by Paul Connett
X. H. Lu, G. S. Li, and B. Sun, “Study of the Mechanism of Neurone Apoptosis in Rats from the Chronic Fluorosis, ” Chinese Journal of Endemiology 19, no. 2 (2000): 96–98 (as abstracted in Fluoride 34, no. 1 (2001): 82).
Q. Shao, Y. Wang, and Z. Guan, “Influence of Free Radical Inducer on the Level of Oxidative Stress in Brain of Rats with Fluorosis” (article in Chinese), Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 34, no. 6 (2000): 330–32.
M. L. Vani and K. P. Reddy, “Effects of Fluoride Accumulation on Some Enzymes of Brain and Gastrocnemius Muscle of Mice, ” Fluoride 33, no. 1 (2000): 17–26, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/331/files/FJ2000_v33_n1_p17-26.pdf.
2001
Y. M. Shivarajashankara, A. R. Shivashankara, P. G. Bhat, et al. , “Effect of Fluoride Intoxication on Lipid Peroxidation and Antitoxidant Systems in Rats, ” Fluoride 34, no. 2 (2001): 108–13, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/342/files/FJ2001_v34_n2_p108-113.pdf.
M. Trabelsi, F. Guermazi, and N. Najiba Zeghal, “Effect of Fluoride on Thyroid Function and Cerebellar Development in Mice, ” Fluoride 34, no. 3 (2001): 165–73, http://www.fluoride-journal.com/01-34-3/343-165.pdf.
Z. Zhang, X. Shen, and X. Xu, “Effects of Selenium on the Damage of Learning-Memory Ability of Mice Induced by Fluoride” (article in Chinese), Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 30, no. 3 (2001): 144–46.
2002
M. Bhatnagar, P. Rao, J. Sushma, and R. Bhatnagar, “Neurotoxicity of Fluoride: Neurodegeneration in Hippocampus of Female Mice, ” Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 40, no. 5 (2002): 546–54.
J. Chen, X. Chen, K. Yang, et al. , “Studies on DNA Damage and Apoptosis in Rat Brain Induced by Fluoride” (article in Chinese), Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 36, no. 4 (2002): 222–24.
I. Ihnatovych, J. Novotny, R. Haugyicoya, et al. , “Ontogenetic Development of the G Protein-Mediated Adenylyl Cyclase Signalling in Rat Brain, ” Brain Research: Developmental Brain Research 133, no. 1 (2002): 69–75.
Y. G. Long, Y. N. Wang, J. Chen, et al. , “Chronic Fluoride Toxicity Decreases the Number of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Rat Brain, ” Neurotoxicology and Teratology 24, no. 6 (2002): 751–57.
Y. M. Shivarajashankara, A. R. Shivashankara, and P. G. Bhat, et al. , “Histological Changes in the Brain of Young Fluoride-Intoxicated Rats, ” Fluoride 35, no. 1 (2002): 12–21, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/351/files/FJ2002_v35_n1_p12-21.pdf.
Y. M. Shivarajashankara, A. R. Shivashankara, P. G. Bhat, and S. H. Rao, “Brain Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Systems of Young Rats in Chronic Fluoride Intoxication, ” Fluoride 35, no. 3 (2002): 197–203, http://www.fluoride-journal.com/02-35-3/353-197.pdf.
2003
J. Chen, K. R. Shan, Y. G. Long, et al. , “Selective Decreases of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in PC12 Cells Exposed to Fluoride, ” Toxicology 183, no. 1–3 (2003): 235–42.
I. Inkielewicz and J. Krechniak, “Fluoride Content in Soft Tissues and Urine of Rats Exposed to Sodium Fluoride in Drinking Water, ” Fluoride 36, no. 4 (2003): 263–66, http://www.fluoride-journal.com/03-36-4/364-263.pdf.
A. Shashi, “Histopathological Investigation of Fluoride-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rabbits, ” Fluoride 36, no. 2 (2003): 95–105, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/362/files/FJ2003_v36_n2_p95-105.pdf.
J. X. Zhai, Z. Y. Guo, C. L. Hu, et al. , “Studies on Fluoride Concentration and Cholinesterase Activity in Rat Hippocampus” (article in Chinese), Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 21, no. 2 (2003): 102–4.
2004
P. G. Borasio, F. Cervellati, B. Pavan, and M. C. Pareschi, “‘Low’ Concentrations of Sodium Fluoride Inhibit Neurotransmitter Release from the Guinea-Pig Superior Cervical Ganglion, ” Neuroscience Letters 364, no. 2 (2004): 86–89.
A. Lubkowska, D. Chlubek, A. Machoy-Mokrzynnska, et al. , “Concentrations of Fluorine, Aluminum and Magnesium in Some Structures of the Central Nervous System of Rats Exposed to Aluminum and Fluorine in Drinking Water” (article in Polish), Annales Academiae Medicae Stetinensis 50, suppl. 1 (2004): 73–76.
K. R. Shan, X. L. Qi, Y. G. Long, A. Nordberg, and Z. Z. Guan, “Decreased Nicotinic Receptors in PC12 Cells and Rat Brains Influenced by Fluoride Toxicity—a Mechanism Relating to a Damage at the Level in Post-Transcription of the Receptor Genes, ” Toxicology 200, no. 2–3 (2004): 169–77.
X. Shen, Z. Zhang, and X. Xu, “Influence of Combined Iodine and Fluoride on Phospholipid and Fatty Acid Composition in Brain Cells of Rats” (article in Chinese), Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 33, no. 2 (2004): 158–61.
2005
Y. Ge, H. Ning, S. Wang, and J. Wang, “Comet Assay of DNA Damage in Brain Cells of Adult Rats Exposed to High Fluoride and Low Iodine, ” Fluoride 38, no. 3 (2005): 209–14, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/383/files/383209-214.pdf.
J. Krechniak and I. Inkielewicz, “Correlations Between Fluoride Concentration and Free Radical Parameters in Soft Tissues of Rats, ” Fluoride 38, no. 4 (2005): 293–96, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/384/files/384293-296.pdf.
M. Tsunoda, Y. Aizawa, K. Nakano, et al. , “Changes in Fluoride Levels in the Liver, Kidney, and Brain and in Neurotransmitters of Mice after Subacute Administration of Fluorides, ” Fluoride 38, no. 4 (2005): 284–92, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/384/files/384284-292.pdf.
2006
M. Bhatnagar, P. Rao, A. Saxena, et al. , “Biochemical Changes in Brain and Other Tissues of Young Adult Female Mice from Fluoride in their Drinking Water, ” Fluoride 39, no. 4 (2006): 280–84, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/394/files/FJ2006_v39_n4_p280-284.pdf.
Y. Ge, H. Ning, C. Feng, et al. , “Apoptosis in Brain Cells of Offspring Rats Exposed to High Fluoride and Low Iodine, ” Fluoride 39, no. 3 (2006): 173–78, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/393/files/FJ2006_v39_n3_p173-178.pdf.
2007
I. Bera, R. Sabatini, P. Auteri, et al. , “Neurofunctional Effects of Developmental Sodium Fluoride Exposure in Rats, ” European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 11, no. 44 (2007): 211–24.
K. Chirumari and P. K. Reddy, “Dose-Dependent Effects of Fluoride on Neurochemical Milieu in the Hippocampus and Neocortex of Rat Brain, ” Fluoride 40, no. 2 (2007): 101–10, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/402/files/FJ2007_v40_n2_p101-110.pdf.
T. Xia, M. Zhang, W. H. He, et al. , “Effects of Fluoride on Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules mRNA and Protein Expression Levels in Primary Rat Hippocampal Neurons” (article in Chinese), Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 41, no. 6 (2007): 475–78.
M. Zhang, A. Wang, W. He, et al. , “Effects of Fluoride on the Expression of NCAM, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis in Primary Cultured Hippocampal Neurons, ” Toxicology 236, no. 3 (2007): 208–16.
2008
L. R. Chioca, I. M. Raupp, C. Da Cunha, et al. , “Subchronic Fluoride Intake Induces Impairment in Habituation and Active Avoidance Tasks in Rats, ” European Journal of Pharmacology 579, no. 1–3 (2008): 196–201.
S. Chouhan and S. J. Flora, “Effects of Fluoride on the Tissue Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Rats: Biochemical Assays Supported by IR Spectroscopy Data, ” Toxicology 254, no. 1–2 (2008): 61–67.
Q. Gao, Y. J. Liu, and Z. Z. Guan, “Oxidative Stress Might Be a Mechanism Connected with the Decreased 7 Nicotinic Receptor Influenced by High-Concentration of Fluoride in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells, ” Toxicology in Vitro 22, no. 4 (2008): 837–43. (Corrigendum in Toxicology in Vitro 22 [2008]: 1814. The concentrations of fluoride should have been given as mM, instead of ìM. )
Y. Li, X. Li, and S. Wei, “Effects of High Fluoride Intake on Child Mental Work Capacity: Preliminary Investigation into Mechanisms Involved, ” Fluoride 41, no. 4 (2008): 331-5 (originally published in 1994 in The Journal of West China University of Medical Sciences), http://www.fluorideresearch.org/414/files/FJ2008_v41_n4_p331-335.pdf.
R. Niu, Z. Sun, J. Wang, Z. Cheng, and J. Wang, “Effects of Fluoride and Lead on Locomotor Behavior and Expression of Nissl Body in Brain of Adult Rats, ” Fluoride 41, no. 4 (2008): 276–82, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/414/files/FJ2008_
v41_n4_p276-282.pdf.
Z. R. Sun, F. Liu, L. Wu, et al. , “Effects of High Fluoride Drinking Water on the Cerebral Functions of Mice, ” Fluoride 41, no. 2 (2008): 148–51 (originally published in 2000 in the Chinese Journal of Epidemiology), http://www.fluorideresearch.org/412/files/FJ2008_v41_n2_p148-151.pdf.
N. Wu, Z. Zhao, W. Gao, and X. Li, “Behavioral Teratology in Rats exposed to Fluoride, ” Fluoride 41, no. 2 (2008): 129–133 (originally published in 1995 in Chinese Journal of Control of Endemic Diseases), http://www.fluorideresearch.org/412/files/FJ2008_v41_n2_p129-133.pdf.
M. Zhang, A. Wang, T. Xia, and P. He, “Effects of Fluoride on DNA Damage, S-phase Cell-cycle Arrest and the Expression of NF-KappaB in Primary Cultured Rat Hippocampal Neurons, ” Toxicology Letters 179, no. 1 (2008): 1–5.
Z. Zhang, X. Xu, X. Shen, and X. Xu, “Effect of Fluoride Exposure on Synaptic Structure of Brain Areas Related to Learning-memory in Mice, ” Fluoride 41, no. 2 (2008): 139–43 (originally published in 1999 in Journal of Hygiene Research [China]), http://www.fluorideresearch.org/412/files/FJ2008_v41_n2_p139-143.pdf.
2009
V. K. Bharti and R. S. Srivastava, “Fluoride-induced Oxidative Stress in Rat’s Brain and Its Amelioration by Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) Pineal Proteins and Melatonin, ” Biological Trace Element Research 130, no. 2 (2009): 131–40.
S. J. Flora, M. Mittal, and D. Mishra, “Co-exposure to Arsenic and Fluoride on Oxidative Stress, Glutathione Linked Enzymes, Biogenic Amines and DNA Damage in Mouse Brain, ” Journal of the Neurological Sciences 285, no. 1–2 (2009): 198–205.
Q. Gao, Y. J. Liu, and Z. Z. Guan, “Decreased Learning and Memory Ability in Rats with Fluorosis: Increased Oxidative Stress and Reduced Cholinesterase Activity, ” Fluoride 42, no. 4 (2009): 277–85, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/424/files/FJ2009_v42_n4_p277-285.pdf.
E. A. García-Montalvo, H. Reyes-Pérez, and L. M. Del Razo, “Fluoride Exposure Impairs Glucose Tolerance Via Decreased Insulin Expression and Oxidative Stress, ” Toxicology 263 (2009): 75–83. According to the authors, “Interestingly, values of F- in soft rat tissues (kidney, liver, brain and testis) were similar to those in urine (312 ìmoll. 1). According to this information, urinary F- level is a good indicator of the F- concentration in soft tissues. In cases of subchronic exposure, the level of F- in the plasma probably does not reflect the levels of F- distributed in soft tissues. ”
T. Kaur, R. K. Bijarnia, and B. Nehru, “Effect of Concurrent Chronic Exposure of Fluoride and Aluminum on Rat Brain, ” Drug and Chemical Toxicology 32, no. 3 (2009): 215–21.
N. Madhusudhan, P. M. Basha, S. Begum, and F. Ahmed, “Fluoride-induced Neuronal Oxidative Stress Amelioration by Antioxidants in Developing Rats, ” Fluoride 42, no. 3 (2009): 179–87, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/423/files/FJ2009_v42_n3_p179-187.pdf.
R. Niu, Z. Sun, Z. Cheng, Z. Li, and J. Wang, “Decreased Learning Ability and Low Hippocampus Glutamate in Offspring Rats Exposed to Fluoride and Lead, ” Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 28 (2009): 254–58.
M. Pereira, P. A. Dombrowski, E. M. Losso, et al. , “Memory Impairment Induced by Sodium Fluoride Is Associated with Changes in Brain Monoamine Levels, Neurotoxicity Research, December 2009 (in press).
B. P. Wann, B. D’Anjou, T. M. Bah, et al. , “Effect of Olfactory Bulbectomy on Adenylyl Cyclase Activity in the Limbic System, ” Brain Research Bulletin 79, no. 1 (2009): 32–36.
G. M. Whitford, J. L. Whitford, and S. H. Hobbs, “Appetitive-based Learning in Rats: Lack of Effect of Chronic Exposure to Fluoride, ” Neurotoxicology and Teratology 31, no. 4 (2009): 210–15. Note: This study reported “no significant effect on appetitive-based learning. ”
2010
P. M. Basha and N. Madhusudhan, “Pre and Post Natal Exposure of Fluoride Induced Oxidative Macromolecular Alterations in Developing Central Nervous System of Rat and Amelioration by Antioxidants, ” Neurochemical Research, March 2010: 1017–28.
H. Bouaziz, I. Ben Amara, M. Essefi, F. Croute, and N. Zeghal, “Fluoride-Induced Brain Damages in Suckling Mice, ” Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 96 (2010): 24–29.
S. Chouhan, V. Lomash, and S. J. Flora, “Fluoride-induced Changes in Haem Biosynthesis Pathway, Neurological Variables and Tissue Histopathology of Rats, ” Journal of Applied Toxicology 30, no. 1 (2010): 63–73.
Y. Ge, R. Niu, J. Zhang, and J. Wang, “Proteomic Analysis of Brain Proteins of Rats Exposed to High Fluoride and Low Iodine, ” Archives of Toxicology (in press; online April 3, 2010).
C. Z. Gui, L. Y. Ran, J. Li, and Z. Z. Guan, “Changes of Learning and Memory Ability and Brain Nicotinic Receptors of Rat Offspring with Coal Burning Fluorosis, ” Neurotoxicology and Teratology (in press; available online April 8, 2010).
H. Kaoud and B. Kalifa, “Effect of Fluoride, Cadmium and Arsenic Intoxication on Brain and Learning-Memory Ability in Rats, ” Toxicology Letters 196, suppl. 1 (2010): S53 (abstract from the XII International Congress of Toxicology).
H. Li, H. Huang, Y. Xu, et al. , “Toxic Effects of Fluoride on Rat Cerebral Cortex Astrocytes in Vitro” (article in Chinese), Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 39, no. 1 (2010): 86–88.
Y. J. Liu, Q. Gao, C. X. Wu, and Z. Z. Guan, “Alterations of nAChRs and ERK1/2 in the Brains of Rats with Chronic Fluorosis and Their Connections with the Decreased Capacity of Learning and Memory, ” Toxicology Letters 192, no. 3 (2010): 324–29.
R. M. M. Sawan, G. A. S. Leite, M. C. P. Saraiva, et al. , “Fluoride Increases Lead Concentrations in Whole Blood and in Calcified Tissues from Lead-Exposed Rats, ” Toxicology 271, no. 1–2 (2010): 21–26.
J. Zhang, W. J. Zhu, X. H. Xu, and Z. G. Zhang, “Effect of Fluoride on Calcium Ion Concentration and Expression of Nuclear Transcription Factor Kappa-B Rho65 in Rat Hippocampus, ” Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology (in press; available online March 19, 2010).
W. Zhu, J. Zhang, and Z. Zhang, “Effects of Fluoride on Synaptic Membrane Fluidity and PSD-95 Expression Level in Rat Hippocampus, ” Biological Trace Element Research (in press; available online March 9, 2010).
APPENDIX 2
Fluoride and Bone
Links to the references in the appendices and endnotes can be accessed at http://fluoridealert.org/caseagainstfluoride.refs.html.
Clinical trials on the treatment of osteoporosis with sodium fluoride
T. A. Bayley, J. E. Harrison, T. M. Murray, et al. , “Fluoride-Induced Fractures: Relation to Osteogenic Effect, ” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 5, suppl. 1 (1990): S217–22.
M. A. Dambacher, J. Ittner, and P. Ruegsegger, “Long-Term Fluoride Therapy of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis, ” Bone 7, no. 3 (1986): 199–205.
J. C. Gerster, S. A. Charhon, P. Jaeger, et al. , “Bilateral Fractures of Femoral Neck in Patients with Moderate Renal Failure Receiving Fluoride for Spinal Osteoporosis, ” British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition) 287, no. 6394 (1983): 723–25.
D. H. Gutteridge, R. I. Price, G. N. Kent, et al. , “Spontaneous Hip Fractures in Fluoride-Treated Patients: Potential Causative Factors, ” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 5, suppl. 1 (1990): S205–15.
D. H. Gutteridge, G. O. Stewart, R. L. Prince, et al. , “A Randomized Trial of Sodium Fluoride (60 mg) +/- Estrogen in Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures: Increased Vertebral Fractures and Peripheral Bone Loss with Sodium Fluoride; Concurrent Estrogen Prevents Peripheral Loss, but Not Vertebral Fractures, ” Osteoporosis International 13, no. 2 (2002): 158–70.
L. R. Hedlund and J. C. Gallagher, “Increased Incidence of Hip Fracture in Osteoporotic Women Treated with Sodium Fluoride, ” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 4, no. 2 (1989): 223–25.
J. Inkovaara, R. Heikinheimo, K. Jarvinen, et al. , “Prophylactic Fluoride Treatment and Aged Bones, ” British Medical Journal 3, no. 5975 (1975): 73–4.
J. D. O’Duffy, H. W. Wahner, W. M. O’Fallon, et al. , “Mechanism of Acute Lower Extremity Pain Syndrome in Fluoride-Treated Osteoporotic Patients, ” American Journal of Medicine 80, no. 4 (1986
): 561–66.
P. Orcel, M. C. de Vernejoul, A. Prier, et al. , “Stress Fractures of the Lower Limbs in Osteoporotic Patients Treated with Fluoride, ” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 5, suppl. 1 (1990): S191–94.
B. L. Riggs, S. F. Hodgson, W. M. O’Fallon, et al. , “Effect of Fluoride Treatment on the Fracture Rate in Post-Menopausal Women with Osteoporosis, ” New England Journal of Medicine 322, no. 12 (1990): 802–9.
C. M. Schnitzler, J. R. Wing, K. A. Gear, and H. J. Robson, “Bone Fragility of the Peripheral Skeleton during Fluoride Therapy for Osteoporosis, ” Clinical Orthopaedics no. 261 (1990): 268–75.
Animal studies showing fluoride weakens bones
D. F. Beary, “The Effects of Fluoride and Low Calcium on the Physical Properties of the Rat Femur, ” The Anatomical Record 164, no. 3 (1969): 305–16.
A. Bohatyrewicz, “Bone Fluoride in Proximal Femur Fractures, ” Fluoride 34, no. 4 (2001): 227–35, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/344/files/FJ2001_v34_n4_p227-235.pdf.
