by Paul Connett
B. Seraj, M. Shahrabi, M. Falahzade, et al. , “Effect of High Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water on Children’s Intelligence, ” Journal of Dental Medicine 19, no. 2 (2007): 80–86. Note: English translation forwarded by lead author (B. Seraj, department of pediatric dentistry, faculty of dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences), http://fluoridealert.org/scher/seraj-2007.trans.pdf.
M. H. Trivedi, R. J. Verma, N. J. Chinoy, et al. , “Effect of High Fluoride Water on Intelligence of School Children in India, ” Fluoride 40, no. 3 (2007): 178–83, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/403/files/FJ2007_v40_n3_p178-183.pdf.
G. Wang, D. Yang, F. Jia, and H. Wang, “A Study of the IQ Levels of Four- to Seven-Year-Old Children in High Fluoride Areas, ” Fluoride 41, no. 4 (2008): 340–43 (originally published in 1996 in Endemic Diseases Bulletin [China]), http://www.fluorideresearch.org/414/files/FJ2008_v41_n4_p340-343.pdf.
S. Wang, H. Zhang, W. Fan, et al. , “The Effects of Endemic Fluoride Poisoning Caused by Coal Burning on the Physical Development and Intelligence of Children, ” Fluoride 41, no. 4 (2008): 344–48 (originally published in 2005 in Journal of Applied Clinical Pediatrics [China]), http://www.fluorideresearch.org/414/files/FJ2008_v41_n4_p344-348.pdf.
S. X. Wang, Z. H. Wang, X. T. Cheng, et al. , “Arsenic and Fluoride Exposure in Drinking Water: Children’s IQ and Growth in Shanyin County, Shanxi Province, China, ” Environmental Health Perspectives 115, no. 4 (2007): 643–47, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1852689/.
Q. Xiang, Y. Liang, L. Chen, et al. , “Effect of Fluoride in Drinking Water on Children’s Intelligence, ” Fluoride 36, no. 2 (2003): 84–94, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/362/files/FJ2003_v36_n2_p84-94.pdf. Also see Q. Xiang, Y. Liang, M. Zhou, and H. Zang, “Blood Lead of Children in Wamiao-Xinhuai Intelligence Study” (letter), Fluoride 36, no. 3 (2003): 198–99, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/363/files/FJ2003_v36_n3_p198-199.pdf.
L. B. Zhao, G. H. Liang, D. N. Zhang, and X. R. Wu, “Effect of High-Fluoride Water Supply on Children’s Intelligence, ” Fluoride 29, no. 4 (1996): 190–92, http://fluoridealert.org/scher/zhao-1996.pdf.
The following five Chinese I. Q. studies have not yet been translated:
J. A. An, S. Z. Mei, A. P. Liu, et al. , “Effect of High Level of Fluoride on Children’s Intelligence” (article in Chinese), Zhong Guo Di Fang Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 7, no. 2 (1992): 93–94.
Z. X. Fan, H. X. Dai, A. M. Bai, et al. , “Effect of High Fluoride Exposure on Children’s Intelligence” (article in Chinese), Huan Jing Yu Jian Kang Za Zhi 24, no. 10 (2007): 802–3.
Y. L. Xu, C. S. Lu, and X. N. Zhang, “Effect of Fluoride on Children’s Intelligence” (article in Chinese), Di Fang Bing Tong Bao 9 (1994): 83–84.
L. M. Yao, Y. Deng, S. Y. Yang, et al. , “Comparison of Children’s Health and Intelligence Between the Fluorosis Area with Altering Water Source and Those without Altering Water Source” (article in Chinese), Yu Fang Yi Xue Wen Xian Xin Xi 3, no. 1 (1997): 42–43.
J. W. Zhang, H. Yao, and Y. Chen, “Effect of High Level of Fluoride and Arsenium on Children’s Intelligence” (article in Chinese), Zhong Guo Gong Gong Wei Sheng Xue Bao 17, no. 2 (1998): 119.
Animal and biochemical studies in chronological order
(This is a list of some of the studies that have been published. )
1941
S. Ochoa, “‘Coupling’ of Phosphorylation with Oxidation of Pyruvic Acid in Brain, ” The Journal of Biological Chemistry 138 (1941): 751–73, http://www.jbc.org/content/138/2/751.full.pdf+html.
1942
E. Racker and H. Kabat, “The Metabolism of the Central Nervous System in Experimental Poliomyelitis, ” The Journal of Experimental Medicine 76, no. 6 (1942): 579–85, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2135281/.
1943
D. Nachmansohn and A. L. Machado, “The Formation of Acetylcholine. A New Enzyme: ‘Choline Acetylase, ’” Journal of Neurophysiology 6 (1943): 397–403.
1966
G. Cimasoni, “Inhibition of Cholinesterases by Fluoride In Vitro, ” The Biochemical Journal 99, no. 1 (1966): 133–37, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1264967/.
1971
J. P. Perkins and M. M. Moore, “Adenyl Cyclase of Rat Cerebral Cortex. Activation of Sodium Fluoride and Detergents, ” The Journal of Biological Chemistry 246, no. 1 (1971): 62–68, http://www.jbc.org/content/246/1/62.long.
1973
R. A. Johnson and E. W. Sutherland, “Detergent-Dispersed Adenylate Cyclase from Rat Brain. Effects of Fluoride, Cations, and Chelators, ” The Journal of Biological Chemistry 248, no. 14 (1973): 5114–21, http://www.jbc.org/content/248/14/5114.long.
S. Katz and A. Tenenhouse, “The Relation of Adenyl Cyclase to the Activity of Other ATP Utilizing Enzymes and Phosphodiesterase in Preparations of Rat Brain; Mechanism of Stimulation of Cyclic AMP Accumulation by NaF, ” British Journal of Pharmacology 48, no. 3 (1973): 505–15, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1776132/pdf/brjpharm00545-0143.pdf.
1974
K. Czechowicz, A. Osada, and B. Slesak, “Histochemical Studies on the Effect of Sodium Fluoride on Metabolism in Purkinje’s Cells, ” Folia Histochemica et Cytochemica (Krakow) 12, no. 1 (1974): 37–44.
L. I. Popov, R. I. Filatova, and A. S. Shershever, “Aspects of Nervous System Affections in Occupational Fluorosis” (article in Russian), Gigiena Truda I Professional’nye Zabolevaniia, no. 5 (1974): 25–27.
1975
S. L. Manocha, H. Warner, and Z. L. Olkowski, “Cytochemical Response of Kidney, Liver and Nervous System to Fluoride Ions in Drinking Water, ” Histochemical Journal 7, no. 4 (1975): 343–55.
1977
C. O. Brostrom, M. A. Brostrom, and D. J. Wolff, “Calcium-Dependent Adenylate Cyclase from Rat Cerebral Cortex. Reversible Activation by Sodium Fluoride, ” The Journal of Biological Chemistry 252, no. 16 (1977): 5677–85, http://www.jbc.org/content/252/16/5677.long.
V. I. Tokar’ and O. N. Savchenko, “Effect of Inorganic Fluorine Compounds on the Functional State of the Pituitary-Testis System” (article in Russian), Problemy E’ndokrinologii (Mosk) 23, no. 4 (1977): 104–7.
1978
M. Hebdon, H. Le Vine III, N. Sahyoun, et al. , “Properties of the Interaction of Fluoride- and Guanylyl-5’-Imidodiphosphate-Regulatory Proteins with Adenylate Cyclase, ” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 75, no. 8 (1978): 3693–97, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC392852/pdf/pnas00020-0163.pdf.
1980
C. F. Hongslo, J. K. Hongslo, and R. I. Holland, “Fluoride Sensitivity of Cells from Different Organs, ” Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 46, no. 1 (1980): 73–77.
M. M. Rasenick and M. W. Bitensky, “Partial Purification and Characterization of a Macromolecule which Enhances Fluoride Activation of Adenylate Cyclase, ” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 77, no. 8 (1980): 4628–32, http://fluoridealert.org/re/rasenick-1980.pdf.
1981
T. Nanba, M. Ando, Y. Nagata, et al. , “Distribution and Different Activation of Adenylate Cyclase by NaF and of Guanylate Cyclase by NaN3 in Neuronal and Glial Cells Separated from Rat Cerebral Cortex, ” Brain Research 218, no. 1–2 (1981): 267–77.
T. Tomomatsu, “Hygienic Study on Fluoride (4). Physiological Effects of Fluoride on Rat, ” J Tokyo Med Coll. 39, no. 3 (1981): 441–60.
1984
G. Janiszewska, L. Lachowicz, and R. Wojtkowiak, “Effect of Certain Agents on Subcellular cAMP Level in Different Areas of Rat Brain, ” Acta Physiologica Polonica 35, no. 3 (1984): 199–206.
M. G. Soni, M. S. Kachole, and S. S. Pawar, “Alterations in Drug Metabolising Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation in Different Rat Tissues by Fluoride, ” Toxicology Letters 21, no. 2 (1984): 167–72.
1986
F. Geeraerts, G. Gijs, E. Finne, and R. Crokaert, “Kinetics of Fluoride Penetration in Liver and Brain, ” Fluoride 19, no. 3 (1986): 108–12.
Z. Z. Guan,
“Morphology of the Brain of the Offspring of Rats with Chronic Fluorosis” (article in Chinese), Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 15, no. 4 (1986): 297–99.
A. R. Kay, R. Miles, and R. K. Wong, “Intracellular Fluoride Alters the Kinetic Properties of Calcium Currents Facilitating the Investigation of Synaptic Events in Hippocampal Neurons, ” The Journal of Neuroscience 6, no. 10 (1986): 2915–20, http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/reprint/6/10/2915.
1987
I. Litosch, “Guanine Nucleotide and NaF Stimulation of Phospholipase C Activity in Rat Cerebral-Cortical Membranes. Studies on Substrate Specificity, ” The Biochemical Journal 244, no. 1 (1987): 35–40, http://www.biochemj.org/bj/244/0035/2440035.pdf.
1988
P. P. Godfrey and S. P. Watson, “Fluoride Inhibits Agonist-Induced Formation of Inositol Phosphates in Rat Cortex, ” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 155, no. 2 (1988): 664–69.
R. S. Jope, “Modulation of Phosphoinositide Hydrolysis by NaF and Aluminum in Rat Cortical Slices, ” Journal of Neurochemistry 51, no. 6 (1988): 1731–36.
R. S. Jope and K. M. Lally, “Synaptosomal Calcium Influx is Activated by Sodium Fluoride, ” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 151, no. 2 (1988): 774–80.
1989
W. X. Liu, “Experimental Study of Behavior and Cerebral Morphology of Rat Pups Generated by Fluorotic Female Rat” (article in Chinese), Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 18, no. 4 (1989): 290–92.
H. Machida, “The Rabbit Thermo-Regulatory System. Effects of High Dose of Sodium Fluoride” (article in Japanese), Shikwa Gakuho 89, no. 3 (1989): 607–26.
1990
E. Claro, M. A. Wallace, and J. N. Fain, “Dual Effect of Fluoride on Phosphoinositide Metabolism in Rat Brain Cortex. Stimulation of Phospholipase C and Inhibition of Polyphosphoinositide Synthesis, ” The Biochemical Journal 268, no. 3 (1990): 733–37, http://www.biochemj.org/bj/268/0733/2680733.pdf.
I. M. Gardiner and J. de Belleroche, “Modulation of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Release in Cerebral Cortex by Fluoride, Phorbol Ester, and Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors: Differential Sensitivity of Acetylcholine Release to Fluoride and K+ Channel Blockers, ” Journal of Neurochemistry 54, no. 4 (1990): 1130–35.
P. P. Li, D. Sibony, and J. J. Warsh, “Guanosine 5’-O-Thiotriphosphate and Sodium Fluoride Activate Polyphosphoinositide Hydrolysis in Rat Cortical Membranes by Distinct Mechanisms, ” Journal of Neurochemistry 54, no. 4 (1990): 1426–32.
G. Tiger, P. E. Björklund, G. Brannstrom, and C. J. Fowler, “Multiple Actions of Fluoride Ions Upon the Phosphoinositide Cycle in the Rat Brain, ” Brain Research 537, no. 1–2 (1990): 93–101.
G. Tiger, P. E. Björklund, R. F. Cowburn, et al. , “Effect of Monovalent Ions upon G Proteins Coupling Muscarinic Receptors to Phosphoinositide Hydrolysis in the Rat Cerebral Cortex, ” European Journal of Pharmacology 188, no. 1 (1990): 51–62.
1991
S. J. Publicover, “Brief Exposure to the G-Protein Activator NaF/AlCl3 Induces Prolonged Enhancement of Synaptic Transmission in Area CAl of Rat Hippocampal Slices, ” Experimental Brain Research 84, no. 3 (1991): 680–84.
S. D. Yuan, K. Q. Song, Q. W. Xie, and F. Y. Lu, “An Experimental Study of Inhibition on Lactation in Fluorosis Rats” (article in Chinese), Sheng Li Xue Bao (Acta Physiologica Sinica) 43, no. 5 (1991): 512–17.
1992
B. E. Hawes, J. E. Marzen, S. B. Waters, and P. M. Conn, “Sodium Fluoride Provokes Gonadotrope Desensitization to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) and Gonadotrope Sensitization to A23187: Evidence for Multiple G Proteins in GnRH Action, ” Endocrinology 130, no. 5 (1992): 2465–75.
A. Shashi, “Studies on Alterations in Brain Lipid Metabolism Following Experimental Fluorosis, ” Fluoride 25, no. 2 (1992): 77–84, http://fluoridealert.org/re/shashi-1992.pdf.
1993
T. J. Shafer, W. R. Mundy, and H. Tilson, “Aluminum Decreases Muscarinic, Adrenergic, and Metabotropic Receptor-Stimulated Phosphoinositide Hydrolysis in Hippocampal and Cortical Slices from Rat Brain, ” Brain Research 629, no. 1 (1993): 133–40.
B. M. Ross, M. McLaughlin, M. Roberts, et al. , “Alterations in the Activity of Adenylate Cyclase and High Affinity GTPase in Alzheimer’s Disease, ” Brain Research 622, no. 1–2 (1993): 35–42.
1994
A. Shashi, J. P. Singh, and S. P. Thapar, “Effect of Long-Term Administration of Fluoride on Levels of Protein, Free Amino Acids and RNA in Rabbit Brain, ” Fluoride 27, no. 3 (1994): 155–59, http://fluoridealert.org/re/shashi-1994.pdf.
X. L. Zhao, W. H. Gao, and Z. L. Zhao, “Effects of Sodium Fluoride on the Activity of Ca2+Mg(2+)-ATPase in Synaptic Membrane in Rat Brain” (article in Chinese), Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 28, no. 5 (1994): 264–66.
1995
N. A. Breakwell, T. Behnisch, S. J. Publicover, and K. G. Reymann, “Attenuation of High-Voltage-Activated Ca2+ Current Run-Down in Rat Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Cells by NaF, ” Experimental Brain Research 106, no. 3 (1995): 505–8.
P. J. Mullenix, P. K. Denbesten, A. Schunior, and W. J. Kernan, “Neurotoxicity of Sodium Fluoride in Rats, ” Neurotoxicology and Teratology 17, no. 2 (1995): 169–77.
T. Pushpalatha, M. Srinivas, and P. Sreenivasula Reddy, “Exposure to High Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water will Affect Spermatogenesis and Steroidogenesis in Male Albino Rats, ” Biometals 18, no. 3 (1995): 207–12. Note: sodium fluoride administered orally to adult male rats at a dose level of 4. 5 ppm and 9. 0 ppm for 75 days caused significant decrease in the body weight, brain index, and testicular index.
1996
X. Li, L. Song, and R. S. Jope, “Cholinergic Stimulation of AP-1 and NF Kappa B Transcription Factors Is Differentially Sensitive to Oxidative Stress in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma: Relationship to Phosphoinositide Hydrolysis, ” The Journal of Neuroscience 16, no. 19 (1996): 5914–22.
1997
V. V. Frolkis, S. A. Tanin, and Y. N. Gorban, “Age-Related Changes in Axonal Transport, ” Experimental Gerontology 32, no. 4–5 (1997): 441–50.
Z. Z. Guan, Y. Wang, and K. Xiao, “Influence of Experimental Fluorosis on Phospholipid Content and Fatty Acid Composition in Rat Brain” (article in Chinese), Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 77, no. 8 (1997): 592–96.
R. L. Isaacson, J. A. Varner, and K. F. Jensen, “Toxin-Induced Blood Vessel Inclusions Caused by the Chronic Administration of Aluminum and Sodium Fluoride and Their Implications for Dementia, ” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 825 (1997): 152–66.
E. T. Koh and S. L. Clarke, “Effects of Fluoride and Aluminum Exposure to Dams Prior to and During Gestation on Mineral Compositions of Bone and Selected Soft Tissues of Female Mice Dams and Pups, ” FASEB Journal 11, no. 3 (1997): A406.
Y. Wang, Z. Guan, and K. Xiao, “Changes of Coenzyme Q Content in Brain Tissues of Rats with Fluorosis” (article in Chinese), Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 31, no. 6 (1997): 330–33.
1998
Z. Z. Guan, Y. N. Wang, K. Q. Xiao, et al. , “Influence of Chronic Fluorosis on Membrane Lipids in Rat Brain, ” Neurotoxicology and Teratology 20, no. 5 (1998): 537–42.
V. Paul, P. Ekambaram, and A. R. Jayakumar, “Effects of Sodium Fluoride on Locomotor Behavior and a Few Biochemical Parameters in Rats, ” Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 6, no. 3 (1998): 187–91.
S. A. Plesneva, N. N. Nalivaeva, and I. A. Zhuravin, “Adenylate Cyclase System of the Rat Striatum: Regulatory Properties and the Effects of Gangliosides, ” Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology 28, no. 4 (1998): 392–96.
J. A. Varner, K. F. Jensen, W. Horvath, and R. L. Isaacson, “Chronic Administration of Aluminum-Fluoride or Sodium-Fluoride to Rats in Drinking Water: Alterations in Neuronal and Cerebrovascular Integrity, ” Brain Research 784, no. 1–2 (1998): 284–98; extended excerpts at http://www.fluoride-journal.com/98-31-2/31291-95.htm.
X. L. Zhao and J. H. Wu, “Actions of Sodium Fluoride on Acetylcholinesterase Activities in Rats, ” Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 11, no. 1 (1998): 1–6.
1999
S. Bolea, E. Avignone, N. Berretta, et al. , “Glutamate Controls the Induction of GABA-Mediated Giant Depolarizing Potentials Through AMPA Receptors in Neonatal Rat Hippocampal Slices, ” Journal of Neurophysiology 81, no. 5 (1999): 2095–102.
E. Sarri and E. Claro, “Fluoride-Induced Depletion of Polyphosphoinositides in Rat Brain Cortical Slices: A Rationale for the Inhibitory Effects on Phospholipase C, ” International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 17, no. 4 (1999): 357–67.
G. B. van der Voet, O. Schijns, and F. A. de Wolff, “Fluoride Enhances the Effect of Aluminium Chloride on Interconnections Between Aggregates of Hippocampal Neurons, ” Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry 107, no. 1 (1999): 15–21.
C. Zhang, B. Ling, J. Liu, and G. Wang, “Effect of Fluoride-Arsenic Exposure on the Neurobehavioral Development of Rats Offspring” (article in Chinese), Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 28, no. 6 (1999): 337–38.
2000
J. Chen, X. Chen, and K. Yang, “Effects of Selenium and Zinc on the DNA Damage Caused by Fluoride in Pallium Neural Cells of Rats” (article in Chinese), Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 29, no. 4 (2000): 216–17.
