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NOTES
Prologue: “Why Are All the Black Kids Still Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?” and Other Conversations About Race in the Twenty-First Century
1. Steve Phillips, Brown Is the New White: How the Demographic Revolution Has Created a New American Majority (New York: The New Press, 2016), 7.
2. I am choosing to use the term Latinx, rather than Latino or Latina, as a gender-inclusive, nonbinary way of referring to people of Latin American descent.
3. Marta Tienda, “Diversity as a Strategic Advantage: A Sociodemographic Perspective,” in Our Compelling Interests: The Value of Diversity for Democracy and a Prosperous Society, ed. Earl Lewis and Nancy Cantor (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016), 204.
4. US Census Bureau, “Annual Estimates of the Resident Population by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin for the United States and States: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015,” American FactFinder, May 2015, https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml.
5. Pew Research Center, The Rise of Asian Americans, June 19, 2012, updated April 4, 2013, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2012/06/19/the-rise-of-asian-americans/.
6. Besheer Mohamed, “A New Estimate of the U.S. Muslim Population,” Fact Tank, Pew Research Center, January 6, 2016, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/01/06/a-new-estimate-of-the-u-s-muslim-population/.
7. Pew Research Center, Multiracial in America, June 11, 2015, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/06/11/multiracial-in-america/.
8. Carl Kaestle, “Federalism and Inequality in Education: What Can History Tell Us?,” in The Dynamics of Opportunity in America: Evidence and Perspectives, ed. Irwin Kirsch
and Henry Braun (Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service, 2016).
9. Thomas J. Sugrue, “Less Separate, Still Unequal: Diversity and Equality in ‘Post-Civil Rights’ America,” in Our Compelling Interests: The Value of Diversity for Democracy and a Prosperous Society, ed. Earl Lewis and Nancy Cantor (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016).
10. For a detailed discussion of the Supreme Court rulings that set the stage for school resegregation, see Beverly Daniel Tatum, “The Resegregation of Our Schools and the Affirmation of Identity,” in Can We Talk About Race? and Other Conversations in an Era of School Resegregation (Boston: Beacon Press, 2007).
11. Gary Orfield et al., Brown at 62: School Segregation by Race, Poverty and State (Los Angeles: Civil Rights Project, University of California at Los Angeles, 2016).
12. Daria Roithmayr, Reproducing Racism: How Everyday Choices Lock In White Advantage (New York: NYU Press, 2014), Kindle edition, location 732.
13. Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), 53.
14. Ibid., 55.
15. Roithmayr, Reproducing Racism, location 736.
16. National Fair Housing Alliance, Unequal Opportunity—Perpetuating Housing Segregation in America, April 5, 2006, http://nationalfairhousing.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/trends2006.pdf.
17. Douglas S. Massey and Jonathan Tannen, “Segregation, Race and the Social Worlds of Rich and Poor,” in The Dynamics of Opportunity in America: Evidence and Perspectives, ed. Irwin Kirsch and Henry Baum (Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service, 2016).
18. William H. Frey, “The ‘Diversity Explosion’ Is America’s Twenty-First-Century Baby Boom,” in Our Compelling Interests: The Value of Diversity for Democracy and a Prosperous Society, ed. Earl Lewis and Nancy Cantor (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016).
19. Camille Zubrinsky Charles, Won’t You Be My Neighbor? Race, Class and Residence in Los Angeles (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2006).
20. Sugrue, “Less Separate, Still Unequal,” 51.
21. John Iceland, Daniel H. Weinberg, and Erika Steinmetz, “The Residential Segregation of American Indians and Alaska Natives: 1980–2000,” in Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation in the United States: 1980–2000, US Census Bureau, August 2002, https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/resseg/pdf/ch3.pdf.
22. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Racism Without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in America, 4th ed. (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2014), 241.
23. Sugrue, “Less Separate, Still Unequal,” 49.
24. Massey and Tannen, “Segregation, Race and the Social Worlds of Rich and Poor,” 31.
25. Roithmayr, Reproducing Racism, location 916.
26. “Remarks by the President at Howard University Commencement Ceremony” (press release), The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, May 7, 2016, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/05/07/remarks-president-howard-university-commencement-ceremony.
27. Drew DeSilver, “Supreme Court Says States Can Ban Affirmative Action; 8 Already Have,” Fact Tank, Pew Research Center, April 22, 2014, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/04/22/supreme-court-says-states-can-ban-affirmative-action-8-already-have/.
28. Brief for 39 Undergraduate and Graduate Student Organizations Within the University of California as Amicus Curiae, Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/14-981_amicus_resp_39UndergraduateandGraduateStudentOrganizations.authcheckdam.pdf.
29. William C. Kidder, “The Salience of Racial Isolation: African Americans’ and Latinos’ Perceptions of Climate and Enrollment Choices with and Without Proposition 209,” Civil Rights Project at UCLA / Proyecto Derechos Civiles, October 2012.
30. Brief for the University of Michigan as Amicus Curiae, Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/FILED-14-981-bsac-U.-Michigan-11-2-15.pdf.
31. Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 579 US (2016), https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/15pdf/14-981_4g15.pdf.
32. Barbara Ehrenreich and Dedrick Muhammad, “The Destruction of the Black Middle Class,” Huffington Post, September 3, 2009 (updated May 25, 2011), http://www.huffingtonpost.com/barbara-ehrenreich/the-destruction-of-the-bl_b_250828.html.
33. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey,” retrieved October 7, 2016, https://www.bls.gov/cps/.
34. Anthony Carnevale and Nicole Smith, “The Economic Value of Diversity,” in Our Compelling Interests: The Value of Diversity for Democracy and a Prosperous Society, ed. Earl Lewis and Nancy Cantor (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016), 127.
35. Robert Kelchen, “Financial Need and Aid Volatility Among Students with Zero Expected Family Contribution,” Journal of Student Financial Aid 44, no. 3 (2015): 190, http://publications.nasfaa.org/jsfa/vol44/iss3/2/.
36. Ibid.
37. Hope Yen, “80 Percent of U.S. Adults Face Near-Poverty, Unemployment: Survey,” Huffington Post, July 28, 2013, http://conservativeread.com/80-percent-of-u-s-adults-face-near-poverty-unemployment-survey/.
38. Carol Anderson, White Rage: The Unspoken Truth of Our Racial Divide (New York: Bloomsbury, 2016).
39. Equal Justice Initiative, Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror (Montgomery, AL: Equal Justice Initiative, 2015).
40. For compelling oral histories of the African American Great Migration and the efforts to circumvent threats of violence and/or imprisonment by White southerners desperate to keep the Black labor force intact, see Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration (New York: Random House, 2010).
41. Anderson, White Rage, 103.
42. For an in-depth discussion of the strategic use of racism in the form of dog whistle politics, see Ian Haney López, Dog Whistle Politics: How Coded Racial Appeals Have Reinvented Racism and Wrecked the Middle Class (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).
43. Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow (New York: The New Press, 2010), 180.
44. The Sentencing Project, Fact Sheet: Incarcerated Women and Girls, November 2015, http://www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Incarcerated-Women-and-Girls.pdf.
45. The Sentencing Project, Fact Sheet: Trends in U.S. Corrections, 2016, http://sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Trends-in-US-Corrections.pdf.
46. Lauren E. Glaze and Laura M. Maruschak, Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children, US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, March 30, 2010, https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/pptmc.pdf.
47. Alexander, The New Jim Crow, 58.
48. “Obama’s Victory on Newspaper Front Pages,” Huffington Post, December 6, 2008, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/11/05/obamas-victory-on-newspap_n_141311.html.
49. Susan Page, “Poll: Hopes Are High for Race Relations,” USA Today, weekend edition, November 7–9, 2008, https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/2008-11-06-poll_N.htm#.
50. López, Dog Whistle Politics, 150.
51. Anderson, White Rage, 138.
52. Rosalind S. Helderman and Jon Cohen, “As Republican Convention Emphasizes Diversity, Racial Incidents Intrude,” Washington Post, August 29, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2012/08/29/b9023a52-f1ec-11e1-892d-bc92fee603a7_story.html.
53. Anderson, White Rage, 150.
54. Voting Rights Act of 1965, Pub. L. 89-110, 79 Stat. 437.
55. Shelby County v. Holder, 570 U.S. (2013), https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/12-96_6k47.pdf.
56. Anderson, White Rage, 151.
57. Jane Mayer, “The Voter-Fraud Myth,” New Yorker, October 29, 2012, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/29/the-voter-fraud-myth.
58. Anderson, White Rage, 152.
59. Ibid.
60. Veasey et al. v. Perry et al., 574
U.S. (2014), Ginsburg, J., dissenting), https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14a393_08m1.pdf.
61. Anderson, White Rage, 153.
62. López, Dog Whistle Politics, 151.
63. Seth Stephens-Davidowitz, “The Data of Hate,” New York Times, July 12, 2014, https://nyti.ms/1kifZ4t.
64. Tina Nguyen, “Suspected Church Shooter Allegedly Said He Wanted to Start a Race War,” Vanity Fair, June 19, 2015, http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/06/charleston-church-shooter-confesses-dylan-roof.
65. DBR MTV Bias Survey Full Report II, April 2014, http://www.lookdifferent.org/about-us/research-studies/1-2014-mtv-david-binder-research-study.
66. DBR MTV Bias Survey Summary, April 2014, http://www.lookdifferent.org/about-us/research-studies/1-2014-mtv-david-binder-research-study.
67. Mahzarin. R. Banaji and Anthony G. Greenwald, Blindspot: Hidden Biases of Good People (New York: Delacorte Press, 2013), Kindle edition, location 3105–3107.
68. “Trayvon Martin Shooting Fast Facts,” CNN.com, http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/05/us/trayvon-martin-shooting-fast-facts/, retrieved October 20, 2016; Dan Barry, Serge F. Kovaleski, Campbell Robertson, and Lizette Alvarez, “Race, Tragedy and Outrage Collide After a Shot in Florida,” New York Times, April 1, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/02/us/trayvon-martin-shooting-prompts-a-review-of-ideals.html.
69. “Statement by the President” (press release), The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, July 14, 2013, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/07/14/statement-president.
70. Wesley Lowery, They Can’t Kill Us All: Ferguson, Baltimore, and a New Era in America’s Racial Justice Movement (New York: Little, Brown & Company, 2016), 169.
71. Collier Meyerson. “The Founders of Black Lives Matter: ‘We Gave Tongue to Something That We All Knew Was Happening,’” Glamour, November 1, 2016, http://www.glamour.com/story/women-of-the-year-black-lives-matter-founders.
72. Jenna Wortham. “Black Tweets Matter,” Smithsonian, September 2016, 22.
73. Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, From #BlackLivesMatter to Black Liberation (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2016), 151.
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