, 440, 441

  Epicurus, 175

  Epigraphs, 229

  Epistemology, 320, 580; correspondentist, 560; Thomistic, 314, 330, 347, 352

  Epistolae (Virgil of Toulouse), 342n32

  Epistola XIII (Dante), 144–146, 149, 307

  Epitomae (Virgil of Bigorre), 122

  Epitomae (Virgil of Toulouse), 342n32

  Equivalence, relationship of, 195

  Equivocity, 161, 162

  Eriugena, John Scotus, 136, 230, 344, 403–404

  Escorial monastery, Beatus of, 252

  Esposito, Elena, 71n38, 88

  Esquisse d’une philosophie de l’art (De Bruyne), 346

  Essai de sémantique (Bréal), 548

  Essai sur l’indifférence en matière de religion (Lamennais), 441

  Essay towards a Real Character (Wilkins), 42–46, 427

  Estats et les empires de la lune, Les (Cyrano de Bergerac), 427

  Estats et les empires du soleil, Les (Cyrano de Bergerac), 427

  Esthétique du Moyen Age, L’ (De Bruyne), 344

  Ethics, 34, 47, 111

  Études d’esthétique médiévale (De Bruyne), 338, 340, 341, 342–345, 348

  Etymologies, 27, 232, 426, 447–448, 454

  Etymologies (Isidore of Seville), 30, 111, 119, 135, 300–301

  Euclid, 401

  European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages (Curtius), 339n25

  Eustathius, 445

  Evans, R. J. W., 309n1, 385

  Explanatio Apocalypsis (Bede), 256

  Expositio super Poetriam (Bartholomew of Bruges), 104

  Ezekiel (biblical prophet), 262, 263–265, 270–272

  Fables, 27, 137, 138, 139

  Fabbrichesi Leo, Rossella, 511

  Fabrici d’Acquapendente, Girolamo, 221n50

  Facsimiles, 227

  Facundo, Beatus of, 252

  False identification, 227, 228, 229, 235–240

  Faral, Edmond, 106, 123, 123n9, 124, 125, 125n10, 342n31

  Al-Farabi, Muhammad, 107, 111, 112, 114

  Fathers of the Church, 93, 132, 243, 258–259, 272

  Feature semantics, 18

  Felix, bishop of Urgel, 278

  Ferdinand and Sancha of Madrid, Beatus of, 265–266, 266

  Fichant, Michel, 420

  Ficino, Marsilio, 186, 235

  Fillmore, Charles J., 56

  Finnegans Wake (Joyce), 67, 70, 439, 569

  First Cause, knowledge of, 159

  Flaubert, Gustave, 255

  Flavius Mithridates, 408, 414

  Flores Rhetorici (Master of Tours), 127

  Florilegia, 243

  Flowcharts, 53, 473, 474, 475, 528

  Focillon, Henri, 280n11, 338

  Fodor, Jerrold, 18n12

  Foigny, Gabriel de, 427, 430, 432, 433–435, 437

  Forest (sylva), metaphor of, 36

  Forgeries, in Middle Ages, 223–225, 248–249; appropriation from unjust possessors, 246–248; categories of false identification, 235–240; difficulties of authentication procedures, 228–235; historical truth and, 241–244; influence of tradition and, 244–246; meaning of knowledge and, 240–241; semiotics of, 225–228

  Forgetfulness, 82, 83–84, 85, 89–93

  Formaggio, Dino, 545

  Foucault, Michel, 27–28

  Fowler, Robert, 21n13

  Francesca da Rimini, 164

  Francis of Assisi, Saint, 189

  Fredborg, K. M., 214n42, 216n44, 369

  Frege, Gottlob, 354

  French language, 424

  French, Peter J., 385

  From the Logical Point of View (Quine), 558

  Frontières de la poésie, Les (Maritain), 317–319

  Frugoni, Arsenio, 146

  Fumagalli, Armando, 511, 513

  Futurists, 582

  Galen, 303n12

  Galileo Galilei, 38, 62, 259, 489, 552

  Galla, Giorgio, 97n4

  Gargani, Aldo G., 379, 566

  Gargantua and Pantagruel (Rabelais), 22–23

  Garin, Eugenio, 409, 414, 545

  Garland the Compotist, 206

  Garroni, Emilio, 457

  Garzoni, Tommaso 415

  Gelasius I, Pope, 86

  Gellius, Aulus, 24

  Gematria, 398

  Genette, Gérard, 440

  Genot-Bismuth, Jacqueline, 306–307

  Gensini, Stefano, 47

  Gentile, Giovanni, 545

  Genus/genera, 6, 42, 81, 103; difference and, 8, 11–12; existence of, 5; genus generalissimum, 7; language and, 446; limits of nature and, 582; metaphor and, 116–117; Porphyrian tree and, 406; as predicate of own species, 7; schematism and, 480

  Geodetics, 46

  Geoffrey of Vinsauf, 123–126, 169

  Geography, 25, 34

  Geomancy, 308

  Geometry, 31, 34, 386, 404, 472, 473

  Gérando, Joseph-Marie de, 436–437

  Gerard of Cremona, 96n3

  Gerbert d’Aurillac (Pope Sylvester II), 230

  Geschiedenis van de aesthetica (De Bruyne), 343

  Gesualdo, Filippo, 75–77, 92, 93

  Geyer, Bernhard, 127, 199n24, 362, 364

  Gibson, James J., 581

  Gil, Ferdinando, 16

  Gilbert of Poitiers, 159

  Gilbert, Katherine, 341

/>   Giles of Rome (Egidius Romanus), 104, 109, 115, 307

  Gilson, Etienne, 230, 232n8

  Glaber, Rodulfus, 284–285

  Glunz, Hans H., 340, 343

  Gnoseology, 524, 560

  Gnosticism, 88, 131

  Godwin, Francis, 427

  Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 155

  Gombrich, Ernst, 520–521

  Goodman, Nelson, 227n5

  Gorni, Guglielmo, 308

  Gouguenheim, Sylvain, 280n11

  Gould, Stephen Jay, 481–482

  Grabmann, Martin, 243

  Grammar and grammarians, 31, 46, 213, 214n42, 291; denotation and, 359; Modistae grammarians, 232, 296; of original Hebrew, 444; paronymity and, 361; transcendental grammar, 424

  Grammatica Speculativa (Thomas of Erfurt), 240

  Grande Antologia Filosofica, 340

  Grazia, Roberto, 486

  Great Chain of Being, 6, 33, 37, 87, 136, 170; constraints imposed by metaphysics of, 420; Llull’s trees and, 400–408

  Greek language, ancient, 22, 23, 96, 97, 231, 235, 454; formation of compound words in, 446; grammar of, 296

  Gregory, Tullio, 245n

  Gregory of Nyssa, 187n15

  Gregory of Rimini, 186

  Greimas, Algirdas Julien, 551, 552, 553, 554

  Grosseteste, Robert, 96n3, 97, 111, 342

  Gruber, Tom R., 60

  Grünbaum, Adolf, 527

  Guattari, François, 54

  Guichard, Estienne, 426

  Guiraut de Borneill, 122–123

  Guldin, Pierre, 420–421, 422

  Gulliver’s Travels (Swift), 426

  Gundisalvi, Dominicus, 111, 112

  Habermas, Jürgen, 583–584

  Hackett, Jerremiah, 113n18

  Haiman, John, 55n33

  Halm, Carolus, 120, 122n7

  Havet, Julien, 230

  Haywood, Ian, 225n2

  Hebdomad, 442

  Hebrew language, 22, 23, 231, 232, 235, 408; adulterated translations of original text in, 490; grammar of, 444; letters used in Kabbalism, 386, 397, 398, 399, 411; as matrix language, 440; as perfect original language of Adam, 293, 294–295, 297, 298, 299, 300–301, 424; philology and, 286; as protolanguage, 304; representation of divine name and, 302, 303, 304; Thomassin’s dictionary of, 453

  Hegel, G. W. F., 245

  Heidegger, Martin, 240, 374, 441, 460, 471, 582; “death of God” and, 564, 565; on intuition, 458

  Heraclitus, 84

  Herbals, 30

  Hermann the German (Hermannus Alemmanus), 97, 98–99, 100, 102–104, 107–108, 111, 113

  Hermeneutics, 132, 242, 258, 259, 580, 582

  Hermes Trismegistus (mythical), 235, 240

  Hermeticism, 122, 235, 419

  Herodotus, 24, 182, 306

  Herren, Michael W., 122, 342n32

  Hesiod, 445

  Heuristics, 414

  Hexaemeron (Saint Basil), 182, 186

  Hieroglyphica (Horapollon), 192

  Hieroglyphica (Valeriano), 192

  Hieroglyphics, 27, 40, 81, 229, 444

  Hildegard of Bingen, 284

  Hilduin, 238

  Hillel of Verona, 306, 307

  Hillgarth, Jocelyn N., 411n16

  Hippolytus of Rome, 129n12, 256, 282

  Hisperica Famina, 122, 342n32

  Histoire des Sévarambes, L’ (Vairasse), 427

  Histoire naturelle (Buffon), 183

  Histoire véritable du bienheureux Raymond Lulle (Vernon), 409

  Historia animalium [History of Animals] (Aristotle), 174, 182, 185

  Historia Naturalis (Pliny), 25

  Historiarum libri (Glaber), 284

  Historicism, 337

  Historiography, 93, 230, 242, 337, 510

  History of Aesthetic (Bosanquet), 339

  History of Aesthetics (Gilbert and Kuhn), 341

  History of Aesthetics (Tatarkiewicz), 341

  History of Criticism and Literary Taste in Europe (Saintsbury), 339–340

  Hjelmslev, Louis, 18–19, 80, 353–354, 514, 582–583

  Hobbes, Thomas, 380–383

  Holt, Elizabeth G. 341

  Höltgen, Carl Josef, 192

  Holy Grail, 227

  Holtz, Louis, 209n37

  Homer, 131, 138, 147, 445, 571

  Homonyms and homonymy, 81, 161, 257, 259, 558, 574

  Honorius of Autun, 87, 105, 111, 135

  Horace, 147, 285, 315, 546

  Horapollon, 192

  Hugh of Fouilloy, 186, 192, 272

  Hugh of Saint Victor, 105, 111, 137, 186

  Huizinga, Johan, 339n25, 343

  Humanism, Renaissance, 235, 308, 343

  Human sciences, 38, 556, 557

  Humboldt, 424

  Hume, David, 459, 528, 529

  Hungerland, Isabel C., 382

  Husserl, Edmund, 354, 461, 477

  Huysmans, Joris-Karl, 254, 342n32

  Hylomorphism, 344

  Hyperonymia and hyperonyms, 7, 19

  Hypertext, 45

  Iamblichus, 129n12

  Iconicity, 213

  Iconism, primary, 508, 509, 520, 522, 529

  Idea del theatro (Giulio Camillo), 35

  Idel, Moshe, 408

  Iliad (Homer), 571

  Illuminated manuscripts, 227n6, 260

  Imagination, 471–472, 482, 528

  Immanuel of Rome, 307

  Imola, Benvenuto da, 147

  “Inanis impetus” [“Antagonism that achieves nothing”] (Alciati), 193

  In artem brevis R. Llulli (Agrippa), 417

  Inconsistency, 19

  In de divinis nominibus (Thomas Aquinas), 348

  Indexes (indices), 36, 41, 200, 203, 205

  Indo-European hypothesis, 440

  Inference, relationship of, 195, 513, 516

  Inferno (Dante Alighieri), 132, 147

  Ingredientibus (Abelard), 198, 362

  In Sphaerum Ioannis de Sacro Bosco (Clavius), 420

  Instauratio Magna, 36–37

  Institutiones grammaticae (Priscian), 244–245n14

  Institutio oratoria (Quintillian), 22n

  Intentionality, 199, 206, 218

  Interchangeability, presumption of, 237–238

  International Association for Semiotic Studies, 1

  Interpretability, 20–21

  Interpretance, 21

  Interpretants, 50, 51, 52

  Interpretation, 51, 90–91, 149, 250, 352, 536; adulterated, 491; Beatus and, 254; knowledge and, 524; moral, 30; multiple interpretations of Scripture, 257, 258; Peircean, 565; perceptual judgment and, 469; reliability of, 571; rhetorical, 433; schematism and, 486; truth-conditional semantics and, 561; use of text and, 581; visualization of Scripture and, 270–271; World-Mind experiment and, 576–577

  Intuition, 313, 314, 458, 463, 465, 515, 578; creative, 324–325, 326; Croce’s theory of, 532, 538; immediacy of, 511, 513; as inner expression, 318; intellectual, 345–352; intuition-expression, 534, 535; language and, 491; perceptual judgment and, 468; schema and, 471, 477–478, 484; sign and, 543; in Thomistic epistemology, 330

  In visionem Ezechielis (Richard of Saint Victor), 272–273

  Irenaeus of Lyon, 256, 282n13

  Irrweg labyrinth, 52–53, 53

  Isagoge (Porphyry), 4, 5, 12, 96, 162

  Isidore of Seville, 30–31, 111, 119, 441; etymology of, 232, 447–448; on intelligence of dogs, 185–186; on names of God, 300–301

  Jackendoff, Ray, 517

  Jakobson, Roman, 1, 78

  James, William, 529

  James of Venice, 96, 96nn2–3

  Jeauneau, Edouard, 244n13

  Jerome, Saint, 186, 231, 251, 254, 256

  Jesus Christ, 29, 30, 40, 235; Antichrist and, 282n12, 284; Apocalypse and, 275, 279; Hoy Grail and, 227; language spoken by, 295

  Jews, 191, 231–232, 283, 307, 425

  Joco-seriorum naturae et artis (Schott), 39

  John of Dacia, 111, 213n40

  John of Garland (Johannes de
Garlandia), 105, 124

  John of Jandun, 115

  John of Saint Thomas (John Poinsot), 321, 333, 347

  John of Salisbury, 121, 123, 138, 139, 238, 356, 401

  John of the Cross, 317

  Johnson, Mark, 64n35

  Johnston, Mark D., 389n8, 395, 397, 408n14

  John the Apostle, 256, 280

  John the Baptist, 260

  John the Saracen, 238

  Joyce, James, 67, 68, 92, 334, 343n, 439, 569

  Julian the Apostate, 442

  Kabbalah, 301–303, 304, 306, 308, 400; Llullism after Pico and, 422; names of, 386; Sephirot of, 400, 412

  Kabbalism, 23, 283, 426; Christian, 385; Llullism compared with, 397–399; Pico della Mirandola and, 408–414

  Kandinsky, Wassily, 528

  Kant, Immanuel, 1, 168, 333, 347, 457–458, 484–487; empirical concepts in, 458–466; on intuition, 525; judgments of perception, 466–471; schema of the dog and, 474–478; schema of unknown object and, 478–484; on schematism, 471–474; thing-in-itself, 584

  Kant and the Platypus [K & P] (Eco), 72, 508, 509, 511, 515; on immediacy of intuition, 513; interpretation and, 567; on perspectives in Peirce, 524–525; semantics and, 550, 562, 563; World-Mind experiment in, 571–585

  Katz, Jerrold J., 18n12, 19

  Kepler, Johannes, 62, 487, 537

  Kern, Hermann, 52

  Kilwardby, Robert, 127, 214n42

  Kircher, Athanasius, 40, 222n50, 229n7, 386, 393–394, 394n10, 405n12, 426, 444

  Knowledge, 22, 27, 38, 86, 119, 151, 456; analogy and, 159, 163, 167, 168; animal symbolism and, 193; ars excerpendi and, 83; branches of, 48; chain of, 33; conceptual, 536; continuity of, 245; encyclopedias of, 436–437; global, 50; historical, 235, 241; inferential, 513, 524; innate knowledge of animals, 175; intellectual intuition and, 350–351; interpretation and, 28–29; latency of, 87–88; linguistic, 21, 305, 463; metaphor as instrument of, 95, 117; mnemonic tradition and, 261; mystical, 334; open-ended conception of, 55; organization of, 26, 34; perfectibility of, 421; poetic, 141, 318, 320, 324, 326; representation of, 3; reunification of, 35; sense perception and, 466, 467, 468; specialized, 72, 87; Thomistic theory of, 333; transcendentalization of, 487; transmission of, 24

  Koch, Josef, 311n2

  Komensky, Jan Amos, 35n23

  Kovach, Francis, 341

  Kunstliteratur, Die (Magnino), 340

  Kripke, Saul, 550

  Kuhn, Helmut, 341

  Labyrinths, 36–37, 48, 68; as semantic networks, 57; types of, 52–55, 53, 54; vertigo of, 74–78, 88, 93, 94

  Lactantius, 256

  Lakoff, George, 64n35

  Lalande, André, 347

  Lamb, Sidney M., 553

  Lambert, Johann Heinrich, 459n2

  Lambert of Auxerre, 206, 208n33

  Lambertini, Roberto, 171–172n, 343n 373–374

  Lamennais, Hughes-Felicité-Robert de, 441

  Landes, Richard, 280n11

 

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