The Case Against Fluoride
Page 45
58. Y. Yu, W. Yang, Z. Dong, et al. , “Neurotransmitter and Receptor Changes in the Brains of Fetuses from Areas of Endemic Fluorosis, ” Fluoride 41, no. 2 (2008): 134–38 (originally published in 1996 in Chinese Journal of Endemiology), http://www.fluorideresearch.org/412/files/FJ2008_v41_n2_p134-138.pdf.
59. L. Du, C. Wan, X. Cao, and J. Liu, “The Effect of Fluorine on the Developing Human Brain, ” Fluoride 41, no. 4 (2008): 327–30 (originally published in 1992 in Chinese Journal of Pathology), http://www.fluorideresearch.org/414/files/FJ2008_v41_n4_p327-330.pdf.
60. H. He, Z. Cheng, and W. Q. Liu, “Effects of Fluorine on the Human Fetus, ” Fluoride 41, no. 4 (2008): 321–26 (originally published in 1989 in Chinese Journal of Control of Endemic Diseases), http://www.fluorideresearch.org/414/files/FJ2008_v41_n4_p321-326.pdf.
61. L. Du et al. , “The Effect of Fluorine on the Developing Human Brain” (n. 59 above).
62. Z. Guo, Y. He, and Q. Zhu, “Research on the Neurobehavioural Function of Workers Occupationally Exposed to Fluoride, ” Fluoride 41, no. 2 (2008): 152–55 (originally published in 2001 in Industrial Health and Occupational Disease [China]), http://www.fluorideresearch.org/412/files/FJ2008_v41_n2_p152-155.pdf.
63. J. Li, L. Yao, Q. L. Shao, and C. Y. Wu, “Effects of High Fluoride on Neonatal Neurobehavioral Development, ” Fluoride 41, no. 2 (2008): 165–70 (originally published in 2004 in Chinese Journal of Endemiology), http://www.fluorideresearch.org/412/files/FJ2008_v41_n2_p165-170.pdf.
64. B. Spittle, “Psychopharmacology of Fluoride: A Review” (n. 2 above).
65. P. J. Mullenix et al. , “Neurotoxicity of Sodium Fluoride in Rats” (n. 4 above).
66. Z. Z. Guan et al. , “Influence of Chronic Fluorosis on Membrane Lipids in Rat Brain” (n. 23 above).
67. X. S. Li et al. , “Effect of Fluoride Exposure on Intelligence in Children” (n. 9 above).
68. L. B. Zhao et al. , “Effect of High-Fluoride Water Supply on Children’s Intelligence” (n. 10 above).
69. Medical Research Council, Water Fluoridation and Health, Working Group Report, UK, September 2002, http://fluoridealert.org/re/mrc-2002.pdf.
70. L. Morgan, E. Allred, M. Tavares, et al. , “Investigation of the Possible Associations Between Fluorosis, Fluoride Exposure, and Childhood Behavior Problems, ” Pediatric Dentistry 20, no. 4 (1998): 244–52.
71. F. T. Shannon et al. , “Exposure to Fluoridated Water Supplies and Child Behaviour” (n. 57 above).
72. T. Schettler, J. Stein, F. Reich, et al. , In Harm’s Way: Toxic Threats to Child Development. A report by the Greater Boston Physicians for Social Responsibility, prepared for a joint project with Clean Water Fund, May 2000. Excerpts at http://www.fluoridealert.org/health/brain/psr.html.
73. P. J. Mullenix et al. , “Neurotoxicity of Sodium Fluoride in Rats” (n. 4 above).
74. X. L. Zhao and J. H. Wu, “Actions of Sodium Fluoride on Acetylcholinesterase Activities in Rats, ” Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 11, no. 1 (1998): 1–6.
75. X. S. Li et al. , “Effect of Fluoride Exposure on Intelligence in Children” (n. 9 above).
76. L. B. Zhao et al. , “Effect of High-Fluoride Water Supply on Children’s Intelligence” (n. 10 above).
77. T. Schettler et al. , In Harm’s Way, 92 (n. 72 above).
78. P. Grandjean and P. J. Landrigan, “Developmental Neurotoxicity of Industrial Chemicals, ” The Lancet 368, no. 9553 (2006): 2167–78.
79. R. D. Masters and M. J. Coplan, “Water Treatment with Silicofluorides and Lead Toxicity, ” International Journal of Environmental Studies 56, no. 4 (1999): 435–49.
80. R. D. Masters, M. J. Coplan, B. T. Hone, and J. E. Dykes, “Association of Silicofluoride Treated Water with Elevated Blood Lead, ” Neurotoxicology 21, no. 6 (2000): 1091–99.
81. R. M. M. Sawan et al. , “Fluoride Increases Lead Concentrations in Whole Blood and in Calcified Tissues from Lead-exposed Rats” (n. 22 above).
82. Bazian Ltd. , “Independent Critical Appraisal of Selected Studies Reporting an Association between Fluoride in Drinking Water and IQ. ” A report for South Central Strategic Health Authority, UK, delivery date: February 11, 2009, http://fluoridealert.org/iq.bazian.feb09.pdf.
83. Q. Xiang et al. , “Effect of Fluoride in Drinking Water on Children’s Intelligence” (n. 47 above).
84. J. Newton, “Water Fluoridation—The Scientific Evidence. ” Report by Professor John Newton, Regional Director of Public Health, South Central Strategic Health Authority, UK, February 20, 2009, http://fluoridealert.org/sha.sc.evidence.feb09.pdf.
Chapter 16
1. Forum on Fluoridation (Dublin, Ireland: Stationery Office, 2002), http://fluoridealert.org/re/fluoridation.forum.2002.pdf.
2. Medical Research Council, Water Fluoridation and Health, Working Group Report, UK, September 2002, http://fluoridealert.org/re/mrc-2002.pdf.
3. J. Fawell, K. Bailey, J. Chilton, et al. , Fluoride in Drinking-Water, World Health Organization (London and Seattle: IWA Publishing, 2006).
4. National Health and Medical Research Council, A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Fluoridation, reference no. EH41, Australian Government, December 27, 2007, http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/eh41syn.htm.
5. Health Canada, “Findings and Recommendations of the Fluoride Expert Panel (January 2007), ” April 2008, http://fluoridealert.org/re/canada.fluoride.expert.panel.2007.pdf.
6. National Research Council of the National Academies, Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006), 266, http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=030910128X&page=266.
7. E. Maumené, “Expérience pour Déterminer L’action des Florures sur L’économie Animale, ” Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences 39 (1854): 538.
8. Parents of Fluoride Poisoned Children, “Thyroid History. History of the Fluoride/Iodine Antagonism, ” http://www.bruha.com/pfpc/html/thyroid_history.html.
9. D. G. Steyn, “Fluorine and Endemic Goitre, ” South African Medical Journal 22, no. 16 (1948): 525–26.
10. D. G. Steyn et al. , “Endemic Goitre in the Union of South Africa and Some Neighbouring Territories, ” Union of South Africa, Department of Nutrition, 1955.
11. D. C. Wilson, “Fluorine in Aetiology of Endemic Goiter, ” The Lancet 237, no. 6129 (1941): 211–12.
12. T. K. Day and P. R. Powell-Jackson, “Fluoride, Water Hardness, and Endemic Goiter, ” The Lancet 1, no. 7761 (1972): 1135–38.
13. A. O. Obel, “Goitre and Fluorosis in Kenya, ” East African Medical Journal 59, no. 6 (1982): 363–65.
14. V. K. Desai, D. M. Solanki, and R. K. Bansal, “Epidemiological Study of Goitre in Endemic Fluorosis District of Gujarat, ” Fluoride 26, no. 3 (1993): 187–90.
15. P. L. Jooste, M. J. Weight, J. A. Kriek, and A. J. Louw, “Endemic Goitre in the Absence of Iodine Deficiency in Schoolchildren of the Northern Cape Province of South Africa, ” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, no. 1 (1999): 8–12.
16. H. Bürgi, L. Siebenhüner, and E. Miloni, “Fluorine and Thyroid Gland Function: A Review of the Literature, ” Klinische Wochenschrift 62, no. 12 (1984): 564–69.
17. L. Goldemberg, “Action Physiologique des Fluorures, ” Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologie et de ses Filiales (Paris) 95 (1926): 1169.
18. L. Goldemberg, “Traitement de la Maladie de Basedow et de l’Hyperthyroidisme par le Fluor, ” La Presse Médicale 102 (1930): 1751.
19. L. Goldemberg, “Comment Agiraient-ils Therapeutiquement les Fluoers dans le Goitre Exopthalmique et dans L’Hyperthyroidisme, ” La Semana Médica 39 (1932): 1659.
20. W. May, “Antagonismus Zwischen Jod und Fluor im Organismus, ” Klinische Wochenschrift 14 (1935): 790–92.
21. W. May, “Behandlung the Hyperthyreosen Einschliesslich des Schweren Genuinen Morbus Basedow mit Fluor, ” Klinische Wochenschrift 16 (1937): 562–64.
22. W. Orlowski, “Sur l
a Valeur Therapeutique du Sang Animal du Bore et du Fluor dans la Maladie de Basedow, ” La Presse Medicale 42 (1932): 836–37.
23. P. Galletti and G. Joyet, “Effect of Fluorine on Thyroidal Iodine Metabolism in Hyperthyroidism, ” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 18, no. 10 (1958): 1102–10.
24. Ibid.
25. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks, table 11, page 17, Public Health Service, Washington, DC, February 1991, http://health.gov/environment/ReviewofFluoride/.
26. P. P. Bachinskii, O. A. Gutsalenko, N. D. Naryzhniuk, et al. , “Action of Fluoride on the Function of the Pituitary-thyroid System of Healthy Persons and Patients with Thyroid Disorders” (article in Russian), Problemy Endokrinologii (Mosk) 31, no. 6 (1985): 25–29. English translation at http://www.fluoridealert.org/bachinskii.1985.pdf.
27. N. D. Mikhailets, M. I. Balabolkin, V. A. Rakitin, and I. P. Danilov, “Thyroid Function During Prolonged Exposure to Fluorides” (article in Russian), Problemy Endokrinologii (Mosk) 42, no. 1 (1996): 6–9.
28. Ibid.
29. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 263 (n. 6 above).
30. M. Li, G. Ma, S. C. Boyages, and C. J. Eastman, “Re-emergence of Iodine Deficiency in Australia, ” Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 10, no. 3 (2001): 200–203.
31. F. F. Lin, Aihaiti, H. X. Zhao, et al. , “The Relationship of a Low-Iodine and High-Fluoride Environment to Subclinical Cretinism in Xinjiang, ” Xinjiang Institute for Endemic Disease Control and Research; Office of Leading Group for Endemic Disease Control of Hetian Prefectural Committee of the Communist Party of China; and County Health and Epidemic Prevention Station, Yutian, Xinjiang, Iodine Deficiency Disorder Newsletter 7 (1991): 3, http://fluoridealert.org/scher/lin-1991.pdf; also see http://www.fluoridealert.org/IDD.htm.
32. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, chapter 8 (n. 6 above).
33. Ibid , 234, http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571&page=234.
34. Ibid. , 262, http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571&page=262.
35. Ibid. , 263, http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571&page=263.
36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Iodine Level, United States, 2000, ” National Center for Health Statistics, 2002, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/iodine.htm.
37. P. R. Larsen and T. F. Davies, in: Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 10th ed. , ed. Larsen et al. , (Philadelphia: Saunders, 2002).
38. D. Fagin, “Second Thoughts on Fluoride, ” Scientific American 298, no. 1 (January 2008): 74–81. Excerpts at http://www.fluoridealert.org/sc.am.jan.2008.html.
39. M. J. Schneider, S. N. Fiering, S. E. Pallud, et al. , “Targeted Disruption of the Type 2 Selenodeiodinase Gene (DIO2) Results in a Phenotype of Pituitary Resistance to T4, ” Molecular Endocrinology 15, no. 12 (2001): 2137–48.
40. F. F. Lin et al. , “The Relationship of a Low-Iodine and High-Fluoride Environment to Subclinical Cretinism in Xinjiang” (n. 31 above).
41. A. K. Susheela, M. Bhatnagar, K. Vig, and N. K. Mondal, “Excess Fluoride Ingestion and Thyroid Hormone Derangements in Children Living in Delhi, India, ” Fluoride 38, no. 2 (2005): 98–108, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/382/files/38298-108.pdf.
42. D. L. St. Germain, V. A. Galton, and A. Hernandez, “Minireview: Defining the Roles of the Iodothyronine Deiodinases: Current Concepts and Challenges, ” Endocrinology 150, no. 3 (2009): 1097–107.
43. C. Clinch, “Fluoride Interactions with Iodine and Iodide: Implications for Breast Health, ” Fluoride 42, no. 2 (2009): 75–87, http://www.fluorideresearch.org/422/files/FJ2009_v42_n2_p075-087.pdf.
44. N. D. Mikhailets et al. , “Thyroid Function During Prolonged Exposure to Fluorides” (n. 27 above).
45. S. Tezelman, A. E. Siperstein, Q. Y. Duh, et al. , “Desensitization of Adenylate Cyclase in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Transfected with Human Thyroid-stimulating Hormone Receptor, ” Endocrinology 134, no. 3 (1994): 1561–69.
46. “British Fluoridation Society Statement (January 2006) on the Absence of an Association between Water Fluoridation and Thyroid Disorders, ” available online as of May 2, 2010, http://www.bfsweb.org/facts/sof_effects/statementofflo.htm.
47. M. S. McDonagh, P. F. Whiting, P. M. Wilson, et al. , “Systematic Review of Water Fluoridation, ” British Medical Journal 321, no. 7265 (2000): 855–59, http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/321/7265/855. Note: The full report that this paper summarizes is commonly known as the York Review and is accessible at http://fluoridealert.org/re/york.review.2000.pdf. )
48. World Health Organization, Fluorides, Environmental Health Criteria 227, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Geneva, Switzerland, 2002, http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc227.htm.
49. Royal College of Physicians of London, Fluoride, Teeth and Health (Kent, UK: Pitman Medical Publishing Co. Ltd. , 1976).
50. American Dental Association, “Fluoridation Facts, ” page 34, an update commemorating the sixtieth anniversary of community water fluoridation, 2005, http://www.ada.org/sections/professionalResources/pdfs/fluoridation_facts.pdf.48.
51. N. C. Leone, E. C. Leatherwood, I. M. Petrie, and L. Lieberman, “Effect of Fluoride on Thyroid Gland: Clinical Study, ” Journal of the American Dental Association 69 (1964): 179–80.
52. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 236 (n. 6 above).
53. J. Luke, “The Effect of Fluoride on the Physiology of the Pineal Gland, ” PhD thesis, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, 1997. Thesis online, with permission of author, at http://fluoridealert.org/luke-1997.pdf.
54. J. Luke, “Fluoride Deposition in the Aged Human Pineal Gland, ” Caries Research 35, no. 2 (2001): 125–28.
55. J. Luke, “The Effect of Fluoride on the Physiology of the Pineal Gland” (n. 53 above).
56. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 264 (n. 6 above).
57. E. R. Schlesinger, D. E. Overton, H. C. Chase, and K. T. Cantwell, “Newburgh-Kingston Caries-Fluorine Study XIII. Pediatric Findings after Ten Years, ” Journal of the American Dental Association 52, no. 3 (1956): 296–306.
58. National Research Council, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 260 (n. 6 above).
Chapter 17
1. H. C. Hodge, “Safety Factors in Water Fluoridation Based on the Toxicology of Fluorides, ” The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 22 (1963): 111–17, http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=784060&jid=PNS&volumeId=22&issueId=01&aid=784052.
2. J. Caffey, “On Fibrous Defects in Cortical Walls: Their Radiological Appearance, Structure, Prevalence, Natural Course, and Diagnostic Significance, ” in Advances in Pediatrics, ed. S. Z. Levin, (New York: Interscience, 1955).
3. E. R. Schlesinger, D. E. Overton, H. C. Chase, and K. T. Cantwell, “Newburgh-Kingston Caries-Fluorine Study XIII. Pediatric Findings after Ten Years, ” Journal of the American Dental Association 52, no. 3 (1956): 296–306.
4. M. T. Alarcón-Herrera, I. R. Martín-Domínguez, R. Trejo-Vázquez, et al. , “Well Water Fluoride, Dental Fluorosis, Bone Fractures in the Guadiana Valley of Mexico, ” Fluoride 34, no. 2 (2001): 139–49, http://www.fluoride-journal.com/01-34-2/342-139.pdf.
5. K. E. Heller, S. A. Eklund, and B. A. Burt, “Dental Caries and Dental Fluorosis at Varying Water Fluoride Concentrations, ” Journal of Public Health Dentistry 57, no. 3 (1997): 136–43.
6. E. D. Beltrán-Aguilar, B. F. Gooch, A. Kingman, et al. , “Surveillance for Dental Caries, Dental Sealants, Tooth Retention, Edentulism, and Enamel Fluorosis—United States, 1988–1994 and 1999–2002, ” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 54, no. 3 (August 26, 2005): 1–44, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5403a1.htm.
7. A. Singh, S. S. Jolly, B. C. Bansal, and C. C. Mathur, “Endemic Fluorosis: Epidemiological, Clinical and Biochemical Study of Chronic Fluoride Intoxication in Punjab (India), ” Medicine 42 (1963): 229–46.
8. J. Franke, F. Rath, H.
Runge, et al. , “Industrial Fluorosis, ” Fluoride 8, no. 2 (1975): 61–83, http://www.fluoridealert.org/re/franke-1975.pdf.
9. S. P. S. Teotia, M. Teotia, and N. P. S. Teotia, “Symposium on the Non-Skeletal Phase of Chronic Fluorosis: The Joints, ” Fluoride 9, no. 1 (1976): 19–24, http://www.fluoridealert.org/re/teotia-1976.pdf.
10. B. W. Carnow and S. A. Conibear, “Industrial Fluorosis, ” Fluoride 14, no. 4 (1981): 172–81, http://fluoridealert.org/re/carnow.1981.pdf.
11. E. Czerwinski, J. Nowak, D. Dabrowska, et al. , “Bone and Joint Pathology in Fluoride-Exposed Workers, ” Archives of Environmental Health 43, no. 5 (1988): 340–43.
12. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks, Public Health Service, Washington, DC, February 1991, http://health.gov/environment/ReviewofFluoride/.