Thomas Cromwell
Page 104
86. BL MS Cotton Titus B/I f. 273v, LP 15 no. 776.
87. BL MS Cotton Otho C/X f. 248r, LP 15 no. 824; this letter was much damaged in the Cotton fire of 1731.
88. Borthwick Institute, York: Abp. Reg. 28 [Register of Archbishop Edward Lee], f. 147v; the transcript begins at f. 147r. Some of the letters were purloined from government papers by a former protégé of Cromwell’s, William Cecil, as a souvenir of his great predecessor in government, and are now in the Cecil archive at Hatfield House; cf. the original there, printed at Merriman 1, 268–73.
89. Lehmberg, Later Parliaments of Henry VIII, 118–19, though he did not understand that the whole list was directed against Anabaptist belief.
90. ODNB, s.v. Hungerford, Walter, sums up the perplexing evidence, but an important extra strand is Cromwell’s vice-gerential commission to examine Hungerford’s separation from his wife, 3 February 1540: P. Ayris, ‘The public career of Thomas Cranmer’, Reformation and Renaissance Review 4 (Dec. 2000), 75–125, at 116. We need a thorough examination of this episode.
91. Hall 2, 306–7, is the primary source for the text of his speech, repeated in Foxe 1563, 654, but the largely lost chronicle of Anthony Anthony has some interesting supplements, interleaved with a Bodleian copy of Herbert, Life and Raigne of King Henry the Eighth, Bodl. Folio ∆ 624, facing 462.
92. Corpus Christi College Cambridge, Parker Society MS 168 f. 209rv: among the papers of Richard Cox, Elizabethan Bishop of Ely. Other enrichments of the text show that this version is not merely a copy from the version deriving from Hall; Hall would no doubt have thought it indiscreet to allude to Wyatt at the time of his publication.
93. Hume (trans. and ed.), The Chronicle of King Henry VIII, 104.
Chapter 23: Futures
1. The text is Foxe 1563, 666–8: for Barnes’s continuing reputation, Maas, Reformation and Robert Barnes, pt III, and for immediate London controversy around his memory and that of Cromwell, Brigden, London and the Reformation, 322–4.
2. A. Ryrie, ‘The strange death of Lutheran England’, JEH 53 (2002), 64–92.
3. Marillac to the King of France, 6 August 1540, Kaulek (ed.), Correspondance, 210, LP 15 no. 953. The reference in Hall 2, 309–10, to Thomas Epsam, monk of Westminster, ‘the last monk that was seen in his clothing in England’, may in fact be a more accurate reference than Marillac’s to an unnamed Carthusian who refused to relinquish his habit; the Carthusian and the monk of Westminster did die together, as is witnessed in Kingsford (ed.), ‘Two London Chronicles’, 16, though the punctuation there needs to be emended as it runs together the monk and Giles Heron, another victim.
4. File of London indictments, 17 July 1540, SP 1/243 ff. 45–64, LP Addenda 1 ii no. 1463, and see Brigden, London and the Reformation, 320–22; on Ferrar, Dickens, Lollards and Protestants, 150.
5. This includes Sir Richard Morison, who David Starkey asserted (‘Intimacy and innovation’, 114–15) was dismissed from the Privy Chamber at this time. Sowerby, Renaissance and Reform, pp. 143, 145, 150–51, gives good reasons for doubting this.
6. Brigden, London and the Reformation, 322–3, and see extended discussion in C. Boswell, ‘The culture and rhetoric of the answer-poem, 1485–1625’ (Leeds University PhD, 2003), 121–8; J. Hyde, ‘Mid-Tudor ballads: music, words and context’ (University of Manchester PhD, 2015).
7. H. Nicolas (ed.), Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England VII (London, 1837), 3. Geoffrey Elton spent much of his career avoiding the obvious problems of this dating for his ‘Revolution’ thesis: see the initial statement of his argument in Elton, Tudor Revolution in Government, ch. 5.
8. The principal fragments are in Elizabethan transcripts by Robert Beale, now BL MS Additional 48022 ff. 83–96; Ayris, ‘Public career of Thomas Cranmer’, 104–16, provides a calendar of the contents, likely a small fraction of the original. The Beale papers were in private hands until the 1950s and not properly catalogued in the BL when I first saw them in the late 1970s; many riches have emerged from them.
9. The grants are LP 15 no. 831[69] (23 June 1540) and LP 15 no. 831[83] (28 June 1540); cf. Lehmberg, Later Parliaments of Henry VIII, 107.
10. The advances of money for St Leger and Maltravers, respectively on 25 and 27 June, are in the King’s payments at LP 16 no. 380, 188. For St Leger as prospective Deputy and Grey’s anger, Thomas Allen to Cromwell, 20 October [1538], SP 60/7 f. 150, LP 13 ii no. 658.
11. Keepership of Leeds, 25 June 1540: LP 15 no. 942 [25], boosted with an extensive grant of Kentish lands the same day, LP 15 no. 942[36]. Clerkship of the Hanaper, 26 July 1540, LP 15 no. 942[111].
12. On Ryther, LP 15 no. 1027[41, 42], and on Henry Polstead, LP 15 no. 1027[43]; these three grants were all made on 28 August 1540. For the order to Ryther to give access to the archive, 23 January 1541, Nicolas (ed.), Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England VII, 121.
13. Grant to Thomas Polstead, 3 August 1540, LP 15 no. 1027[15]; presentation of Bellasis, 29 August 1540, LP 15 no. 1027[46].
14. MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer, 283.
15. String, ‘Henry VIII’s illuminated “Great Bible”’.
16. See payments to David Vincent, Edward Lloyd and Humphrey Orince, of the wardrobe of Beds, and Nicholas Bristowe, the King’s clerk, LP 16 no. 380, 190.
17. Sir John Gostwick to the King, 9 July 1540, BL MS Cotton Appendix XXVIII ff. 127–31, LP 15 no. 862. For Gostwick’s humiliation by the King in relation to Cranmer, see MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer, 252, and for his activity against evangelicals in 1536, e.g. Francis Hall to Lord Lisle, 17 November 1536, SP 3/4 f. 4, Lisle Letters 3 no. 783, 515–16, and John London to Gostwick, November 1536, SP 1/112 f. 30, LP 11 no. 1183.
18. LP 21 i no. 970[18] (9 May 1546).
19. Challis, Tudor Coinage, especially 82–6, 118–28. His account gives no especial reason to associate Cromwell with the debasement which began in 1542, and good reasons to associate it with Thomas Wriothesley. For incisive comment on the effects of debasement, see R. W. Hoyle, ‘Place and public finance’, TRHS 6th series 7 (1997), 197–215.
20. LP 16 no. 305[80].
21. Marillac to Constable Montmorency, 3 March 1541, Kaulek (ed.), Correspondance, 274, LP 16 no. 590.
22. Elizabeth Cromwell to Henry VIII, [autumn 1540], BL MS Cotton Vespasian F/XIII f. 262, LP 15 no. 940.
23. For the grant itself and its sequence of stages on 5 and 18 December at respectively Woking and Westminster, LP 16 no. 379[34]. For Marillac’s description of the King’s holiday at Woking with a small company, Marillac to the King of France, 4 December 1540, Kaulek (ed.), Correspondance, 246, LP 16 no. 311. For the movements of the Privy Council, see Nicolas (ed.), Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England VII, 89–93; no proceedings were noted between 15 December (Whitehall) and 19 December (Hampton Court).
24. LP 19 ii no. 812[113] (30 June 1544): a lease of the forfeited moiety for twenty-one years.
25. A remembrance of late October 1539, BL MS Cotton Titus B/I f. 446, LP 14 ii no. 427. Gregory’s grant of Launde is LP 16 no. 580[49] (8 February 1540).
26. For the Cromwells and their household amid the epidemic, see B. Winchester, Tudor Family Portrait (London, 1955), ch. 10.
27. See various references summed up in Winchester, Tudor Family Portrait.
28. HC 1509–1558 1, 728. The dismissal of Gregory in Lehmberg, Later Parliaments of Henry VIII, 138, is just silly.
29. The notice of Lord Cromwell is in the heralds’ account of the funeral printed in J. Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials, relating chiefly to Religion . . . (3 vols., London, 1721), 2 ii 9; on the strategy around these opening months of Edward VI’s reign, D. MacCulloch, Tudor Church Militant: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation (London, 1999), 62–3. For his knighting, see Shaw, Knights of England, 1, 150.
30. Calendar of Patent Rolls . . . Edward VI . . . (6 vols., London, 1924–9), 4, 1
98–9: grant of 25 May 1548.
31. MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer, 351–60.
32. The best summary account of this is Starkey, Reign of Henry VIII, 158–67.
33. For an absorbing analysis of his part in Surrey’s fall, see S. Brigden, ‘Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, and the “conjured league”’, HJ 37 (1994), 507–37.
34. For my account of the whole Edwardian revolution, see MacCulloch, Tudor Church Militant, and for a microscopic examination of the Zürich link, MacCulloch, ‘Heinrich Bullinger and the English-speaking world’.
35. Washington, DC, Folger Shakespeare Library, MS V.b.303, 183–6, quoted in P. Collinson, ‘Puritans, men of business and Elizabethan Parliaments’, Parliamentary History 7 (1988), 187–211, at 192.
36. See D. MacCulloch, ‘The Church of England and international Protestantism, 1530–1570’, in A. Milton (ed.), The Oxford History of Anglicanism I: Reformation and Identity, c. 1520–1662 (Oxford, 2017), 316–32.
37. For a more extended consideration of this theme, see D. MacCulloch, ‘The latitude of the Church of England’, in K. Fincham and P. Lake (eds.), Religious Politics in Post-Reformation England: essays in honour of Nicholas Tyacke (Woodbridge, 2006), 41–59.
38. Complete Peerage 12 ii, 764n.
39. An excellent analyis of how Elton’s thesis came into being, and its historiographical antecedents, is I. Harris, ‘Some origins of a Tudor Revolution’, EHR 126 (2011), 1355–85.
40. I. Cooper, ‘The speed and efficiency of the Tudor south-west’s royal post-stage service’, History 99 (2014), 754–74, at 758.
41. A fine overview of the importance of John ap Rhys is provided by the introduction to J. Prise, Historiae Britannicae Defensio / A Defence of the British History, ed. and trans. C. Davies (Oxford, 2015).
42. Ellis, ‘Thomas Cromwell and Ireland, 1532–1540’, 517.
43. Bradshaw, Irish Constitutional Revolution, 130–32, 193–4.
44. S. G. Ellis, Defending English Ground: war and peace in Meath and Northumberland 1460–1542 (Oxford, 2015), 130–33.
45. Browne’s story is absorbingly laid out in Murray, Enforcing the English Reformation in Ireland, particularly ch. 4. For comparison on government concessions, see M. L. Bush, ‘A progress report on the Pilgrimage of Grace’, History 90 (2005), 566–78, particularly at 576.
46. Speight, ‘The politics of good governance’, 625; D. MacCulloch, ‘The consolidation of England, 1485–1603’, in J. Morrill (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford and New York, 1996), 35–52, particularly 41–5.
47. C. S. L. Davies, ‘The Cromwellian decade: authority and consent’, TRHS 6th series 7 (1997), 177–95, at 186.
48. G. R. Elton, ‘Tudor government: the points of contact’, in Elton, Studies 3, 3–57, especially 4–21, though see some useful qualification from a medieval point of view in Cavill, English Parliaments of Henry VII, 128–31.
49. Lehmberg, Later Parliaments of Henry VIII, 75–8; G. R. Elton, ‘Henry VIII’s Act of Proclamations’, in Elton, Studies 1, 339–54.
50. Fletcher and MacCulloch, Tudor Rebellions, 54–5.
51. For what follows where not otherwise referenced, Fletcher and MacCulloch, Tudor Rebellions, 66–7.
52. William Cavendish to Cromwell, 5 September 1536, SP 1/106 f. 136, LP 11 no. 406.
53. A. H. Smith, County and Court: government and politics in Norfolk, 1558–1603 (Oxford, 1974), 27, 247–53.
54. HC 1558–1603 3, 539–40, s.v. Ughtred, Henry; Complete Peerage 3, 557–9.
55. L. Busfield, ‘Protestant epistolary counselling in early modern England, c. 1559–1660’ (University of Oxford DPhil, 2016), 212, and see also R. Spalding, Contemporaries of Bulstrode Whitelocke 1605–1675 (Records of Social and Economic History new series 14, 1990), 465.
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Index
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
Abergavenny, Lord: see Neville
Academiarum Censurae, 137–8, 143, 188–9; see also Determinations of the Universities
Acton Court, 300
Acts of Parliament, 215–16; see also Annates; Attainder; Bishoprics; Buggery; Dispensations; Precedence; Proclamations; Restraint of Appeals; Six Articles; Submission of Clergy; Succession; Supremacy; Suppression; Treason; Uniformity; Wills
Advent, 418
Aepinus (Huck), Johann, 262, 347
Agard, Thomas, 257, 259, 329
Aigues-Mortes, Treaty of, 448
Albrecht V, Duke of Bavaria, 135–6
Aldrich, Robert, Bishop of Carlisle, 473
Alesius (Alane), Alexander, 210, 291, 313–17, 332, 337, 339–41, 347, 411–12, 501
Alien priories, 55
Allen, John I, Archbishop of Dublin, 29, 54, 61–2, 74, 154, 254, 257, 330, 642
Allen, John II, Irish civil servant, 29, 329, 405–6, 481, 521
Allen, John III, of London, 29, 54, 202
Allen, Thomas, 29
altars, 106
alum, 24, 26, 31
Alvard, Thomas, 60, 80, 85–6, 88, 91–3, 102, 112–13, 122, 208, 215, 221, 609
Amadas, Robert, 16, 224
Amicable Grant, 79, 178, 391
Ampthill, 429
Amsterdam, 287
Anabaptists, 286–90, 475–7, 487, 530–31; see also radical religion
Anglicanism, 502; see also Church of England
Annates, Conditional Restraint of (1532), 158–9, 166, 266
Anne, St, 222
Anne Boleyn, Marquess of Pembroke; Queen of England, Plates 13, 17; 5, 34, Chs. 4–14, 147, 178, 186, 245, 255, 260, 303, 489, 514, 532, 627
marriage to Henry VIII, 169, Ch. 9
coronation, 169, 221–3, 226–7, 229, 238
opposition to, 233–5, 332, 349
pregnancies and miscarriages, 292–3, 303–4, 311–12, 316, 418
fall and death, Chs. 13–14, 348, 358, 396, 398, 401, 404, 422, 474, 478–80, 485, 524, 527, 607, 635
acquisition of estates, 177
assessment and character, 115–16, 169, 249, 310, 345
and Cranmer, 113–14, 169, 213–14
and Cromwell, 107–8, 113–17, 127, 146, 154, 168–9, 213–14, 258–9, 270, 272, 292–3, 298, 331–42
and monasteries, 331–2, 335
religious outlook, 110, 113–17, 120, 139, 141, 213–14, 283, 298, 314
servants and clients; see also Cranmer; Foxe, Edward; Goodricke; Parker, Matthew; Shaxton; Stokesley; Wallop
and Wolsey, 78, 82–3, 107–8
Anne of Cleves, Queen of England, Plate 20; 6, 494–5, 508, 512–23, 528–9, 532, 535
Anthony, Anthony, 531
Antichrist, 461; see also Rome, Bishops
anti-clericalism, 93–6, 148–9, 162–3, 190, 193, 528; see also Supplication against the Ordinaries
anti-papalism, 162, 217, 237, 239; see also Antichrist; evangelicalism; praemunire; Supremacy, Royal
Antwerp, 26–7, 55, 57, 59, 114–15, 139, 142, 285, 287, 363, 416, 590
ap Hywel, James, 477
ap Reynold, Robert, 45
ap Rhys, Ellis, 76–7, 199, 296, 374, 389, 459–60, 544, 657
ap Rhys, John, 227, 251, 296, 302, 305, 307, 544
apocalypticism, 286
Appleby, 50
Argall, Thomas, 221
Arthur, King, 144, 227
Arthur, Prince of Wales, 13, 191, 210, 245, 310–11
Articles of Religion: see Ten Articles
Arundel, Earls of: see Fitzalan
Arundell, Thomas, 65
Ashdon, 204
Aske, Robert, 387, 390–91, 394, 396, 399–400, 407, 418–19, 429
Asporner, Robert, 380, 388
Athequa, George de, Bishop of Llandaff, 311
Attainder, Acts of, 40, 87, 101, 243, 247, 495, 515–17, 525, 528, 530, 535
Aucher, Anthony, 368
Audley, Edmund, Bishop of Salisbury, 58, 82
Audley, Thomas, Lord Audley of Walden 158, 217, 225, 228, 334, 370, 464, 489–90
Speaker of Commons, 94, 101–2, 149, 163–4
Keeper of the Great Seal, then Lord Chancellor, 168, 173–4, 176, 197, 214, 235–6, 243, 267, 271, 274, 325, 335, 452, 476, 499, 508, 538
and monastic dissolutions, 202, 310, 320, 321–2, 433
and Pilgrimage of Grace, 393–4, 400
players, 417
peerage, 478–9
Augmentations, Court of, 200, 202, 321–3, 335, 374, 376–7, 380, 383, 388, 424, 467, 549
Augsburg Confession, 448
Augustine of Canterbury, 37
Augustine, Dr (Agostino de Augustinis), 23, 27, 42, 74, 99, 121, 126, 133, 142, 180, 207
Augustinian (Austin) Canons, 201, 489–90; see also individual houses
Austin Friars (Augustinian Eremites), 31–4; see also London: Austin Friars
Ave Maria: see Hail Mary
Avery, John, 88
Avery, Thomas, 20
Axholme Charterhouse, 280–81
Aylmer, Gerald, 406
Ayscough (Kyme), Anne, 384
Ayscough, Christopher, 383–4
Babington family, 17
Babington, Anthony, 147
Bacon, Nicholas, 335, 543, 548, 551
Bainbridge, Christopher, Cardinal Archbishop of York, 29, 390
Bale, John, Bishop of Ossory, 306, 417–20, 451, 455–6, 465
Baltic region, 257; see also Denmark; Hamburg; Hanseatic League; Lübeck
Bandello, Matteo, 22–3
Bangor, Bishops of: see Salcot
Banks, Richard, 394
baptism and baptisms 286, 288, 412, 418, 435–6, 440–41, 465, 477
Barclay, Alexander, 461–2
Bardi, Pier-Francesco de’, 40–44, 133, 141