74. Nicholas Quah and Laura E. Davis, “Here’s a Timeline of Unarmed Black People Killed by Police over Past Year,” BuzzFeed, May 1, 2015, https://www.buzzfeed.com/nicholasquah/heres-a-timeline-of-unarmed-black-men-killed-by-police-over?utm_term=.mxzKnEJLO#.hypOZzjkd.
75. Joe Coscarelli, “No Charges Against Ohio Police in John Crawford III Walmart Shooting, Despite Damning Security Video,” New York, September 24, 2014, http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/09/no-charges-john-crawford-iii-walmart-shooting-video.html.
76. Taylor, From #BlackLivesMatter to Black Liberation, 154.
77. Ibid., 153.
78. Lowery, They Can’t Kill Us All, 27–28.
79. Ibid., 28.
80. Jelani Cobb, “The Matter of Black Lives,” The New Yorker, March 14, 2016, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/03/14/where-is-black-lives-matter-headed.
81. Taylor, From #BlackLivesMatter to Black Liberation, 156.
82. Lowery, They Can’t Kill Us All, 186.
83. Taylor, From #BlackLivesMatter to Black Liberation, 155.
84. Theodore M. Shaw, introduction to The Ferguson Report: Department of Justice Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department, by US Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division (New York: The New Press, 2015), ix.
85. US Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, The Ferguson Report: Department of Justice Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department (New York: The New Press, 2015), 2–3.
86. Lowery, They Can’t Kill Us All, 44.
87. US Department of Justice, The Ferguson Report, 84.
88. Ibid., 104.
89. Ibid., 52.
90. Lowery, They Can’t Kill Us All, 53.
91. US Department of Justice, The Ferguson Report, 47–48.
92. Ibid., 8.
93. Ibid., 102.
94. Ibid., 8.
95. Brad Heath, “Racial Gap in U.S. Arrest Rates: ‘Staggering Disparity,’” USA Today, November 18, 2014, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/11/18/ferguson-black-arrest-rates/19043207/.
96. Matt Zapotowsky, “Justice Department Report Blasts San Francisco Police,” Washington Post, October 12, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/justice-department-report-blasts-san-francisco-police/2016/10/12/becb841c-90a2-11e6-a6a3-d50061aa9fae_story.html.
97. Johnetta Elzie, “‘When I Close My Eyes at Night, I See People Running from Tear Gas,” Ebony, September 8, 2014, http://www.ebony.com/news-views/ferguson-forward-when-i-close-my-eyes-at-night-i-see-people-running-from-tear-ga#ixzz4RSXl9KJj.
98. Taylor, From #BlackLivesMatter to Black Liberation, 159.
99. Ibid., 160–161.
100. Joel Anderson, “Ferguson’s Angry Young Men,” BuzzFeed, August 22, 2014, https://www.buzzfeed.com/joelanderson/who-are-fergusons-young-protesters?utm_term=.mvqJZa3Wm#.ee3apJ4dO.
101. Taylor, From #BlackLivesMatter to Black Liberation, 169.
102. Ibid., 162.
103. Ibid., 170.
104. Ibid., 173.
105. Noah Bertlatsky, “Hashtag Activism Isn’t a Cop-Out,” The Atlantic, January 7, 2015, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/01/not-just-hashtag-activism-why-social-media-matters-to-protestors/384215/.
106. Lowery, They Can’t Kill Us All, 74.
107. “Why Freddie Gray Ran,” Baltimore Sun, April 25, 2015, http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/editorial/bs-ed-freddie-gray-20150425-story.html.
108. Lowery, They Can’t Kill Us All, 167.
109. Taylor, From #BlackLivesMatter to Black Liberation, 176.
110. Ibid., 165.
111. Ibid.
112. Ibid., 166.
113. Cobb, “The Matter of Black Lives.”
114. Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw and Andrea J. Ritchie, Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality Against Black Women (New York: African American Policy Forum, July 2015), http://static1.squarespace.com/static/53f20d90e4b0b80451158d8c/t/560c068ee4b0af26f72741df/1443628686535/AAPF_SMN_Brief_Full_singles-min.pdf.
115. Ibid., 11.
116. Lowery, They Can’t Kill Us All, 208.
117. Beth McMurtrie, “I Believe I Can Leave This Place Better Than I Found It,” Chronicle of Higher Education, January 3, 2016, http://www.chronicle.com/article/What-Its-Like-to-Be-Black-at/234771.
118. Lowery, They Can’t Kill Us All, 208–209.
119. Ibid., 211.
120. McMurtrie, “I Believe I Can Leave This Place Better Than I Found It.”
121. Lowery, They Can’t Kill Us All, 212.
122. Emma Vandelinder, “Racial Climate at MU: A Timeline of Incidents This Fall,” Columbia Missourian, November 6, 2015 (updated November 9, 2015), http://www.columbiamissourian.com/news/higher_education/racial-climate-at-mu-a-timeline-of-incidents-this-fall/article_0c96f986-84c6-11e5-a38f-2bd0aab0bf74.html.
123. Ibid.
124. Lowery, They Can’t Kill Us All, 214.
125. Vandelinder, “Racial Climate at MU.”
126. Sarah Brown, “Activist Group Unites via Social Media,” Chronicle of Higher Education, April 10, 2016, http://www.chronicle.com/article/Activist-Group-Unites-via/235993.
127. We the Protesters, The Demands, http://www.thedemands.org.
128. Hollie Chessman and Lindsay Wayt, “What Are Students Demanding?,” Higher Education Today, American Council on Education, January 13, 2016, https://higheredtoday.org/2016/01/13/what-are-students-demanding/.
129. Vandelinder, “Racial Climate at MU.”
130. Lorelle Espinosa, Hollie Chessman, and Lindsay Wayt, “Racial Climate on Campus: A Survey of College Presidents,” Higher Education Today, http://higheredtoday.org/2016/03/08/racial-climate-on-campus-a-survey-of-college-presidents/.
131. McMurtrie, “I Believe I Can Leave This Place Better Than I Found It.”
132. Robert P. Jones, “Self-Segregation: Why It’s So Hard for Whites to Understand Ferguson,” The Atlantic, August 21, 2014, http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/08/self-segregation-why-its-hard-for-whites-to-understand-ferguson/378928/.
133. Marcia Chatelain, “What Mizzou Taught Me,” Chronicle of Higher Education, November 12, 2015, http://www.chronicle.com/article/What-Mizzou-Taught-Me/234180.
134. Stephanie Woodard, “The Police Killings No One Is Talking About: A Special Investigation,” In These Times, October 17, 2016, http://inthesetimes.com/features/native_american_police_killings_native_lives_matter.html.
135. Ibid.
136. For more information, see Lakota People’s Law Project, Native Lives Matter, February 2015, http://www.docs.lakotalaw.org/reports/Native%20Lives%20Matter%20PDF.pdf.
137. Woodard, “The Police Killings No One Is Talking About.”
138. Chessman and Wayt, “What Are Students Demanding?”
139. Amherst College Demands, November 12, 2015. Retrieved from http://www.thedemands.org/.
140. Cullen Murphy, “Home: Some Thoughts on the Frost Library Protest,” Amherst magazine, August 1, 2016, https://www.amherst.edu/amherst-story/magazine/issues/2016-summer/home.
141. Ibid.
142. Amherst Uprising, “A Letter of Clarification for Amherst Alumni, Family, and Friends,” November 15, 2015, http://amherstuprising.com/demands.html.
143. Murphy, “Home.”
144. Biddy Martin, “President Martin’s Statement on Campus Protests,” November 15, 2015, https://www.amherst.edu/amherst-story/president/statements/node/620480.
145. Amherst Uprising, “A Letter of Clarification.”
146. Murphy, “Home.”
147. Derald Wing Sue, Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation (New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 5.
148. Michael Luo, “An Open Letter to the Woman Who Told My Family to Go Back to China,” New York Times, October 10, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/10/nyregion/to-the-woman-who-told-my-family-to-go-back-to-china.html.
149. Michael Luo, “‘Go Back to China’: Readers Respond to Racist Insults shouted at a New York Times
Editor,” New York Times, October 10, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/11/nyregion/go-back-to-china-readers-respond-to-racist-insults-shouted-at-a-new-york-times-editor.html.
150. Sue, Microaggressions in Everyday Life, 6.
151. “Here’s Donald Trump’s Presidential Announcement Speech,” Time.com, June 16, 2015, http://time.com/3923128/donald-trump-announcement-speech/.
152. Ashley Parker and Steve Eder, “Inside the Six Weeks Donald Trump Was a Nonstop ‘Birther,’” New York Times, July 2, 2016, http://nyti.ms/29o4pbq.
153. Donald Trump, “Full Text: Donald Trump 2016 RNC Draft Speech Transcript, July 21, 2016,” Politico, http://www.politico.com/story/2016/07/full-transcript-donald-trump-nomination-acceptance-speech-at-rnc-225974.
154. Nicholas Confessore, “For Whites Sensing Decline, Donald Trump Unleashes Words of Resistance,” New York Times, July 13, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/14/us/politics/donald-trump-white-identity.html.
155. Ibid.
156. Ibid.
157. Ibid.
158. “Alternative Right,” Southern Poverty Law Center, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/alternative-right.
159. “‘New York Times’ Executive Editor on the New Terrain of Covering Trump,” Fresh Air, NPR, December 8, 2016, http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=504806512.
160. Joseph Goldstein, “Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election with Nazi-Era Salute,” New York Times, November 20, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html.
161. Confessore, “For Whites Sensing Decline, Donald Trump Unleashes Words of Resistance.”
162. Jenna Johnson, “Inside Donald Trump’s Strategic Decision to Target Muslims,” Washington Post, June 21, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/inside-donald-trumps-strategic-decision-to-target-muslims/2016/06/20/d506411e-3241-11e6-8758-d58e76e11b12_story.html.
163. Robert Samuels, “Donald Trump Keeps Attacking Muslims. They Plan to Fight Back at the Ballot Box,” Washington Post, June 15, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/election-rhetoric-spurs-political-awakening-among-muslims-in-new-jersey/2016/06/14/01734464-3237-11e6-8ff7-7b6c1998b7a0_story.html.
164. Johnson, “Inside Donald Trump’s Strategic Decision to Target Muslims.”
165. Jenna Johnson, “Donald Trump to African American and Hispanic Voters: ‘What Do You Have to Lose?’,” Washington Post, August 22, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/08/22/donald-trump-to-african-american-and-hispanic-voters-what-do-you-have-to-lose/.
166. Dara Lind, “The Problem with Violence at Trump Rallies Starts with Trump Himself,” Vox, March 13, 2016, http://www.vox.com/2016/3/11/11202540/trump-violent.
167. Carl Bialik, “How the Republican Field Dwindled from 17 to Donald Trump,” FiveThirtyEight, May 5, 2016, http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-the-republican-field-dwindled-from-17-to-donald-trump/.
168. Jelani Cobb, “After Dallas, the Future of Black Lives Matter,” The New Yorker, July 10, 2016, http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/after-dallas-the-future-of-black-lives-matters.
169. Richard Fausset, Richard Pérez-Peña, and Campbell Robertson, “Alton Sterling Shooting in Baton Rouge Prompts Justice Dept. Investigation,” New York Times, July 6, 2016, http://nyti.ms/29xqUea.
170. Christina Capecchi and Mitch Smith, “Officer Who Shot Philando Castile Is Charged with Manslaughter,” New York Times, November 16, 2016, http://nyti.ms/2eGcSf4.
171. Manny Fernandez, Richard Pérez-Peña, and Jonah Engel Bromwich, “Five Dallas Officers Were Killed as Payback, Police Chief Says,” New York Times, July 8, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/09/us/dallas-police-shooting.html.
172. Lizette Alvarez and Richard Pérez-Peña, “Orlando Gunman Attacks Gay Nightclub, Leaving 50 Dead,” New York Times, June 12, 2016, http://nyti.ms/28u5TJ6.
173. Amy Chozick, “Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump Strike Different Tones After Dallas Shooting,” New York Times, July 8, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/09/us/politics/clinton-trump-shooting-reaction.html.
174. Jelani Cobb, “Honoring the Police and Their Victims,” The New Yorker, July 25, 2016, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/07/25/baton-rouge-st-paul-and-dallas.
175. Cobb, “After Dallas, the Future of Black Lives Matter.”
176. Cobb, “Honoring the Police and Their Victims.”
177. Timothy Williams and Michael Wines, “Shootings Further Divide a Nation Torn over Race,” New York Times, July 8, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/09/us/shootings-further-divide-a-nation-torn-over-race.html.
178. Trump, “Full Text: Donald Trump 2016 RNC Draft Speech Transcript.”
179. Cobb, “Honoring the Police and Their Victims.”
180. Trump, “Full Text: Donald Trump 2016 RNC Draft Speech Transcript.”
181. Danielle Kurtzleben et al., “FACT CHECK: Hillary Clinton’s Speech to the Democratic Convention, Annotated,” July 28, 2016, http://www.npr.org/2016/07/28/487817725/fact-check-hillary-clintons-speech-to-the-democratic-convention-annotated.
182. David A. Fahrenthold, “Trump Recorded Having Extremely Lewd Conversation About Women in 2005,” Washington Post, October 8, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-recorded-having-extremely-lewd-conversation-about-women-in-2005/2016/10/07/3b9ce776-8cb4-11e6-bf8a-3d26847eeed4_story.html.
183. Aaron Blake, “Three Dozen Republicans Have Now Called for Trump to Drop Out,” Washington Post, October 9, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/10/07/the-gops-brutal-responses-to-the-new-trump-video-broken-down/.
184. Sam Frizell, “FBI Director James Comey Under Fire After Hillary Clinton Email Investigation Announcement,” Time, October 29, 2016, http://time.com/4550453/hillary-clinton-james-comey-fbi-emails/.
185. Matt Apuzzo, Michael S. Schmidt, and Adam Goldman, “Emails Warrant No New Action Against Hillary Clinton, F.B.I. Director Says,” New York Times, November 6, 2016, http://nyti.ms/2edtN8v.
186. “Presidential Election Results: Donald J. Trump Wins,” New York Times, December 8, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/elections/results/president.
187. Alec Tyson and Shiva Maniam, “Behind Trump’s Victory: Divisions by Race, Gender, Education,” Fact Tank, Pew Research Center, November 9, 2016, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/09/behind-trumps-victory-divisions-by-race-gender-education/.
188. Laura Morgan Roberts and Robin J. Ely, “Why Did So Many White Women Vote for Donald Trump?,” Fortune, November 17, 2016, http://fortune.com/2016/11/17/donald-trump-women-voters-election/.
189. Sheryl Estrada, “CNN’s Van Jones: ‘White-lash’ Against a Changing U.S. Led to Trump’s Win,” DiversityInc, November 10, 2016, http://www.diversityinc.com/news/cnns-van-jones-white-lash-changing-u-s-led-trumps-win/.
190. Jeffrey Toobin, “The Real Voting Scandal of 2016,” The New Yorker, December 12, 2016, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/12/12/the-real-voting-scandal-of-2016.
191. Ari Berman, “The GOP War on Voting,” Rolling Stone, August 30, 2011, http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the-gop-war-on-voting-20110830.
192. Ari Berman, “Did Republicans Rig the Election?,” The Nation, November 15, 2016. https://www.thenation.com/article/did-republicans-rig-the-election/.
193. Ari Berman, “The GOP’s Attack on Voting Rights Was the Most Under-Covered Story of 2016,” The Nation, November 9, 2016, https://www.thenation.com/article/the-gops-attack-on-voting-rights-was-the-most-under-covered-story-of-2016/.
194. Toobin, “The Real Voting Scandal of 2016.”
195. Alan Rappeport and Noah Weiland, “White Nationalists Celebrate ‘an Awakening’ After Donald Trump’s Victory,” New York Times, November 19, 2016, http://nyti.ms/2fc6vve.
196. Caitlin Dickerson and Stephanie Saul, “Campuses Confront Hostile Acts Against Minorities After Donald Trump’s Election,” New York Times, November 10, 2016, http://nyti.ms/2eFAM5v.
197. Southern
Poverty Law Center, Ten Days After: Harassment and Intimidation in the Aftermath of the Election (November 2016), https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/com_hate_incidents_report_final.pdf.
198. Ibid., 4.
199. Ibid., 6.
200. Nadia Dreid and Shannon Najambadi, “Here’s a Rundown of the Latest Campus-Climate Incidents Since Trump’s Election,” Chronicle of Higher Education, December 6, 2016, http://www.chronicle.com/blogs/ticker/heres-a-rundown-of-the-latest-campus-climate-incidents-since-trumps-election/.
201. Sarah Maslin Nir, “Finding Hate Crimes on the Rise, Leaders Condemn Vicious Acts,” New York Times, December 5, 2016, http://nyti.ms/2h9hmYg.
202. Ibid.
203. Southern Poverty Law Center, Ten Days After, 5.
204. Alan Rappeport, “Civil Rights Groups Call on Trump to Denounce Racism of Alt-Right,” New York Times, November 21, 2016, http://mobile.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/politics/alt-right-trump.html.
205. Southern Poverty Law Center, Ten Days After, 5.
206. Ari Berman, “Jeff Sessions, Trump’s Pick for Attorney General, Is a Fierce Opponent of Civil Rights,” The Nation, November 18, 2016, https://www.thenation.com/article/jeff-sessions-trumps-pick-for-attorney-general-is-a-fierce-opponent-of-civil-rights/.
207. Eric Lichtblau, “Jeff Sessions, as Attorney General, Could Overhaul Department He’s Skewered,” New York Times, November 18, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/19/us/politics/jeff-sessions-donald-trump-attorney-general.html.
208. Katherine Mangan, “With Trump’s Rise, Undocumented Students Fear for Their Futures,” Chronicle of Higher Education, November 11, 2016, http://www.chronicle.com/article/With-Trump-s-Rise/238387.
209. Immaculée Ilibagiza, Left to Tell: Discovering God Amidst the Rwandan Holocaust (Carlsbad, CA: Hay House, 2006).
Introduction: A Psychologist’s Perspective
1. J. H. Katz, White Awareness: Handbook for Anti-Racism Training (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1978). A revised and expanded edition was released in 2003.
2. For more information about the Psychology of Racism course, see Beverly Daniel Tatum, “Talking About Race, Learning About Racism: An Application of Racial Identity Development Theory in the Classroom,” Harvard Educational Review 62, no. 1 (1992): 1–24.
Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria? Page 46
