Mistresses
Page 25
3Quoted in Timothy Crist (ed.), Charles II to Lord Taaffe: Letters in Exile (1974), p. 6
4See Antonia Fraser, King Charles II (1979), pp. 155–6. Other historians remain unconvinced of the infanta’s identity.
5Crist, Charles II to Lord Taaffe, p. 29
6A. Bryant (ed.), The Letters, Speeches and Declarations of King Charles II (1935), p. 84
7See Tim Harris, Restoration: Charles II and His Kingdoms 1660–1685 (2005), pp. 48–50
Chapter Four
1Quoted, without source, in G. Steinman, A Memoir of Barbara, Duchess of Cleveland (1871), p. 4
2Abel Boyer, Annals of the Reign of Queen Anne (1722), p. 388
3Letters of Philip, second earl of Chesterfield (1835), pp. 77–81
4Ibid., p. 76
5The republican government was strict about the observance of Sunday worship and any flirting would have been frowned upon, with potentially awkward repercussions for Barbara’s mother and stepfather.
6Letters of Philip, second earl of Chesterfield, pp. 88–9
7Ibid., pp. 102–3
8Surrey History Centre, Brodrick (Midleton) Papers, MS 1248/1
Chapter Five
1Quoted in Tim Harris, Restoration: Charles II and His Kingdoms 1660–1685 (2005), p. 44
2Ibid., p. 49
3See Kevin Sharpe, ‘“Thy Longing Country’s Darling and Desire”: Aesthetics, Sex and Politics in the England of Charles II’, in Julia Marciari Alexander and Catharine MacLeod (eds), Politics, Transgression and Representation at the Court of Charles II (2007), pp. 1–32
4‘On the Duchess of Cleveland’, attributed to Buckingham, though sometimes to John Wilmot, earl of Rochester. Printed in Christine Phipps (ed.), Buckingham, Public and Private Man: The Prose, Poems and Commonplace Book of George Villiers, second duke of Buckingham (1628–1687) (1985), p. 154
5Gilbert Burnet, History of His Own Time (1753), vol.1, p. 129
6BL Add MS 21,505, f.32
7See Chapter Eight: ‘Full of sweetness and goodness’
8Pepys, Diary, vol. III (1985), p. 147
9Ibid., pp. 300–1
10The Diary of John Evelyn (2006), p. 471
11BL Add MS 36916, f.119, quoted in Sonya M. Wynne, The Mistresses of Charles II and Restoration Court Politics, 1660–1685 (Cambridge University PhD thesis, 1998), p. 37
12Pepys, Diary, vol. III, p. 87
13The surviving portraits in the Windsor Beauties series hang in the Communications Gallery at Hampton Court Palace. They are remarkable for their facial similarity (and the fact that many of them are clearly wearing the same pearl necklace) and the richness of the sitters’ clothing. Whether the entire series was commissioned by Anne Hyde or whether she decided to collect them once they were being painted is unclear. The idea of a series of paintings of great ladies originated in the courts of Europe.
14Steven N. Zwicker, ‘Sites of Instruction: Andrew Marvell and the Tropes of Restoration Portraiture’, in Alexander and MacLeod, Politics, Transgression and Representation at the Court of Charles II (2008), pp. 126–8
15The painting was acquired by the National Portrait Gallery in London in 2005, following a nationwide appeal for funds.
16Bodleian Library, Carte MSS 32, ff.35v and 40, cited in Wynne, The Mistresses of Charles II, p. 105
17See Chapter Seven: A Wealthy Wife
18TNA, ref. PRO 31/3/113, 5 June 1664, quoted in Wynne, The Mistresses of Charles II, p. 106
19Pepys, Diary, vol. VIII, p. 404
20Clarendon, Life, vol. II, p. 451
21‘Memoirs of Nathaniel, Lord Crew’, Camden Miscellany, vol. IX (1895), p. 9
22From the memoirs of Sir John Reresby, quoted in Christine Phipps (ed.), Buckingham, Public and Private Man: The Prose, Poems and Commonplace Book of George Villiers, second duke of Buckingham (1628–1687) (1985), p. 6
23Ibid., p. 3
24Anthony Hamilton, Memoirs of the Comte de Gramont, Allan Fea (ed.) (1906), p. 138
25Wynne, The Mistresses of Charles II, p. 109
26See Part Five: The Stage and the Throne
27Pepys, Diary, vol. VIII, p. 17
28Elizabeth Hamilton, The Illustrious Lady: A Biography of Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine (1980), p. 79
29See Part Four: ‘His Coy Mistress’
30Pepys, Diary, vol. IX, p. 132
31The Poor Whores Petition (1668)
32The gracious answer of the most illustrious lady of pleasure the Countess of Castel (1668)
Chapter Six
1BL Harleian (Harley) MS 7006, f.176, cited in G. Steinman, A Memoir of Barbara, Duchess of Cleveland (1871), pp. 163–4. This reference is repeated by Elizabeth Hamilton in The Illustrious Lady: A Biography of Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine (1980), p. 223, but it does not exist in this source. There is also reference to the letter in the Annual Register 1766, p. 205, but the original seems to be lost. Barbara herself refers to it in her letter of 16 May 1678 to the king (Steinman, p. 163).
2Jenny Uglow, A Gambling Man: Charles II and the Restoration (2009)
3James had not yet openly declared his conversion to Catholicism, but his wife, Anne, Clarendon’s daughter, did so in 1670.
4See Part Six: Baby Face
5Quoted in Richard Holmes, Marlborough: England’s Fragile Genius (2008), p. 64
6BL Harley MS 5277, ff.22–3
7There is no evidence to support Elizabeth Hamilton’s assertion that Charles II might have been using Barbara as a conduit to the French king, as some sort of replacement for his sister. See Hamilton, The Illustrious Lady, p. 166. Madame had been dead for six years before the duchess of Cleveland arrived in Paris.
8Steinman, A Memoir of Barbara, Duchess of Cleveland, pp. 156–64
9Dorney Court Archives, T15/226, 2 April 1674
Chapter Seven
1‘House of Lords Journal, vol. 11: 1660–1666’ (His Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, 1767–1830), p. 241
2A. R. Disney, A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire: Volume One (2009), p. 224
3V. Rau (ed.), ‘Letters from Catherine of Bragança, Queen-Consort of Charles II to her brother, Dom Pedro II, King of Portugal (1679–1691)’, in The Historical Association: Lisbon Branch, Annual Report and Review, 9 (1945), p. 56
4E. Rosenthal, ‘Notes on Catherine of Bragança, Queen of Charles II of England, and her Life in Portugal’, in The Historical Association: Lisbon Branch, Annual Report and Review, 2 (1938), p. 70
5A. Bryant (ed.), The Letters, Speeches and Declarations of King Charles II (1935), p. 115
6Pepys, Diary, vol. II, p. 197 and note on p. 198
7R. C. Anderson (ed.), The Journal of Edward Montagu, first earl of Sandwich, admiral and general at sea, 1659–1665 (Publications of the Navy Records Society, vol. 64, 1929), pp. 126–7
8Ibid.
9Ibid., p. 132
10Quoted in Lorraine Madway, ‘Rites of Deliverance and Disenchantment: The Marriage Celebrations for Charles II and Catherine of Braganza, 1661–62’, in The Seventeenth Century, vol. 27:1 (Spring 2012), p. 91
11BL Bagford Ballads, vol. 3, unfoliated
12Bryant, The Letters, Speeches and Declarations of King Charles II, p. 126
13Ibid., p. 127
14Ibid.
15Ibid., pp. 126–7
16The Diary of John Evelyn (2006), p. 398
17Madway, ‘Rites of Deliverance and Disenchantment’, p. 97
18The Diary of John Evelyn (2006), p. 403
19Bodleian Library Carte MS 31, quoted in Madway, ‘Rites of Deliverance and Disenchantment’, p. 95
Chapter Eight
1Letters of Philip, second earl of Chesterfield (1835), p. 123
2Clarendon, Life, vol. II, pp. 168–9
3M. Exwood and H. L. Lehmann (eds), Journal of William Schellinks’ Travels in England, 1661–63, Camden 5th Series, vol. 1 (Royal Historical Society, 1993), p. 91
4Cla
rendon, Life, vol. II, pp. 187–91, quoted in Sonya M. Wynne, The Mistresses of Charles II and Restoration Court Politics, 1660–1685 (Cambridge University PhD thesis, 1998), p. 17
5Bodleian Library Carte MS 31, f.602
6ODNB entry for Catherine of Braganza (2004)
7Anna Keay, The Last Royal Rebel: The Life and Death of James, Duke of Monmouth (2016), p. 56
8Lillias Campbell Davidson, Catherine of Bragança: Infanta of Portugal & Queen Consort of England (1908), p. 201
9Ruth Norrington, My Dearest Minette: Letters Between Charles II and His Sister, the Duchesse d’Orléans (1996), p. 71
10Ibid., p. 72
11Gertrude Z. Thomas, Richer than Spices (1965), p. 95
12The Diary of John Evelyn (2006), p. 528
13Peter Leech, ‘Musicians in the Catholic Chapel of Catherine of Braganza, 1662–92’, Early Music, vol. 29, no. 4 (November 2001), pp. 571–87
14Ibid., pp. 575–7
15See Edward Corp, ‘Catherine of Braganza and Cultural Politics’, in Clarissa Campbell Orr (ed.), Queenship in Britain 1660–1837 (2002), pp. 53–73
Chapter Nine
1Ruth Norrington, My Dearest Minette: Letters Between Charles II and His Sister, the Duchesse d’Orléans (1996), pp. 53–4
2C. H. Hartmann, La Belle Stuart (1924), pp. 27 and 29
3Pepys, Diary, vol. IV, p. 230
4Ibid., pp. 37–8
Chapter Ten
1Ronald Hutton, Charles II: King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1991), p. 249
2Pepys, Diary, vol. VIII, p. 83
3Quoted in Katharine Eustace, ‘Britannia: some high points in the iconography of British coinage’, British Numismatic Society Journal, vol. 76 (2006), p. 328
4The ODNB entry for Katherine Howard states that she remarried Viscount Newburgh some time towards the end of 1648 and that she offered shelter to Charles II during his escape from Hampton Court to the Isle of Wight at that time. As the date of the king’s escape was actually in November 1647, the date of her remarriage must be wrong.
5Anthony Hamilton, Memoirs of the Comte de Gramont, Allan Fea (ed.) (1906), pp. 336–8
6Pepys, Diary, vol. VIII, p. 145
7ODNB entry for Lady Mary Sidney (2004)
8C. H. Hartmann, La Belle Stuart (1924), p. 154
9West Sussex Record Office, Goodwood MSS 1071
10BL Add MS 21948, f.281
11BL Stowe MS 200, f.330
12ODNB entry for Charles Stuart, sixth duke of Lennox and third duke of Richmond (2004)
13West Sussex Record Office, Goodwood MSS 1071
Chapter Eleven
1Deborah P. Fisk (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to English Restoration Theatre (2000), p. 1
2Ibid., p. 31
3Harold Weber, quoted in Elizabeth Howe, The First English Actresses: Women and Drama, 1660–1700 (1992), p. 37
4Charles Beauclerk, Nell Gwyn (2005), pp. 9–12
5Pepys, Diary, vol. VIII, p. 503
6John Downes, Roscius Anglicanus: or, An historical review of the stage from 1660 to 1706 (1708), quoted in ODNB entry for Charles Hart (2004)
7Peter Holland, The Ornament of Action: Text and Performance in Restoration Comedy (1979), p. 82
8Pepys, Diary, vol. VIII, p. 594
9The Cambridge Companion to English Restoration Theatre states that Buckingham’s adaptation dates from 1664 and that it was performed that year (p. 284). Elizabeth Howe, in The First English Actresses, believes that it was not performed by the King’s Company until 1667, after Hart and Gwyn had started acting opposite one another. She acknowledges that there is no absolute proof that Nell Gwyn played the female lead, Constancia, but I find her arguments persuasive (p. 67).
10Quoted in Elizabeth Howe, The First English Actresses: Women and Drama, 1660–1700 (1992), p. 72
11The ODNB entry for Charles Sackville has his mother, Lady Frances Cranfield, as governess to Charles I’s children, but this is an error. Lady Frances was only eight years old when the future Charles II was born. It is Buckhurst’s grandmother, born Mary Curzon and later wife of Thomas Sackville, first earl of Dorset, who was the royal governess. She died in 1645.
12Quoted in Charles Beauclerk, Nell Gwyn (2005), p. 105, from a contemporary satirical poem called ‘The Lady of Pleasure’. This should not be confused with James Shirley’s 1635 play of the same name.
Chapter Twelve
1For Louise de Kéroualle, see Part Six: Baby Face
2Quoted in Ronald Hutton, Charles II: King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1989), p. 279
3Verse from the New Academy of Compliments, quoted in Matthew Jenkinson, Culture and Politics at the Court of Charles II, 1660–1685 (2010), p. 170
4The Diary of John Evelyn (2006), p. 498
5Quoted in the ODNB entry for Eleanor Gwyn, by Sonya Wynne
6Quoted in Charles Beauclerk, Nell Gwyn (2005), p.165
7For more details on Nell’s possessions and lifestyle as Charles II’s mistress, see Charles Beauclerk, Nell Gwyn (2005), Chapter 11.
8Tim Harris, Restoration: Charles II and His Kingdoms 1660–1685 (2005), p. 136
9Lillias Campbell Davidson, Catherine of Bragança: Infanta of Portugal & Queen Consort of England (1908), pp. 331–2
Chapter Thirteen
1Bryan Bevan, in his biography of Louise de Kéroualle, Charles II’s French Mistress (1972), speculates, without any evidence, on Louise’s relationship with Henriette Anne. See pp. 16–17.
2T. Bebington (ed.), The Right Honourable the Earl of Arlington’s Letters to Sir William Temple . . . July 1665 to September 1670 (1701), vol. I, p. 445
3Quoted in Steven Hicks, Ralph, First Duke of Montagu (1638–1709): Power and Patronage in Late Stuart England (2015), p. 73
4Helen Jacobsen, ‘Luxury consumption, cultural politics and the career of the earl of Arlington, 1660–1685’, The Historical Journal 52(2) (2009), p. 307
5Jeanine Delpech, The Life and Times of the Duchess of Portsmouth, translated by A. Lindsay (1953), p. 62, quoted in Sonya M. Wynne, The Mistresses of Charles II and Restoration Court Politics, 1660–1685 (Cambridge University PhD thesis, 1998)
6The Diary of John Evelyn (2006), pp. 505–6
7Quoted in Bryan Bevan, Charles II’s French Mistress (1972), p. 43
8W. D. Christie (ed.), Letters addressed from London to Sir Joseph Williamson, Camden Society, ns, vol. viii (1874), p. 74, quoted in Wynne, Mistresses of Charles II and Restoration Court Politics, p. 42
9The Diary of John Evelyn (2006), pp. 678–9
Chapter Fourteen
1Bryan Bevan, Charles II’s French Mistress (1972), pp. 43 and 72 (both quotations without source, though the one in pidgin English is reported in H. Forneron, Louise de Kéroualle, Duchess of Portsmouth, p. 72)
2Quoted from a report in the Dutch Royal Archives, in K. H. D. Haley, William of Orange and the English Opposition, 1672–4 (1953), p. 200. Sonya M. Wynne refers to this incident in The Mistresses of Charles II and Restoration Court Politics, 1660–1685 (Cambridge University PhD thesis, 1998), p. 45, but gives Lady Worcester’s first name as Margaret.
3Andrew Browning, Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby and Duke of Leeds, 1632–1712, vol. 2, Letters (1944), pp. 69–70
4Essex Papers, p. 265, quoted in Wynne, The Mistresses of Charles II and Restoration Court Politics, p. 120
5Quoted in H. Forneron, Louise de Kéroualle, Duchess of Portsmouth, p. 95
6West Sussex Record Office, Goodwood MSS 1903
7Quoted in H. Forneron, Louise de Kéroualle, Duchess of Portsmouth, p. 171. Most authorities, including Wynne and Hutton, refer to this sum of money as £100,000 rather than the French crowns that Charles II refers to. There is not, however, a direct equivalence.
Chapter Fifteen
1Notably Jonathan Scott in Algernon Sidney and the Restoration Crisis, 1677–1683 (1991), p. xiii and passim
2Sidney, Diary, p. 15, quoted in Sonya M. Wynne, The Mis
tresses of Charles II and Restoration Court Politics, 1660–1685 (Cambridge University PhD thesis, 1998), p. 127
3Scott, Algernon Sidney and the Restoration Crisis, p. 161
4See Part Seven: The Cardinal’s Niece
5The text is printed in The Harleian Miscellany, vol. 8, pp. 377–91, where a footnote added later suggests that supporters of the duke of York may have been responsible for the production and dissemination of this attack on Louise because of her support for exclusion. As the articles were published in January 1680 and Louise did not come out for exclusion until August that year, this explanation does not fit the timing of events.
6Sidney, Diary, vol. I, p. 232, quoted in Wynne, The Mistresses of Charles II and Restoration Court Politics, p. 130
7Quoted in Wynne, The Mistresses of Charles II and Restoration Court Politics, p. 138
8TNA, ref. PRO 31/3/147, f.367
9J. R. Jones, Country and Court: England 1658–1714 (1978), p. 216. A case could be made for William III as a stronger monarch, though his reign ended in 1702.
Chapter Sixteen
1Two elder sisters, Laure-Victoire and Olympe, were already in Paris.
2Sarah Nelson (ed. and trans.), Hortense and Marie Mancini, Memoirs (2008), p. 85
3Noel Williams, Five Fair Sisters (1906), p. 38
4Quoted in Elizabeth C. Goldsmith, The Kings’ Mistresses: The Liberated Lives of Marie Mancini, Princess Colonna, and Her Sister Hortense, Duchess Mazarin (2012), p. 6
5Williams, Five Fair Sisters, p. 61
6Quoted in Goldsmith, The Kings’ Mistresses, p. 10
7Ibid., p. 18
8Nelson, Hortense and Marie Mancini, Memoirs, p. 37
9Ibid., p. 39
10This convent was not the same as the one where Hortense and Marie Mancini had earlier lived, on the Rue Saint-Jacques.
11Mazarin, Memoirs, p. 51
12Quoted in Goldsmith, The Kings’ Mistresses, p. 72
13Mazarin, Memoirs, p. 81
Chapter Seventeen
1Calendar of State Papers Domestic, Charles II (1675–6), pp. 473–4