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To Arms

Page 176

by Hew Strachan


  Voluntary Aid Detachments 109

  Von der Tann, S.M.S. 416–17, 428, 431, 434

  Vorontsov-Dashkov, Count 719, 776, 786

  Vorticism 140

  Vorwärts 120–1, 144, 146, 151

  Vosges 177, 194, 213, 253

  Vyborg 116

  Wahabi 807

  Wahehe 574, 622

  Wahle, Kurt 592, 597–8, 615, 617–19, 622–3, 629, 632–3, 637

  Waldersee, Alfred von 54, 167, 287

  Waldersee, Georg von 290–1, 319, 324

  Wallace, C. A. 620

  Wallas, Graham 135

  Walvis Bay 548, 554, 560, 600

  Wami river 612

  Wandel, Franz 1001–2, 1009, 1035–6, 1038

  Wandervogel 148, 153

  Wangenheim, Hans von 666–9, 671, 676, 686–7, 697–8, 716, 730, 732, 746, 770–1, 774, 780, 782–4

  Wangeni 629

  Wapshare, R. 584, 586, 599

  war aims 1114–15

  see also under individual countries

  war enthusiasm 161–2, 905, 1013–14

  see also under individual countries

  War on War League 544

  Warburg, Max 946, 975

  Warburg, Paul 973

  Warburgs 942, 944, 948

  Ward, Joseph 444–5

  War Industries Committee 1097, 1099–101, 1112

  Warrender, George 428–30

  Warsaw 287, 290, 306–8, 316, 318, 326–7, 347, 359, 361, 364–6, 369–71, 1093

  Wash, the 427

  Wassmuss, Wilhelm 771, 780–2, 786, 788–9

  Watanists 730–1

  Waterberg 565–6

  Waterloo, battle of 211

  Waziristan 807–8

  weather 369–70, 373, 391, 428–9, 477, 504, 602, 607, 609–10, 614, 626, 629, 716, 725–6, 728, 749, 994, 996

  Weber, Alfred 1131

  Weber, Max 1, 9–10, 103, 139, 1122, 1133, 1137

  Webb, Sidney 864

  Wedekind, Frank 141

  Wegener, Wolfgang 438–9

  Weihaiwei 455

  Weizmann, Chaim 1083

  Wells, H. G. xv-xvi, 162, 1115, 1124

  Wermuth, Adolf 852, 890–1

  Wesso 525–6

  West, G. H. 1075, 1079

  West Africa 497–9, 506, 509

  West African Frontier Force 495, 502, 505, 511, 521, 627

  West Indies 407, 454

  Westinghouse 1107

  wheat 979, 982, 985–7

  Whimo 618

  Whitby 429

  White, Henry 1010

  Wiegand, Theodor 711

  Wielmans, General 276

  Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Ulrich von 1122, 1125

  Wild von Hohenborn, Adolf 1035–6

  Wilhelm I 454

  Wilhelm II 6–9, 11–12, 15–16, 20–1, 26, 32–3, 37, 51–3, 57, 60, 71–3, 75, 85–6, 88–90, 121, 123, 142, 151, 172–3, 175–6, 208, 234–5, 262–3, 406, 409, 411–13, 423–6, 431, 437, 440, 449, 462, 1010, 1120, 1132–3, 1137

  and Turkish alliance 666, 695–6, 700, 708

  Wilhelm, Crown Prince of Prussia 207, 235–6

  Wilhelmshaven 406, 426, 449

  Wilhelmstal 571, 598

  Willenberg 329

  Wilson, Arthur 27, 380–1, 386–7, 389–90, 392, 394–5, 400, 402–3, 422

  Wilson, Henry 26–7, 29, 93, 198–206, 222, 249, 252, 271, 374, 382, 1012

  Wilson, Woodrow 456, 832, 877, 944, 966–7, 974, 976, 978

  Winchester 1107

  Windhoek 452, 548, 556–8, 560, 562, 564–5, 589

  Wingate, Reginald 729, 747–9

  Winnington-Ingram, Arthur 1116

  Wintgens, Max 570, 585, 617–18, 629–31, 640

  wireless 233–4, 391–2, 421–3, 427–8, 434–5, 445, 450–2, 465, 467, 470–1, 474–5, 505, 508, 555, 558, 565, 588–9, 762, 764, 781

  Wiseman, William 804

  Witte, Sergei 844

  Wolf, Theodor 151–2

  Agency 706

  women and support for the war 107–10, 155, 161

  Woodward, Llewellyn 78

  Woolley, Leonard 737

  Worcestershire Regiment 277

  Woyrsch, Remus von 351

  Wum Biagas 530, 536

  Wundt, Wilhelm 1128, 1130

  Wuri 523–4

  Württemberg 152, 1029

  Albrecht, Grand Duke of 207, 274

  Wyck, Neels van 564

  Wyllie, Curzon 794

  Wytschaete 277

  Yamamoto Gombei 457

  Yanushkevitch, N. 84, 314–15, 318, 786

  Yao 636

  Yap 452

  Yarmouth 428

  Yashiro Rokuro 464

  Yasu, Lij 747

  Yemen 658, 683, 706

  Yeniköy 725–7

  Yola 516, 521–2, 704

  Emir of 533, 542

  Ypres 266, 273, 275–80, 367–8, 371, 993–4, 999, 1002

  Yser 270, 273–6

  Yuan Shih-kai 456, 462–3, 483, 485–9, 802–3

  Yudenich, Nicolai 719, 725–7, 786

  Yukaduma 525–7, 532

  Yunnan 488

  Zabern 28, 119, 149

  Zaians 767

  Zambezi river 600, 621, 636, 639

  Zandvoorde 276

  Zanzibar 10, 406, 575, 580, 588, 704

  Zeebrugge 202, 273

  Zekki Pasha 735, 738

  Zenker, Hans 431

  Zentral-Einkauf Gesellschaft 944–5

  Zeppelin 211, 431, 590

  Zhilinskii, I. G. 307, 309, 315–18, 326–8, 331–2, 335

  Zimmerman, in Cameroons 517, 524, 526–7, 529, 533, 535, 537–40, 570, 643

  Zimmermann, Arthur 72–3, 697, 700, 707, 774

  Zimmern, Alfred 1114, 1124–7

  Zionism 696–7

  Zivin 727

  Zlocow 353

  Zlota Lipa river 353, 356

  Zugmayer, Erich 781, 788

  Zuwaitinah 750

  Zuwarah 751

  Zweig, Stefan 104–5, 141

  1 Tim Travers, ‘The development of British military historical writing and thought from the eighteenth century to the present’, in Charters, Milner, Wilson (eds.), Military history and the military profession, 34; see also Hew Strachan ‘“The Real War”: Liddell Hart, Cruttwell, and Falls’, in Bond (ed.), The First World War and British military history. (Full references to works cited in the notes will be found in the Bibliography.)

  2 Lindsay, The London Scottish in the Great War, 48–53.

  3 See Alex Danchev, ‘“Bunking” and debunking: the controversies of the 1960s, in Bond (ed.), The First World War and British military history, 263, 279–81.

  4 Talbot Kelly, A subaltern’s odyssey, 19.

  5 Strachan, ‘“The Real War” ‘, in Bond (ed.), First World War and British military history, 59.

  6 Wells, Mr Britling sees it through, 206.

  7 The Times, 9 Nov. 1981.

  1 In addition to books specified in subsequent footnotes, the following works have been of general assistance throughout this chapter: Albertini, Origins of the war ; Berghahn, Germany and the approach of war ; Bridge and Bullen, Great powers and the European states system ; Droz, Les causes ; Fischer, War of illusions ; Jarausch, Enigmatic chancellor ; Joll, Origins ; Kaiser, Journal of modern history, LV (1983), 442–74; Keiger, France and the origins ; Kennedy, Rise ; Koch (ed.), Origins ; Krumeich, Armaments ; Steiner, Britain and the origins ; Williamson, Politics of grand strategy.

  2 Langdon, July 1914, 20–65; Herwig, International Security, XII (1972), 5–44; Droz, Les causes, 12–19.

  3 Lloyd George, War memoirs, i. 32.

  4 Fay, Origins of the world war, i. 2.

  5 Renouvin, La Crise européeenne, 1939 edn., 183.

  6 Fischer, War of illusions, pp. viii-ix; on Fischer’s reaction to the debate, see Fisher World power or decline ; Droz, Les causes, provides an excellent historiographical survey.

  7 I. Geiss, ‘Origins of the first world war’, in Ko
ch (ed.), Origins, 46.

  8 Tables in Trebilcock, Industrialisation, 433–5.

  9 Quoted by Paul Kennedy, in Röhl and Sombart (eds.), Kaiser Wilhelm II, 155. Much of what follows rests on the essays in this book, particularly those of Röhl and Deist, and on Isabel V. Hull, The entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II.

  10 Hull, The entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 97; see also Craig, Modern Germany, 273.

  11 Quoted by Craig, in New York Review of Books, 18 Feb. 1988 (refferring to Mommsen, Weber).

  12 Peter Winzen, ‘Zur Genesis von Weltmacht—Konzept und Weltpolitik’, in Röhl (ed.), Der Ort Kaiser Wilhelms II.

  13 Steiner, Britain and the origins, 68–71; Herwig, Luxury fleet, ch. 6, esp. pp. 106–7.

  14 midst the vast literature on this subject, Kaiser, Journal of Modern History, LV (1983), 442–74, speaks much sense.

  15 The main works in English on the naval programme are Herwig, Luxury fleet, and Steinberg, Yesterday’s deterrent.

  16 Kennedy, Anglo-German antagonism, 291.

  17 Offer, First World War, 6; Sumida, In defence of naval supremacy, 7, 13–23.

  18 Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, chs. 1 and 2.

  19 On German naval plans, see Lambi, Navy and German power politics, esp. 242–4, 257–60.

  20 Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, and Prussian war planning, 207–8; Herrmann, Arming of Europe, 30–5, 37–41, 52–5; Stevenson, Armaments and the coming of war, 68–75.

  21 Balfour, Kaiser, 252–4.

  22 Keiger, France and the origins, ch. 2; Hayne, French foreign office, 139–40.

  23 Marder, From the Dreadnought, i. 40–2.

  24 Sumida, In defence of naval supremacy, 37–61.

  25 Marder (ed.), Fear God and dread nought, ii. 51, 55.

  26 Howard, Continental commitment, 51–2; on the British position in general, see Steiner, Britain and the origins.

  27 Williamson, Politics of grand strategy, ch. 3, esp. 72–4, 81–3.

  28 Gooch, Plans of war, 217.

  29 McDonald, United government and foreign policy in Russia, 4, 97–110; Neilson, Britain and the last Tsar, pp. xiv, 11–12, 267–9; D. W. Spring, Slavonic and East European Review, LXVI (1988), 583–91.

  30 Epkenhans, Wilhelminische Flottenrüstung, 26.

  31 Jarausch, Enigmatic chancellor, 71–91.

  32 Steiner, Britain and the origins, 60–4.

  33 Ibid. 54–6; Epkenhans, Wilhelminische Flottenrüstung, 32–91.

  34 Duroselle, La France, 12–19; Keiger, France and the origins, 37–40; Kaiser, Politics and war, 321–2.

  35 Keiger, France and the origins, 34; Hayne, French foreign office, 199–214.

  36 Quoted in Morris, The Scaremongers, 286.

  37 Hiley, Historical Journal, XXVI (1983), 881–4.

  38 Herrmann, Arming of Europe, 55–6, 84.

  39 Gooch, Plans of war, 165–73; Gooch, Prospect of war, pp. vii-viii, 93–112; Spiers, Haldane, 3–4, 9, 38–44, 64–5, 71–3, 77–81, 193–5.

  40 Paul Hayes, ‘Britain, Germany and the Admiralty’s plans for attacking German territory 1906–1915’, in Freedman et al. (eds.), War, strategy and international politics.

  41 Grigg, Lloyd George, 133; Gilbert, Lloyd George, 76.

  42 Gregor Schöllgen, ‘Germany’s foreign policy in the age of imperialism: a vicious circle?’, 129–30, and Gustav Schmidt, ‘Contradictory postures and conflicting objectives: the July crisis’, 138, in Schöllgen (ed.), Escape into war?.

  43 Steiner, Britain and the origins, 244–5; also 113, 117.

  44 Hayne, French foreign policy, 242–3.

  45 Stevenson, Armaments and the coming of war, 239–41.

  46 On Poincaré’s policy in general, see Keiger, France and the origins ; on the importance of the 1912 guarantees, L. C. F. Turner, ‘Russian mobilisation in 1914’ in Kennedy (ed.), War plans, 252–6.

  47 Krumeich, Armaments, ch. 6.

  48 Ritter, Sword and the sceptre, ii. 223.

  49 Krumeich, Armaments, esp. 17–18, 125.

  50 Quoted in ibid. 74.

  51 Herwig, Luxury fleet, 75.

  52 Marder, From the Dreadnought, i. 275–6; Epkenhans, Wilhelminische Flottenrüstung, 114–42.

  53 Stevenson, Armaments and the coming of war, 174–5, 215.

  54 Geyer, Deutsche Rüstungspolitik, 89.

  55 Kroboth, Finanzpolitik des Deutschen Reiches, 306, 312.

  56 Epkenhans, Wilhelminische Flottenrüstungspolitik, 312–24, 343, 396.

  57 Churchill, Unknown war, 49.

  58 Thompson, In the eye of the storm, 60–5.

  59 In addition to the works cited in n. 1 above, the following books and articles have been of general assistance in the writing of this section: Beztuzhev, Journal of Contemporary History, I (1966), 93–112; Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo ; Dedijer, Road to Sarajevo ; Lieven, Russia and the origins ; Leslie, Wiener Beiträge, XX (1993), 307–94; Linke, Miltärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen, 32 (1982), 9–34;May, Passing of the Hapsburg monarchy ; Mommsen, Central European History, VI (1973), 3–43; Mommsen, ‘Topos of inevitable war in Germany in the decade before 1914’, in Berghahn and Kitchen (eds.), Germany in the age of total war ; Pares, Fall of the Russian monarchy ; Renouvin, Crise Européenne ; Röhl, Historical Journal, XII (1969), 651–73; C. J. Smith, Russia’s struggle for power ; Stone, Past and Present, 33 (1966), 95–111; Turner, Origins ; Valiani, End of Austria-Hungary ; Williamson, Austria-Hungary ; Zeman, Break-up of the Habsburg Empire.

  60 Macartney, Habsburg Empire, 755–6; Trebilcock, Industrialization, 443–4; Valiani, End of Austria Hungary, 4.

  61 Fischer, ‘World policy, world power and German war aims’, in Koch (ed.), Origins, 150–1.

  62 Bridge, From Sadowa, 277–80; see also 268–9; Dedijer, Road to Sarajevo, 368–9.

  63 Shanafelt, The secret enemy, 4–6.

  64 Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 14–30; Renouvin, Crise européene, 94; Leslie, Wiener Beiträge, XX (1993), 367–8.

  65 May, Hapsburg monarchy, 394.

  66 Dedijer, Road to Sarajevo, ch. 7.

  67 Bridge, From Sadowa, 297–324, provides much detail on the Bosnian crisis; for the Russian perspective, see Lieven, Russia and the origins, 33–7; McDonald, Union government and foreign policy, 102, 130–51.

  68 Leslie, Wiener Beiträge, XX (1993), 314, 326–8; Stevenson, Armaments and the coming of war, 85, 114, 141–2; Hermann, Arming of Europe, 108–10.

  69 Fuller, Strategy and power in Russia, 419–20; Neilson, Britain and the last Tsar, 289, 296–302.

  70 Lambi, Navy and German power politics, 304.

  71 Tunstall, Planning for war, 60–8; Hermann, Arming of Europe, 128–30; Stevenson, Armaments and the coming of war, 114–22.

  72 Dedijer, Road to Sarajevo, 371–8.

  73 Fritz Fischer’s writings are the main source for these points; see Germany’s aims, 9–11, 28–9; War of Illusions, 6–11, 139–40; Fischer, in Koch (ed.), Origins.

  74 Herwig, ‘Imperial Germany’, in E. May (ed.), Knowing one’s enemies, 82.

  75 Bosworth, Italy and the approach, 17.

  76 Herwig, in May (ed.), Knowing one’s enemies, 86.

  77 Fischer, War of Illusions, 291–8; Fischer, in Koch (ed.), Origins, 141–8.

  78 Lieven, Russia and the origins, 45–6.

  79 Fuller, Strategy and power in Russia, 396, 427–30, 433.

  80 See p. 29.

  81 Hermann, Arming of Europe, 178.

  82 Zeman, ‘The Balkans and the coming of war’, in Evans and Pogge von Strandmann (eds.), The coming, 31.

  83 Schulte, Europäische Krise, 295–6; also Vor dem Kriegsausbruch, 14–15, 39–46.

  84 Bridge, From Sadowa, 348; Williamson, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, XVIII (1988), 800; L. C. F. Turner, ‘The Russian mobilisation in 1914’, in Kennedy (ed.), War plans, 252–6; McDonald, United government, 180–6.

  85 Jarausch, Enigmatic chancellor, 133–4.

  86 Fischer, War of illusions, 160–203;Röhl, Histor
ical Journal, XII (1969), 651–73;Röhl, Kaiser and his court, 162–89. A constructive critique is Lambi, Navy and German power politics, 382–4.

  87 Rosenberger, Zeitungen als Kriegstreiber?, 213.

  88 Quoted in Hecker, Rathenau, 148. The fullest discussion of the needs of training and civil order is in the writings of Schulte, Die Deutsche Armee ; Vor dem Kriegsausbruch ; Europäische Krise. See also Stevenson, Armaments and the coming of war, 295–6.

  89 Geyer, Deutsche Rüstungspolitik, 88; the discussion which follows rests on Hermann, Arming of Europe, and Stevenson, Armaments and the coming of war.

  90 Kitchen, German officer corps, 65–6, 72.

  91 Ritter, Sword and the sceptre, ii. 106–7, 194, denies this; but see Lambi, Navy and German power politics, 242–4, 259–60.

  92 Hull, Wilhelm II, 239–42, 255–9, 262–5; see also Groener, Lebenserinnerungen, 136.

  93 März, Austrian banking, 103.

  94 Leslie, Wiener Beiträge, XX (1993), 315–17, 333–40, 360–9, 377–9; Leslie, ‘Österreich-Ungarn vor dem Kriegsausbruch’, 667–70; Stevenson, Armaments and the coming of war, 253–5, 267–75; Rauchensteiner, Tod des Doppeladlers, 20–1.

 

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