Thomas Cromwell

by Diarmaid MacCulloch

  P. Marshall, ‘The Rood of Boxley, the Blood of Hailes and the defence of the Henrician Church’, JEH 46 (1995), 689–96

  P. Marshall, ‘Papist as heretic: the burning of John Forest, 1538’, HJ 41 (1998), 351–74

  P. Marshall, ‘The other Black Legend: the Henrician Reformation and the Spanish people’, EHR 116 (2001), 31–49

  P. Marshall, ‘The shooting of Robert Packington’, in Marshall, Religious Identities in Henry VIII’s England (Aldershot, 2006), 61–79

  P. Marshall, ‘“The greatest man in Wales”: James ap Gruffydd ap Hywel and the international opposition to Henry VIII’, SCJ 39 (2008), 681–704

  P. Marshall, ‘The making of the Tudor Judas: trust and betrayal in the English Reformation’, Reformation 13 (2008), 77–101

  P. Marshall, ‘Crisis of allegiance: George Throckmorton and Henry Tudor’, in Marshall and G. Scott (eds.), Catholic Gentry in English Society: the Throckmortons of Coughton from Reformation to emancipation (Farnham, 2009), 31–67

  P. Marshall, Faith and Identity in a Warwickshire Family: the Throckmortons and the Reformation (Dugdale Society Occasional Papers 49, 2010)

  P. Marshall, Heretics and Believers: a history of the English Reformation (New Haven and London, 2017)

  P. Marshall and A. Ryrie (eds.), The Beginnings of English Protestantism (Cambridge, 2002)

  T. F. Mayer, Reginald Pole: prince and prophet (Cambridge, 2000)

  S. Menache, ‘Papal attempts at a commercial boycott of the Muslims in the Crusader period’, JEH 63 (2012), 236–59

  A. de Mézerac-Zanetti, ‘Reforming the liturgy under Henry VIII: the instructions of John Clerk, Bishop of Bath and Wells (PRO, SP6/3, fos 42r–44v)’, JEH 64 (2013), 96–111

  J. F. Mozley, William Tyndale (London, 1937)

  M. Murphy, ‘Thame, Tübingen, Kraków and Reading: the itinerary of Leonard Cox, humanist and schoolmaster (c. 1495–1550)’, Humanistica Lovaniensia 64 (2015), 75–95

  V. Murphy, ‘The literature and propaganda of Henry VIII’s first divorce’, in MacCulloch (ed.), Reign of Henry VIII, 135–58

  J. Murray, ‘Archbishop Alen, Tudor reform and the Kildare Rebellion’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 89C (1989), 1–16

  J. Murray, Enforcing the English Reformation in Ireland: clerical resistance and political conflict in the diocese of Dublin, 1534–1590 (Cambridge, 2009)

  J. G. Nichols, ‘Some additions to the biographies of Sir John Cheke and Sir Thomas Smith . . .’, Archaeologia 38 (1860), 98–127

  G. Nicholson, ‘The Act of Appeals and the English Reformation’, in Cross, Loades and Scarisbrick (eds.), Law and Government under the Tudors, 19–30

  M. Ó Siochrú, ‘Foreign involvement in the revolt of Silken Thomas, 1534–5’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 96C (1996), 49–66

  N. Orme, The History of England’s Cathedrals (Exeter, 2017)

  G. Ormerod, The history of the county palatine and city of Chester (2 vols., London, 1819)

  M. D. Orth, ‘The English Great Bible of 1539 and the French connection’, in S. L’Engle and G. B. Guest (eds.), Tributes to Jonathan J. G. Alexander (London, 2006), 171–84

  D. Paisey and G. Bartrum, ‘Hans Holbein and Miles Coverdale: a new woodcut’, Print Quarterly 26 (2009), 227–53

  G. Parks, The English Traveller to Italy (2 vols., Rome, 1954)

  T. Penn, Winter King: the dawn of Tudor England (London, 2011)

  J. Phillips, ‘The Cromwell family’, Antiquary 2 (1880), 164–8; ‘The Cromwells of Putney’, Antiquarian Magazine & Bibliographer 2 (1882), 56–62, 178–86; Wandsworth Notes and Queries (1898), part 3, 42–3

  J. Pierce, The Life and Work of William Salesbury: a rare scholar (Talybont, 2016)

  C. Platt, Medieval Southampton: the port and trading community, A.D. 1000–1600 (London and Boston, 1973)

  A. F. Pollard, ‘Thomas Cromwell’s Parliamentary lists’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 9 (1931), 31–43

  D. Potter, ‘Foreign policy’, in MacCulloch (ed.), Reign of Henry VIII, 101–33

  J. Prise, Historiae Britannicae Defensio / A Defence of the British History, ed. and trans. C. Davies (Oxford, 2015)

  J. S. Purvis, ‘The registers of Archbishops Lee and Holgate’, JEH 13 (1962), 186–94

  G. D. Ramsay, ‘The undoing of the Italian mercantile colony in sixteenth century London’, in N. B. Harte and K. G. Ponting (eds.), Textile History and Economic History: essays in honour of Miss Julia de Lacy Mann (Manchester, 1973), 22–49

  V. B. Redstone, ‘South Elmham Deanery’, Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History 14 pt 3 (1912), 323–31

  G. Redworth, In Defence of the Church Catholic: the life of Stephen Gardiner (Oxford, 1990)

  R. Rex, ‘The English campaign against Luther in the 1520s’, TRHS 5th series 39 (1989), 85–106

  R. Rex, The Theology of John Fisher (Cambridge, 1991)

  R. Rex, ‘The early impact of Reformation theology at Cambridge University, 1521–1547’, Reformation & Renaissance Review 2 (Dec. 1999), 38–71

  R. Rex, ‘Jasper Fyloll [sic] and the enormities of the clergy: two tracts written during the Reformation Parliament’, SCJ 31 (2000), 1043–62

  R. Rex, ‘The friars in the English Reformation’, in Marshall and Ryrie (eds.), Beginnings of English Protestantism, 38–59

  R. Rex, ‘Redating Henry VIII’s A Glasse of the Truthe’, Library 7th series 4 (2003), 16–27

  R. Rex, ‘New additions on Christopher St German: law, politics and propaganda in the 1530s’, JEH 59 (2008), 281–300

  M. Riordan and A. Ryrie, ‘Stephen Gardiner and the making of a Protestant villain’, SCJ 34 (2003), 1039–63

  J. Roberts, Holbein and the Court of Henry VIII: drawings and miniatures from the Royal Library Windsor Castle (Edinburgh, 1994)

  P. Roberts, ‘Wales and England after the Tudor “union”: Crown, Principality and Parliament, 1543–1624’, in Cross, Loades and Scarisbrick (eds.), Law and Government under the Tudors, 111–38

  M. L. Robertson, ‘“The art of the possible”: Thomas Cromwell’s management of West Country government’, HJ 32 (1989), 793–816

  M. L. Robertson, ‘Profit and purpose in the development of Thomas Cromwell’s landed estates’, Journal of British Studies 29 (1990), 317–46

  J. Robinson, ‘The slippery truth of George Buchanan’s autobiography’, SCJ 39 (2008), 71–87

  J. Röhrkasten, The Mendicant Houses of Medieval London 1221–1539 (Münster, 2004)

  E. G. Rupp, Studies in the Making of the English Protestant Tradition (Cambridge, 1947)

  A. Ryrie, ‘The strange death of Lutheran England’, JEH 53 (2002), 64–92

  A. Ryrie, The Gospel and Henry VIII: evangelicals in the early English Reformation (Cambridge, 2003)

  J. J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII (London, 1968)

  J. J. Scarisbrick, ‘Cardinal Wolsey and the Common Weal’, in Ives, Knecht and Scarisbrick (eds.), Wealth and Power in Tudor England, 45–67

  J. J. Scarisbrick, ‘Henry VIII and the dissolution of the secular colleges’, in Cross, Loades and Scarisbrick (eds.), Law and Government under the Tudors, 51–66

  J. J. Scarisbrick, ‘Fisher, Henry VIII and the Reformation crisis’, in Bradshaw and Duffy (eds.), Humanism, Reform and the Reformation, 155–68

  J. Schofield, Philip Melanchthon and the English Reformation (Aldershot, 2006)

  J. Schofield, The Rise and Fall of Thomas Cromwell, Henry VIII’s Most Faithful Servant (Stroud, 2008)

  W. G. Searle, The History of the Queens’ College of St Margaret and St Bernard in the University of Cambridge . . . (2 vols., Cambridge, 1867–71)

  E. H. Shagan, ‘Print, orality and communications in the Maid of Kent affair’, JEH 52 (2001), 21–33

  E. H. Shagan, ‘Clement Armstrong and the godly commonwea
lth: radical religion in early Tudor England’, in Marshall and Ryrie (eds.), The Beginnings of English Protestantism, 60–83

  E. H. Shagan, Popular Politics and the English Reformation (Cambridge, 2003)

  D. J. Shaw, ‘Books belonging to William Warham, Archdeacon of Canterbury, c. 1504–1532’, in D. E. Rhodes (ed.), Bookbindings & Other Bibliophily: essays in honour of Anthony Hobson (Verona, 1994), 277–86

  C. M. Sicca, ‘Consumption and trade of art between Italy and England in the first half of the sixteenth century: the London house of the Bardi and Cavalcanti company’, Renaissance Studies 16 (2002), 163–201

  C. M. Sicca, ‘Fashioning the Tudor Court’, in M. Hayward and E. Kramer (eds.), Textiles and Text: re-establishing the links between archival and object-based research (London, 2007), 93–104

  C. M. Sicca and L. A. Waldman (eds.), The Anglo-Florentine Renaissance: art for the early Tudors (New Haven and London, 2012)

  C. A. J. Skeel, The Council in the Marches of Wales: a study in local government during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (London, 1904)

  M. C. Skeeters, Community and Clergy: Bristol and the Reformation, c. 1530–c. 1570 (Oxford, 1993)

  A. J. Slavin, ‘Cromwell, Cranmer and Lord Lisle: a study in the politics of reform’, Albion 9 (1977), 316–36

  A. J. Slavin, ‘The Rochepot Affair’, SCJ 10/1 (Spring 1979), 3–19

  A. J. Slavin, ‘The Gutenberg galaxy and the Tudor revolution’, in G. P. Tyson and S. S. Wagonheim (eds.), Print and Culture in the Renaissance: essays on the advent of printing in Europe (Newark, NJ, 1986), 90–109

  A. H. Smith, County and Court: government and politics in Norfolk, 1558–1603 (Oxford, 1974)

  T. A. Sowerby, ‘“All our books do be sent into other countreys and translated”: Henrician polemic in its international context’, EHR 121 (2006), 1271–99

  T. A. Sowerby, Renaissance and Reform in Tudor England: the careers of Sir Richard Morison c. 1513–1556 (Oxford, 2010)

  T. A. Sowerby, ‘The coronation of Anne Boleyn’, in T. Betteridge and G. Walker (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Tudor Drama (Oxford, 2012), 386–401

  H. M. Speight, ‘“The politics of good governance”: Thomas Cromwell and the government of the southwest of England’, HJ 37 (1994), with reply by M. Robertson, 623–41

  D. Starkey, The Reign of Henry VIII: personalities and politics (London, 1985)

  D. Starkey, ‘Court and government’, in Coleman and Starkey (eds.), Revolution Reassessed, 29–58

  D. Starkey, ‘Intimacy and innovation: the rise of the Privy Chamber, 1485–1547’, in Starkey (ed.), The English Court from the Wars of the Roses to the Civil War (London, 1987), 71–118

  D. Starkey (ed.), Henry VIII: a European Court in England (London, 1991)

  M. Stephenson, The Gilbertine Priory of Watton (Borthwick Paper 116, 2009)

  T. C. String, ‘Henry VIII’s illuminated “Great Bible”’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 59 (1996), 315–24

  T. C. String, ‘A neglected Henrician decorative ceiling’, Antiquaries Journal 76 (1996), 139–51

  T. C. String, Art and Communication in the Reign of Henry VIII (Abingdon, 2008)

  J. Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials, relating chiefly to Religion . . . (3 vols., London, 1721)

  J. Strype, Memorials . . . of . . . Thomas Cranmer . . ., ed. P. E. Barnes (2 vols., London, 1853)

  D. Stuart, Manorial Records: an introduction to their transcription and translation (Chichester, 1992)

  A. Suckling, The History and Antiquities of the County of Suffolk (2 vols., Ipswich, 1846–8)

  R. N. Swanson, Indulgences in Late Medieval England: passports to paradise? (Cambridge, 2007)

  J. G. Taylor, Our Lady of Batersey: the story of Battersea church and parish . . . (London, 1925)

  B. Thompson, ‘The laity, the alien priories, and the redistribution of ecclesiastical property’, in N. Rogers (ed.), England in the Fifteenth Century (Stamford, 1994), 19–41

  T. Thornton, ‘Henry VIII’s progress through Yorkshire in 1541 and its implications for northern identities’, Northern History 46 (2009), 231–44

  S. Thurley, ‘The domestic building works of Cardinal Wolsey’, in Gunn and Lindley (eds.), Cardinal Wolsey, 76–102

  S. Thurley, Whitehall Palace: an architectural history of the royal apartments, 1240–1698 (London and New Haven, 1999)

  S. Thurley, Houses of Power: the places that shaped the Tudor world (London, 2017)

  N. S. Tjernagel, Henry VIII and the Lutherans: a study in Anglo-Lutheran relations from 1521 to 1547 (St Louis, MO, 1965)

  N. Tyacke (ed.), England’s Long Reformation, 1500–1800 (London, 1998)

  W. Underwood, ‘Thomas Cromwell and William Marshall’s Protestant books’, HJ 47 (2004), 517–39

  M. Vale, Henry V: the conscience of a king (London and New Haven, 2016)

  S. Wabuda, ‘Cardinal Wolsey and Cambridge’, British Catholic History 32 (2015), 280–92

  K. R. Wark, Elizabethan Recusancy in Cheshire (Chetham Society 3rd series 19, 1971)

  J. C. Warner, ‘A dyaloge betwene Clemente and Bernarde, c. 1532: a neglected tract belonging to the last period of John Rastell’s career’, SCJ 29 (1998), 55–65

  J. C. Warner, Henry VIII’s Divorce: literature and the politics of the printing press (Woodbridge, 1998)

  S. R. Westfall, Patrons and Performance: early Tudor household revels (Oxford, 1990)

  W. E. Wilkie, The Cardinal Protectors of England: Rome and the Tudors before the Reformation (Cambridge, 1974)

  D. Willen, John Russell, first Earl of Bedford: one of the King’s men (London, 1981)

  M. Williamson, ‘Evangelicalism at Boston, Oxford and Windsor under Henry VIII: Foxe’s narratives recontextualized’, in D. Loades (ed.), John Foxe at Home and Abroad (Aldershot, 2004), 31–45

  B. Winchester, Tudor Family Portrait (London, 1955)

  J. Woolfson, Padua and the Tudors: English students in Italy 1485–1603 (Cambridge, 1999)

  C. J. Wright, ‘The man who wrote on the manuscripts in the British Museum’, British Library Journal 12 (1986), 76–85

  M. Wyatt, The Italian Encounter with England: a cultural politics of translation (Cambridge, 2005)

  J. Youings, ‘The Council of the West’, TRHS 5th series 10 (1960), 41–59

  J. Youings, The Dissolution of the Monasteries (London, 1971)

  W. G. Zeeveld, Foundations of Tudor Policy (Cambridge, MA, 1948)

  UNPUBLISHED DISSERTATIONS

  W. Bakker, ‘Civic reformer in Anabaptist Münster: Bernard Rothmann, 1495?–1535?’ (University of Chicago PhD, 1987)

  C. Boswell, ‘The culture and rhetoric of the answer-poem, 1485–1625’ (Leeds University PhD, 2003)

  A. Boyle, ‘Henry Fitzalan, twelfth Earl of Arundel: politics and culture in the Tudor nobility’ (University of Oxford DPhil, 2003)

  L. Busfield, ‘Protestant epistolary counselling in early modern England, c. 1559–1660’ (University of Oxford DPhil, 2016)

  C. Euler, ‘Religious and cultural exchange during the Reformation: Zürich and England, 1531–1558’ (Johns Hopkins University PhD, 2004)

  N. Holder, ‘The medieval friaries of London: a topographic and archaeological history, before and after the Dissolution’ (University of London PhD, 2011)

  J. Hyde, ‘Mid-Tudor ballads: music, words and context’ (University of Manchester PhD, 2015)

  A. Laferrière, ‘The Austin Friars in pre-Reformation English society’ (University of Oxford DPhil, 2017)

  N. Lewycky, ‘Serving God and King: Cardinal Thomas Wolsey’s patronage networks and early Tudor government, 1514–29, with special reference to the archdiocese of York’ (University of York PhD, 2008)

  P. S. Needham, ‘Sir John Cheke at Cambridge and Court’ (Harvard University PhD, 1971)

 
W. B. Robison III, ‘The justices of the peace of Surrey in national and county politics, 1483–1570’ (Lousiana State University PhD, 1983)

  A. N. Shaw, ‘The Compendium Compertorum and the making of the Suppression Act of 1536’ (University of Warwick PhD, 2003)

  P. J. Ward, ‘The origins of Thomas Cromwell’s public career: service under Cardinal Wolsey and Henry VIII, 1524–30’ (London School of Economics PhD, 1999)

  Notes

  Introduction

  1. George Gifford to Cromwell, 10 December 1536, SP 1/112 f. 164, LP 11 no. 1278. The catalogue of 1533 is analysed in LP 6 no. 299: see at 139.

  2. Curiously, Sir Geoffrey Elton, despite his acute archival sense and the nature of his great thesis about Cromwell’s bureaucratic revolution, did not make this deduction: see G. R. Elton, The Tudor Revolution in Government: administrative changes in the reign of Henry VIII (Cambridge, 1953), 76.

  3. The obituary by Collinson, ‘Geoffrey Elton’, Proceedings of the British Academy 94 (1997), 429–55, manages to be both balanced and affectionate; on Elton and biography, see ibid., 440.

  4. G. R. Elton, ‘Thomas More and Thomas Cromwell’, in Elton, Studies 4, 144–60, at 146–7 (my italics), and see Elton, ‘Thomas Cromwell’s decline and fall’, in Elton, Studies 1, 189–230.

  5. A refreshing reassessment is L. R. Gardiner, ‘George Cavendish: an early Tudor political commentator?’, Parergon new series 6 (1988), 77–87.

  6. Cromwell to Michael Throckmorton, late September 1537, SP 1/125 f. 71, LP 12 ii no. 795.

  7. Pilgrims’ song, SP 1/108 f. 186r, LP 11 no. 786[3]; deposition of William Breyar, 22 October 1536, SP 1/109 f. 37v, LP 11 no. 841.

  8. BL MS Cotton Otho C/X f. 246, LP 15 no. 822[3] is the King’s original holograph draft of questions to be put to Cromwell about the Anne of Cleves marriage, c. 29/30 June 1540, and he heads it ‘Questions to be axid of Thomas Cromell’. This holograph disproves Geoffrey Elton’s assertion (‘Thomas Cromwell’s decline and fall’, 228–9) that Henry did not make any move to strip Cromwell of his honours and titles; matters were more complicated than that.

  Chapter 1: Ruffian

  1. J. Schofield, The Rise and Fall of Thomas Cromwell, Henry VIII’s Most Faithful Servant (Stroud, 2008), 14–15, carefully sets out the not entirely conclusive evidence.