Delphi Complete Works of Varro

by Marcus Terentius Varro

  LX.

  De olivitate oleas esui optime condi scribit Cato orcites et puseas vel virides in muria vel in lentisco contusas. Orcites nigras aridas, sale si sint confriatae dies quinque et tum sale excusso biduum si in sole positae fuerint, manere idoneas solere: easdem sine sale in defrutum condi recte.

  [60.1] “Of the olives, Cato writes that the table olives, the orcites, and the posea are best preserved either green or in brine, or, when bruised, in mastic oil. The black orcites, if they are covered with salt for five days after being dried, and then, after the salt has been shaken off, are exposed to the sun for two days, usually keep sound; and that the same varieties may be satisfactorily preserved unsalted in boiled must.

  LXI.

  Amurcam periti agricolae tam in doleis condunt quam oleum aut vinum. Eius conditio: cum expressa effluxit, quod statim de ea decoquuntur duae partes et refrigeratum conditur in vasa. Sunt item aliae conditiones, ut ea in qua adicitur mustum.

  [61.1] “Experienced farmers store their amurca in jars, just as they do oil and wine. The method of preserving is: as soon as it flows out from the press, two-thirds of it is boiled away, and when it is cool it is stored in vessels. There are also other methods, such as that in which must is added.

  LXII.

  Quod nemo fructus condit, nisi ut promat, de eo quoque vel sexto gradu animadvertenda pauca. Promunt condita aut propterea quod sunt tuenda, aut quod utenda, aut quod vendunda. Ea quod dissimilia sunt inter se, aliut alio tempore tuendum et utendum.

  [62.1] “As no one stores the products of the farm except to bring them forth later, a few remarks must be made about this, the sixth step. Preserved things are brought out of storage because they are to be either protected or consumed or sold. As the three operations are for different purposes, the protecting and the consuming take place at different times.

  LXIII.

  Tuendi causa promendum id frumentum, quod curculiones exesse incipiunt. Id enim cum promptum est, in sole ponere oportet aquae catinos, quod eo conveniunt, ut ipsi se necent, curculiones. Sub terra qui habent frumentum in iis quos vocant sirus, quod cum periculo introitur recenti apertione, ita ut quibusdam sit interclusa anima, aliquanto post promere, quam aperueris, oportet. Far, quod in spicis condideris per messem et ad usus cibatus expedire velis, promendum hieme, ut in pistrino pisetur ac torreatur.

  [63.1] “Grain which the weevil has begun to infest should be brought out for protection. When it is brought out, bowls of water should be placed around in the sun; the weevils will congregate at these and drown themselves. Those who keep their grain under ground in the pits which they call sirus should remove the grain some time after the pits are opened, as it is dangerous to enter them immediately, some people having been suffocated while doing so. Spelt which you have stored in the ear at harvest-time and wish to prepare for food should be brought out in winter, so that it may be ground in the mill and parched.

  LXIV.

  Amurca cum ex olea expressa, qui est umor aquatilis, ac retrimentum conditum in vas fictile. Id quidam sic solent tueri; diebus XV in eo quod est levissimum ac summum deflatum ut traiciant in alia vasa, et hoc isdem intervallis duodeciens sex mensibus proximis item faciant; cum id novissime, potissimum traiciant, cum senescit luna. Tum decocunt in ahenis leni igni, ad duas partes quaad redegerunt. Tum denique ad usum recte promitur.

  [64.1] “Amurca, which is a watery fluid, after it is pressed from the olives is stored along with the dregs in an earthenware vessel. Some farmers use the following method for preserving it: After fifteen days the dregs which, being lighter, have risen to the top are blown off, and the fluid is turned into other vessels; this operation is repeated at the same intervals twelve times during the next six months, the last cleansing being done preferably when the moon is waning. Then they boil in copper vessels over a slow fire until it is reduced to two-thirds its volume. It is then fit to be drawn off for use.

  LXV.

  Quod mustum conditur in dolium, ut habeamus vinum, non promendum dum fervet, neque etiam cum processit ita, ut sit vinum factum. Si vetus bibere velis, quod non fit, antequam accesserit annus; anniculum prodit. Si est vero ex eo genere uvae, quod mature coacescat, ante vindemiam consumi aut venire oportet. Genera sunt vini, in quo Falerna, quae quanto pluris annos condita habuerunt, tanto, cum prompta, sunt fructuosiora.

  [65.1] “Must which is stored in jars to make wine should not be brought out while it is fermenting, and not even after the fermentation has gone far enough to make wine. If you wish to drink old wine (and wine is not old enough until a year has been added to its age), it should be brought out when it is a year old. But if it is of the variety of grapes that sours quickly, it must be used up or sold before the next vintage. There are brands of wine, the Falernian for instance, which are the more valuable when brought out the more years you have kept them in store.

  LXVI.

  Oleas albas quas condideris, novas si celeriter promas, propter amaritudinem respuit palatum; item nigras, nisi prius eas sale maceraris, ut libenter in os recipiantur.

  [66.1] “If you take out the preserved white olives soon, while they are fresh, the palate will reject them because of the bitter taste; and likewise the black olives, unless you first steep them in salt so that they may be taken into the mouth without distaste.

  LXVII.

  Nucem iuglandem et palmulam et ficum Sabinam quanto citius promas, iucundiore utare, quod vetustate ficus fit pallidior, palmula cariosior, nux aridior.

  [67.1] “As for the walnut, the date, and the Sabine fig, the sooner you use them the better the flavour; for with time the fig gets too pale, the date too soft, and the nut too dry.

  LXVIII.

  Pensilia, ut uvae, mala et sorba, ipsa ostendunt, quando ad usum oporteat promi, quod colore mutato et contractu acinorum, si non dempseris ad edendum, ad abiciendum descensurum se minitantur. Sorbum maturum mite conditum citius promi oportet; acerbum enim suspensum lentius est, quod prius domi maturitatem adsequi vult, quam nequit in arbore, quam mitescat.

  [68.1] “Fruits that are hung, such as grapes, apples, and sorbs, themselves indicate the proper time for consumption; for by the change of colour and the shrivelling of the skin they put you on notice that if you do not take them down to eat they will come down to be thrown away. If you store sorbs which are ripe and soft, you must use them quickly; those hung up when sour may wait, for they mean, before ripening, to reach in the house a degree of maturity which they cannot reach on the tree.

  LXIX.

  Messum far promendum hieme in pistrino ad torrendum, quod ad cibatum expeditum esse velis; quod ad sationem, tum promendum, cum segetes maturae sunt ad accipiendum. Item quae pertinent ad sationem, suo quoque tempore promenda. Quae vendenda, videndum quae quoque tempore oporteat promi; alia enim, quae manere non possunt, antequam se commutent, ut celeriter promas ac vendas; alia, quae servari possunt, ut tum vendas, cum caritas est. Saepe enim diutius servata non modo usuram adiciunt, sed etiam fructum duplicant, si tempore promas.

  Cum haec diceret, venit libertus aeditumi ad nos flens et rogat ut ignoscamus, quod simus retenti, et ut ei in funus postridie prodeamus. Omnes consurgimus ac simul exclamamus, ‘Quid? in funus? quod funus? quid est factum?’ Ille flens narrat ab nescio quo percussum cultello concidisse, quem qui esset animadvertere in turba non potuisse, sed tantum modo exaudisse vocem, perperam fecisse. Ipse cum patronum domum sustulisset et pueros dimisisset, ut medicum requirerent ac mature adducerent, quod potius illut administrasset, quam ad nos venisset, aecum esse sibi ignosci. Nec si eum servare non potuisset, quin non multo post animam efflaret, tamen putare se fecisse recte. Non moleste ferentes descendimus de aede et de casu humano magis querentes, quam admirantes id Romae factum, discedimus omnes.

  [69.1] “The part of the spelt harvest which you wish to have ready for food should be taken out in winter to be roasted at the mill; while the part reserved for seed should be taken out when the land is ready to receive it. With regard to seed in general, each kind should be taken out at its proper t
ime. As to the crops intended for market, care must be used as to the proper time for taking out each; thus you should take out and sell at once those which do not stand storage before they spoil, while you should sell those which keep well when the price is high. For often products which have been stored quite a long time will not only pay interest on the storage, but even double the profit if they are marketed at the right time.”

  [2] While he was speaking the sacristan’s freedman runs up to us with tears in his eyes and begs us to pardon him keeping us so long, and asks us to go to a funeral for him the next day. We spring to our feet and cry out in chorus: “What? To a funeral? What funeral? What has happened?” Bursting into tears, he tells us that his master had been stabbed with a knife by someone, and had fallen to the ground; that in the crowd he could not tell who it was, but had only heard a voice saying that a mistake had been made. [3] As he had carried his old master home and sent the servants to find a surgeon and bring him with all speed, he hoped he might be pardoned for attending to his duty rather than coming to us; and though he had not been able to keep him from breathing his last a few moments later, he thought that he had acted rightly. We had no fault to find with him, and walking down from the temple we went our several ways, rather blaming the mischances of life than being surprised that such a thing had occurred in Rome.

  BOOK II

  Viri magni nostri maiores non sine causa praeponebant rusticos Romanos urbanis. Ut ruri enim qui in villa vivunt ignaviores, quam qui in agro uersantur in aliquo opere faciendo, sic qui in oppido sederent, quam qui rura colerent, desidiosiores putabant. Itaque annum ita diviserunt, ut nonis modo diebus urbanas res usurparent, reliquis septem ut rura colerent. Quod dum servaverunt institutum, utrumque sunt consecuti, ut et cultura agros fecundissimos haberent et ipsi valetudine firmiores essent, ac ne Graecorum urbana desiderarent gymnasia. Quae nunc vix satis singula sunt, nec putant se habere villam, si non multis vocabulis retinniat Graecis, quom vocent particulatim loca, procoetona, palaestram, apodyterion, peristylon, ornithona, peripteron, oporothecen. Igitur quod nunc intra murum fere patres familiae correpserunt relictis falce et aratro et manus movere maluerunt in theatro ac circo, quam in segetibus ac vinetis, frumentum locamus qui nobis advehat, qui saturi fiamus ex Africa et Sardinia, et navibus vindemiam condimus ex insula Coa et Chia.

  It was not without pleasure that those great men, our ancestors, put the Romans who lived in the country ahead of those who lived in the city. For as in the country those who live in the villa are lazier than those who are engaged in carrying out work on the land, so they thought that those who settled in town were more indolent than those who dwelt in the country. Hence they so divided the year that they attended to their town affairs only on the ninth days, and dwelt in the country on the remaining seven. [2] So long as they kept up this practice they attained both objects — keeping their lands most productive by cultivation, and themselves enjoying better health and not requiring the citified gymnasia of the Greeks. In these days one such gymnasium is hardly enough, and they do not think they have a real villa unless it rings with many resounding Greek names, places severally called procoetion (ante-room), palaestra (exercise-room), apodyterion (dressing-room), peristylon (colonnade), ornithon (aviary), peripteros (pergola), oporotheca (fruit-room). [3] As therefore in these days practically all the heads of families have sneaked within the walls, abandoning the sickle and the plough, and would rather busy their hands in the theatre and in the circus than in the grain-fields and the vineyards, we hire a man to bring us from Africa and Sardinia the grain with which to fill our stomachs, and the vintage we store comes in ships from the islands of Cos and Chios.

  Itaque in qua terra culturam agri docuerunt pastores progeniem suam, qui condiderunt urbem, ibi contra progenies eorum propter avaritiam contra leges ex segetibus fecit prata, ignorantes non idem esse agri culturam et pastionem. Alius enim opilio et arator, nec, si possunt in agro pasci armenta, armentarius non aliud ac bubulcus. Armentum enim id quod in agro natum non creat, sed tollit dentibus; contra bos domitus causa fit ut commodius nascatur frumentum in segete et pabulum in novali. Alia, inquam, ratio ac scientia coloni, alia pastoris: coloni ea quae agri cultura factum ut nascerentur e terra, contra pastoris ea quae nata e pecore. Quarum quoniam societas inter se magna, propterea quod pabulum in fundo compascere quam vendere plerumque magis expedit domino fundi et stercoratio ad fructus terrestres aptissima et maxume ad id pecus appositum, qui habet praedium, habere utramque debet disciplinam, et agri culturae et pecoris pascendi, et etiam villaticae pastionis. Ex ea enim quoque fructus tolli possunt non mediocres ex ornithonibus et leporariis et piscinis. E quis quoniam de agri cultura librum Fundaniae uxori propter eius fundum feci, tibi, Niger Turrani noster, qui vehementer delectaris pecore, propterea quod te empturientem in campos Macros ad mercatum adducunt crebro pedes, quo facilius sumptibus multa poscentibus ministres, quod eo facilius faciam, quod et ipse pecuarias habui grandes, in Apulia oviarias et in Reatino equarias, de re pecuaria breviter ac summatim percurram ex sermonibus nostris collatis cum iis qui pecuarias habuerunt in Epiro magnas, tum cum piratico bello inter Delum et Siciliam Graeciae classibus praeessem. Incipiam hinc * * *

  [4] And so, in a land where shepherds who founded the city taught their offspring the cultivation of the earth, there, on the contrary, their descendants, from greed and in the face of the laws, have made pastures out of grain lands — not knowing that agriculture and grazing are not the same thing. For the shepherd is one thing and the ploughman another; and it does not follow that because cattle can graze in a field the herdsman is the same as the ploughman. For grazing cattle do not produce what grows on the land, but tear it off with their teeth; while on the other hand the domestic ox becomes the cause why the grain grows more easily in the ploughed land, and the fodder in the fallow land. [5] The skill and knowledge of the farmer, I repeat, are one thing, and those of the herdsman another; in the province of the farmer are those things which are made to spring from the earth by cultivation of the land; in that of the herdsman, however, those that spring from the herd. As the association between them is very close, inasmuch as it is frequently more profitable to the owner of the farm to feed the fodder on the place than to sell it, and inasmuch as manure is admirably adapted to the fruits of the earth, and cattle especially fitted to produce it, one who owns a farm ought to have a knowledge of both pursuits, agriculture and cattle-raising, and also of the husbandry of the steading. For from it, too, no little revenue can be derived — from the poultry-yards, the rabbit-hutches, and the fishponds. [6] And since I have written a book for my wife, Fundania, on one of these subjects, that of agriculture, on account of her owning a farm, for you, my dear Turranius Niger, who take keen delight in cattle, inasmuch as your feet often carry you, on buying bent, to market at Campi Macri, that you may more easily meet the outlay incurred by the many demands made upon you, I shall run over briefly and summarily the subject of cattle-raising; and I shall the more readily do this because I have myself owned large stocks of cattle, sheep in Apulia and horses in the district of Reate. I shall take as the foundation the conversations I had with extensive cattle-owners in Epirus, at the time when, during the war with the pirates, I was in command of the Greek fleets operating between Delos and Sicily. At this point I shall begin. . . .

  I.

  Cum Menates discessisset, Cossinius mihi, Nos te non dimittemus, inquit, antequam illa tria explicaris, quae coeperas nuper dicere, cum sumus interpellati. Quae tria? inquit Murrius, an ea quae mihi here dixisti de pastoricia re? Ista, inquit ille, quae coeperat hic disserere, quae esset origo, quae dignitas, quae ars * * * Ego vero, inquam, dicam dumtaxat quod est historicon, de duabus rebus primis quae accepi, de origine et dignitate, de tertia parte, ubi est de arte, Scrofa suscipiet, ut semigraecis pastoribus dicam graece, hos per mou pollon ameinon. Nam is magister C. Lucili Hirri, generi tui, cuius nobiles pecuariae in Bruttiis habentur. Sed haec ita a nobis accipietis, inquit Scrofa, ut vos, qui estis Epirotici pecuariae athletae, remune
remini nos ac quae scitis proferatis in medium; nemo enim omnia potest scire. Cum accepissem condicionem et meae partes essent primae, non quo non ego pecuarias in Italia habeam, sed non omnes qui habent citharam sunt citharoedi: Igitur, inquam, et homines et pecudes cum semper fuisse sit necesse natura — sive enim aliquod fuit principium generandi animalium, ut putavit Thales Milesius et Zeno Citieus, sive contra principium horum exstitit nullum, ut credidit Pythagoras Samius et Aristoteles Stagerites — necesse est humanae vitae ab summa memoria gradatim descendisse ad hanc aetatem, ut scribit Dicaearchus, et summum gradum fuisse naturalem, cum viverent homines ex his rebus, quae inviolata ultro ferret terra, ex hac vita in secundam descendisse pastoriciam, e feris atque agrestibus ut arboribus ac virgultis decerpendo glandem, arbutum, mora, poma colligerent ad usum, sic ex animalibus cum propter eandem utilitatem, quae possent, silvestria deprenderent ac concluderent et mansuescerent. In quis primum non sine causa putant oves assumptas et propter utilitatem et propter placiditatem; maxime enim hae natura quietae et aptissimae ad vitam hominum. Ad cibum enim lacte et caseum adhibitum, ad corpus vestitum et pelles adtulerunt. Tertio denique gradu a vita pastorali ad agri culturam descenderunt, in qua ex duobus gradibus superioribus retinuerunt multa, et quo descenderant, ibi processerunt longe, dum ad nos perveniret. Etiam nunc in locis multis genere pecudum ferarum sunt aliquot, ab ovibus, ut in Phrygia, ubi greges videntur complures, in Samothrace caprarum, quas Latine rotas appellant. Sunt enim in Italia circum Fiscellum et Tetricam montes multae. De subus nemini ignotum, nisi qui apros non putat sues vocari. Boves perferi etiam nunc sunt multi in Dardania et Maedica et Thracia, asini feri in Phrygia et Lycaonia, equi feri in Hispania citeriore regionibus aliquot.