The Case Against Fluoride

by Paul Connett

  10. Ibid.

  11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Achievements in Public Health, 1900– 1999, ” 937 (n. 9 above).

  12. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, “The Oral Health of Children: A Portrait of States and the Nation 2005. Condition of Children’s Teeth, ” based on data from the National Survey of Children’s Health 2003, Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Rockville, Maryland, http://mchb.hrsa.gov/oralhealth/portrait/1cct.htm.

  13. B. Osmunson, “Water Fluoridation Intervention: Dentistry’s Crown Jewel or Dark Hour?” Fluoride 40, no. 4 (2007): 214–21, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/404/files/FJ2007_v40_n4_p214-221.pdf.

  14. J. V. Kumar, D. L. Altshul, T. L. Cooke, and E. L. Green, “Oral Health Status of Third Grade Children: New York State Oral Health Surveillance System, ” December 15, 2005, http://fluoridealert.org/re/kumar-2005.nys.report.pdf.

  15. Based on analysis performed by Michael Connett for Fluoride Action Network.

  16. B. Osmunson, “Water Fluoridation Intervention” (n. 13 above).

  17. Based on analysis performed by Michael Connett for Fluoride Action Network.

  18. J. V. Kumar et al. , “Oral Health Status of Third Grade Children: New York State Oral Health Surveillance System” (n. 14 above).

  19. Based on analysis performed by Michael Connett for Fluoride Action Network.

  20. J. V. Kumar et al. , “Oral Health Status of Third Grade Children: New York State Oral Health Surveillance System” (n. 14 above).

  21. M. Eisenstadt, “How Fluoride Makes a Difference in CNY; Cayuga County Lacks Fluoridation, and Has a Higher Rate of Cavities, ” The Post-Standard (Syracuse, New York), December 27, 2005, article begins on page A1.

  22. J. Colquhoun, “Why I Changed My Mind About Fluoridation, ” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 41 (1997): 29–44. Reprinted, with permission, in Fluoride 31, no. 2 (1998): 103–18, http://www.fluoride-journal.com/98-31-2/312103.htm.

  23. American Dental Association, “Fluoridation Facts, ” an update commemorating the sixtieth anniversary of community water fluoridation, 2005, http://www.ada.org/sections/professionalresources/pdfs/fluoridation_facts.pdf.

  24. D. H. Retief, E. L. Bradley, F. H. Barbakow, et al. , “Relationships Among Fluoride Concentration in Enamel, Degree of Fluorosis and Caries Incidence in a Community Residing in a High Fluoride Area, ” Journal of Oral Pathology 8, no. 4 (1979): 224–36.

  25. J. Mann, M. Tibi, and H. D. Sgan-Cohen, “Fluorosis and Caries Prevalence in a Community Drinking Above-Optimal Fluoridated Water, ” Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 15, no. 5 (1987): 293–95.

  26. J. Mann, W. Mahmoud, M. Ernest, et al. , “Fluorosis and Dental Caries in 6-8-Year-Old Children in a 5 ppm Fluoride Area, ” Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 18, no. 2 (1990): 77–79.

  27. C. Steelink, “Fluoridation Controversy” (letter), Chemical & Engineering News, July 27, 1992, 2–3; C. Steelink et al. , “Findings and Recommendations on Fluoridation, ” Citizen’s Water Advisory Committee Report, Phoenix, Arizona, June 1992; Bob Carton, ed. , Fluoride Report 2, no. 1 (1994): 7.

  28. S. P. S. Teotia and M. Teotia, “Dental Caries: A Disorder of High Fluoride and Low Dietary Calcium Interactions (30 Years of Personal Research), ” Fluoride 27, no. 2 (1994): 59–66, http://www.fluoridealert.org/re/teotia-1994.pdf.

  29. S. R. Grobleri, A. J. Louw, and T. J. van Kotze, “Dental Fluorosis and Caries Experience in Relation to Three Different Drinking Water Fluoride Levels in South Africa, ” International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 11, no. 5 (2001): 372–79.

  30. A. K. Awadia, J. M. Birkeland, O. Haugejorden, and K. Bjorvatn, “Caries Experience and Caries Predictors—A Study of Tanzanian Children Consuming Drinking Water with Different Fluoride Concentrations, ” Clinical Oral Investigations 6, no. 2 (2002): 98–103.

  31. L. Ekanayake and W. van der Hoek, “Dental Caries and Developmental Defects of Enamel in Relation to Fluoride Levels in Drinking Water in an Arid Area of Sri Lanka, ” Caries Research 36, no. 6 (2002): 398–404.

  32. M. Diesendorf, “The Mystery of Declining Tooth Decay, ” Nature 322, no. 6075 (1986): 125–29.

  33. R. Feltman and G. Kosel, “Prenatal and Postnatal Ingestion of Fluorides—Fourteen Years of Investigation. Final Report, ” The Journal of Dental Medicine 16 (1961): 190–99.

  34. R. Leroy, K. Bogaerts, E. Lesaffre, and D. Declerck, “The Effect of Fluorides and Caries in Primary Teeth on Permanent Tooth Emergence, ” Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 31, no. 6 (2003): 463–70.

  35. A. Komárek, E. Lesaffre, T. Härkänen, et al. , “A Bayesian Analysis of Multivariate Doubly-Interval-Censored Dental Data, ” Biostatistics 6, no. 1 (2005): 145–55.

  36. Video of the debate on water fluoridation that took place between Professor Michael Lennon, chairman of the British Fluoridation Society, and Dr. Paul Connett, director of the Fluoride Action Network, Isle of Man, November 20, 2007, http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=82194292805035136&hl=en.

  37. M. Kelly and B. Bruerd, “The Prevalence of Baby Bottle Tooth Decay Among Two Native American Populations, ” Journal of Public Health Dentistry 47, no. 2 (1987): 94–97.

  38. G. P. Barnes, W. A. Parker, T. C. Lyon Jr. , et al. , “Ethnicity, Location, Age, and Fluoridation Factors in Baby Bottle Tooth Decay and Caries Prevalence of Head Start Children, ” Public Health Reports 107, no. 2 (1992): 167–73, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1403626/pdf/pubhealthrep00074-0041.pdf.

  39. P. Weinstein, P. Domoto, K. Wohlers, and M. Koday, “Mexican-American Parents with Children at Risk for Baby Bottle Tooth Decay: Pilot Study at Migrant Farmworkers Clinic, ” ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 59, no. 5 (1992): 376–83.

  40. M. M. Von Burg, B. J. Sanders, and J. A. Weddell, “Baby Bottle Tooth Decay: A Concern for All Mothers, ” Pediatric Nursing 21, no. 6 (1995): 515–19.

  41. C. Febres, E. A. Echeverri, and H. J. Keene, “Parental Awareness, Habits, and Social Factors and Their Relationship to Baby Bottle Tooth Decay, ” Pediatric Dentistry 19, no. 1 (1997): 22–27.

  42. J. M. Tang, D. S. Altman, D. C. Robertson, et al. , “Dental Caries Prevalence and Treatment Levels in Arizona Preschool Children, ” Public Health Reports 112, no. 4 (1997): 319–29, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1381972.

  43. M. Blen, S. Narendran, and K. Jones, “Dental Caries in Children Under Age Three Attending a University Clinic, ” Pediatric Dentistry 21, no. 4 (1999): 261–64.

  44. D. Kong, “City to Launch Battle Against Dental ‘Crisis, ’” Boston Globe (Massachusetts), November 11, 1999.

  45. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Achievements in Public Health, 1900– 1999” (n. 8 above).

  46. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Recommendations for Using Fluoride to Prevent and Control Dental Caries in the United States, ” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 50, no. RR14 (August 17, 2001): 1–42, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5014a1.htm.

  47. V. C. Marinho, “Evidence-Based Effectiveness of Topical Fluorides, ” Advances in Dental Research 20, no. 1 (2008): 3–7.

  48. M. S. McDonagh et al. , “Systematic Review of Water Fluoridation” (n. 1 above).

  49. K. A. Eaton and M. J. Carlile, “Toothbrushing Behavior in Europe: Opportunities for Dental Public Health, ” International Dental Journal 58, no. 5, suppl. 1 (2008): 287–93, http://www.unilever.com/images/sd_Tooth_brush_behaviour_in_Europe_opportunities_for_dental_public_health(International_Dental_Journal_2008)_tcm13-160710.pdf.

  50. B. de Liefde, “The Decline of Caries in New Zealand over the Past 40 Years, ” New Zealand Dental Journal 94, no. 417 (1998): 109–13.

  Chapter 7

  1. H. T. Dean, F. A. Arnold Jr. , and E. Elvove, “Domestic Water and Dental Caries. II. A Study of 2, 832 White Children, Aged 12 to 14 Years, of 8 Suburban Chicago Communities, Including Lactobacillus Acidophilus Studies of 1, 761 Children, ” Publi
c Health Reports 56 (1941): 761–92.

  2. H. T. Dean, F. A. Arnold Jr. , and E. Elvove, “Domestic Water and Dental Caries. V. Additional Studies of the Relation of Fluoride Domestic Waters to Dental Caries Experience in 4425 White Children, Age 12-14 Years, of 13 Cities in 4 States, ” Public Health Reports 57, no. 32 (1942): 1155–79, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1968063/pdf/pubhealthreporig01481-0001.pdf.

  3. B. C. Nesin, “A Water Supply Perspective of the Fluoridation Discussion, ” Journal of the Maine Water Utilities Association 32 (1956): 33–47.

  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Achievements in Public Health, 1900–1999: Fluoridation of Drinking Water to Prevent Dental Caries, ” Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Review 48, no. 41 (October 22, 1999): 933–40, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4841a1.htm. Note: The authors of this report were Scott Tomar and Susan Griffin, as cited in Tomar’s curriculum vitae, paper number 27 on page 27, http://fluoridealert.org/re/tomar.scott.cv.ref.27.pdf.

  5. H. T. Dean et al. , “Domestic Water and Dental Caries. V” (n. 2 above).

  6. F. B. Exner, “Analytical Commentary on the 1960 Testimony of Dr. H. Trendley Dean in the Suit to Enjoin Fluoridation of Chicago’s Water, Part II, ” in Fluoridation: Its Moral and Political Aspect; A New and Comprehensive Study (New York), The Greater New York Committee Opposed to Fluoridation (undated).

  7. R. Ziegelbecker, “Fluoridated Water and Teeth, ” Fluoride 14, no. 3 (1981): 123–28, http://fluoridealert.org/re/ziegelbecker-1981.pdf.

  8. Ibid.

  9. R. Ziegelbecker and R. C. Ziegelbecker, “WHO Data on Dental Caries and Natural Fluoride Levels, ” Fluoride 26, no. 4 (1993): 263–66, http://fluoridealert.org/re/ziegelbecker-1993.pdf.

  10. R. Ziegelbecker, “Comments and Scientific Critique on the Report of the Working Group to Consider Section 3. 1 Essential Composition in the Proposed Draft Revised Standard for Infant Formula at (Step 3), ” submitted to Codex Alimentarius Commission FAO/WHO, Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CCNFSDU), March 30, 2003, http://fluoridealert.org/re/ziegelbecker.2003.codex.pdf.

  11. R. Ziegelbecker, “Fluoridated Water and Teeth” (n. 7 above).

  12. T. M. De Stefano, “The Fluoridation Research Studies and the General Practitioner, ” Bulletin of Hudson County Dental Society, February 1954.

  13. P. R. N. Sutton, Fluoridation: Errors and Omissions in Experimental Trials, 1st ed. (Australia: Melbourne University Press, 1959).

  14. P. R. N. Sutton, Fluoridation: Errors and Omissions in Experimental Trials, 2nd ed. (Australia: Melbourne University Press, 1960).

  15. P. R. N. Sutton, The Greatest Fraud: Fluoridation (Lorne, Australia: A Factual Book, Kurunda Pty. Ltd. , 1996).

  16. R. Ziegelbecker, “A Critical Review on the Fluorine Caries Problem, ” Fluoride 3, no. 2 (1970): 71–79, http://fluoridealert.org/re/ziegelbecker-1970.pdf.

  17. Letter from Hubert A. Arnold, PhD, University of California (Davis) to Dr. Ernest Newbrun, Medical Sciences Bldg. 653, San Francisco, California, May 28, 1980, http://www.fluoridealert.org/uc-davis.htm.

  18. P. R. N. Sutton, The Greatest Fraud: Fluoridation (n. 15 above).

  19. D. F. Radusch, “Variability of Diagnosis of Incidence of Dental Caries, Journal of the American Dental Association 28 (1941): 1959–61.

  20. J. D. Boyd and N. E. Wessels, “Epidemiological Studies in Dental Caries. III. The Interpretation of Clinical Data Relating to Caries Advance, ” American Journal of Public Health and the Nation’s Health 41, no. 8, pt. 1 (1951): 976–85, http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/reprint/41/8_Pt_1/976.

  21. P. R. N. Sutton, Fluoridation: Errors and Omissions in Experimental Trials, 1st ed. (n. 13 above).

  22. P. R. N. Sutton, Fluoridation: Errors and Omissions in Experimental Trials, 2nd ed. (n. 14 above).

  23. P. R. N. Sutton, The Greatest Fraud: Fluoridation (n. 15 above).

  24. Letter from John Forst, MD, New York State Education Department, to Dr. James Kerwin of the New Jersey Department of Health, October 26, 1954.

  25. J. V. Kumar and E. L. Green, “Recommendations for Fluoride Use in Children. A Review, ” The New York State Dental Journal 64, no. 2 (1998): 40–47.

  26. J. V. Kumar, P. H. Swango, L. L. Lininger, et al. , “Changes in Dental Fluorosis and Dental Caries in Newburgh and Kingston, New York, ” American Journal of Public Health 88, no. 12 (1998): 1866–70, http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/reprint/88/12/1866.

  27. J. V. Kumar and E. L. Green, “Recommendations for Fluoride Use in Children. A Review” (n. 25 above. )

  28. Ibid.

  29. C. Bryson, The Fluoride Deception (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2004), 83–87.

  30. J. Colquhoun and R. Mann, “The Hastings Fluoridation Experiment: Science or Swindle?” The Ecologist 16, no. 6 (1986): 243–48.

  31. J. Colquhoun, “Education and Fluoridation in New Zealand: An Historical Study, ” Ph. D. diss. , University of Auckland, New Zealand, 1987.

  32. J. Colquhoun and B. Wilson, “The Lost Control and Other Mysteries: Further Revelations on New Zealand’s Fluoridation Trial, ” Accountability in Research 6, no. 4 (1999): 373–94.

  33. T. G. Ludwig, “The Hastings Fluoridation Project I. Dental Effects Between 1954 and 1957, ” The New Zealand Dental Journal 54 (1958): 165–72.

  34. T. G. Ludwig, “The Hastings Fluoridation Project II. Dental Effects Between 1954 and 1959, ” The New Zealand Dental Journal 55 (1959): 176–79.

  35. T. G. Ludwig, “The Hastings Fluoridation Project III. Dental Effects Between 1954 and 1961, ” The New Zealand Dental Journal 58 (1962): 22–24.

  36. T. G. Ludwig, “The Hastings Fluoridation Project IV. Dental Effects Between 1954 and 1963, ” The New Zealand Dental Journal 59 (1963): 298–301.

  37. T. G. Ludwig, “The Hastings Fluoridation Project V. Dental Effects Between 1954 and 1964, ” The New Zealand Dental Journal 61 (1965): 175–79.

  38. T. G. Ludwig, “The Hastings Fluoridation Project VI. Dental Effects Between 1954 and 1970, ” The New Zealand Dental Journal 67 (1971): 155–60.

  Chapter 8

  1. Paul Connett’s videotape interview with John Colquhoun in Auckland, New Zealand, 1997. Available from Paul Connett, 82 Judson Street, Canton, New York 13617.

  2. J. Colquhoun, “New Evidence on Fluoridation, ” Social Science & Medicine 19, no. 11 (1984): 1239–46.

  3. J. Colquhoun, “Influence of Social Class and Fluoridation on Child Dental Health, ” Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 13, no. 1 (1985): 37–41.

  4. J. Colquhoun, “Child Dental Health Differences in New Zealand, ” Community Health Studies 11, no. 2 (1987): 85–90.

  5. J. Colquhoun, “Flawed Foundation: A Re-examination of the Scientific Basis for a Dental Benefit from Fluoridation, ” Community Health Studies 14, no. 3 (1990): 288–96.

  6. J. Colquhoun, “Possible Explanations for Decline in Tooth Decay in New Zealand, ” Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 20, no. 3 (1992): 161–66.

  7. J. Colquhoun, “Dental Caries Among Children in New Zealand, ” Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 23, no. 6 (1995): 381.

  8. J. Colquhoun, “Education and Fluoridation in New Zealand: An Historical Study, ” Ph. D. diss. , University of Auckland, New Zealand, 1987.

  9. T. S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1962).

  10. J. Colquhoun, “Why I Changed My Mind About Fluoridation, ” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 41 (1997): 29–44. Reprinted, with permission, in Fluoride 31, no. 2 (1998): 103–18, http://www.fluoride-journal.com/98-31-2/312103.htm.

  11. E. Newbrun and H. Horowitz, “Why We Have Not Changed Our Minds about the Safety and Efficacy of Water Fluoridation, ” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 42, no. 4 (1999): 526–43.

  12. D. H. Leverett, “Fluorides and the Changing Prevalence of Dental Caries, ” Science 217, no. 4554 (1982): 26–30.

  13. Ibid. , 27.

 
14. M. Diesendorf, “The Mystery of Declining Tooth Decay, ” Nature 322, no. 6075 (1986): 125–29.

  15. Ibid.

  16. Ibid.

  17. Ibid.

  18. M. Diesendorf, Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy (Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 2007).

  19. A. S. Gray, “Fluoridation: Time for a New Base Line?” Journal of the Canadian Dental Association 53, no. 10 (1987): 763–65.