Thomas Cromwell
Page 111
Wykes, Henry, 35
Wylley, Thomas, 416
Wyndham, Edmund, 497
York, 125, 373–4, 387–91, 395, 399, 411, 439
Archbishops of, 374–5; see also Bainbridge; Heath; Holgate; Lee; Savage; Wolsey
archdiocese (Province), 239n, 265, 270, 273, 296–7, 529, 621; see also Convocation
diocese, 264
Minster, 29, 111; Deans: see Higden; Wotton
St Mary’s Abbey, 64, 388
Yorkshire, 17, 54–5, 240, 303, Chs. 16–17, 422–5
Zürich, 71, 136, 363–71, 446, 461, 524–5, 542
Zwingli, Huldrych, 71, 364
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About the Author
Diarmaid MacCulloch is Professor of the History of the Church at Oxford University. His books include Thomas Cranmer: A Life, which won the Whitbread Biography Prize, the James Tait Black Prize, and the Duff Cooper Prize; The Reformation: A History, winner of the National Book Critics Circle Award and the Wolfson Prize; and Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years, a New York Times bestseller that won the Cundill Prize in History. An Anglican deacon, knighted in 2012, he has presented many highly celebrated documentaries for television and radio. He lives in Oxford, England.
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* The Convocation of the Province of Canterbury, the larger of the two bodies which represented the clergy of the realm, met in London during Parliamentary sessions, the smaller Convocation of the Northern Province in York at around the same time. They both had upper and lower houses of clergy, in the same manner as peers and commons in Parliament.
* Since writing my biography of Cranmer, I have been persuaded by present representatives of the family to adopt their preferred modern spelling, Goodricke.
* It was a common custom at the time for monks to leave behind their old surname when entering the monastery and take the name of the place where they came from. Wandsworth’s family surname was Mundy.
* Both these John Allens must be distinguished from their relative John Allen who became Master of the Rolls in Ireland in 1533.
* The aisle still survives at Biddenham.
* The one exception to that is the rather extraordinary possibility that at the end of his career he was contemplating marriage to Princess Mary: see below, this page.
* Both Whitchurch and Llanishen are now in the northern suburbs of Cardiff.
* The parish church of St Peter occupied part of the south-east fabric of the friary church, which it predated: an arrangement without parallel among medieval English friaries.
* The portion of Crosby Hall remaining in the nineteenth century has, with some appropriateness, been reconstructed next to Chelsea Old Parish Church, where More is buried.
* Divorce in the sense that we understand did not exist in the Western Church’s canon law: only annulment, the judgment that a marriage had never existed.
* Interestingly the early versions of Cavendish’s biography published in the Interregnum omitted the whole story; its suggestion that Cromwell was not a wholly consistent Protestant was inconvenient.
* On the likelihood of this being the ring on his finger in the Holbein portrait, see below, this page.
* This would be the same lodging taken over by Sir John Gage in his retirement under Anne Boleyn (see above, this page).
* Could it be that the surrender of Christ Church Priory Aldgate, made that same day (see below, this page), influenced his gesture of defiance?
* Alasdair Hawkyard suggests that Sir Thomas More may have been responsible for the innovation of divisions in 1523, which would possess a certain irony.
* This Thomas Philips is almost certainly nothing to do with either Thomas Philips of London or Thomas Phelips of Dorset discussed at various points below.
* Alane had changed his birthname with humanist affectation to the biographically resonant Alesius, a version of the Greek for ‘wanderer’, and I will use this name for him hereafter.
* That is, Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, then informally known as Bishop of Chester, the city where his cathedral had formerly been situated. The present diocese of Chester dates only from 1541, and its cathedral is the former abbey church of St Werburgh; the Norman former cathedral of St John is a thrilling fragment on the other side of the city.
* The fussiness was also reflected in his habitual dating of his letters by year, a highly unusual gift to posterity among his contemporaries, for which one must be grateful.
* What turned out later to have been an historic occasion is still commemorated in the Church of England’s Book of Common Prayer. In its very minor revision in 1604 a feast-day was inserted on 7 September into the Book’s Kalendar of holy days: the imaginary St Enurchus, at best a misprint for the risibly obscure St Evurtius of Orleans. With admirable liturgical conservatism, no one has subsequently subtracted St Enurchus’s Day from the Anglican Kalendar. It was probably a private joke by a well-informed printer at the expense of the new monarch King James I.
* John Capon, being also a Benedictine abbot, was normally known by his name in religion from the family home village, Salcott in Essex.
* The Province of York did actually include a fourth diocese, that of Sodor and Man, but this diocese comprising only the Isle of Man has never been represented in the English or British Parliaments.
* Foxe had been away in France on embassy earlier in the year, but it is not clear where he was in August 1533, except that Germain writes to him from ‘these parts’, suggesting Foxe was again away from London, maybe simply performing his duties as Provost of King’s College Cambridge.
* It is relevant that in 1534 William Rastell ceased to operate as a printer. In effect, the More propaganda machine in England then closed down, until Rastell revived it in Queen Mary’s reign with a great edition of the martyr’s collected works.
* I am puzzled by the general emphasis in recent Irish historiography on downplaying the element of stridently papalist activism in the rebellion. The very circumstantial account in Cowley’s letter to Cromwell shows that it was there from the outset.
* It is in no way related to an imaginary compound ‘Vice-Regent’, which remains a favourite mistake among undergraduates and others.
* The splendid Renaissance tomb of Master of the Rolls John Young, d. 1516, remains in the Victorian reconstruction of the chapel now contained in the Maughan Library, King’s College London: formerly the Public Record Office, successor to that Chancery archive.
* Cotes ended his career as Queen Mary’s choice for Bishop of Chester.
* The Marchioness’s eldest son by her first marriage, George Medley, went on living at Tilty till his death in 1562, and is commemorated by a monumental brass in the parish church, the former capella extra portas of the monastery.
* Dacre’s son Gregory was baptized at Hurstmonceaux on 25 June 1539, when Gregory Cromwell was living at Leeds Castle, 35 miles away (I am indebted to Teri Fitzgerald for pointing this out to me).
* The Cinque Ports are a medieval association of ports in Kent and Sussex (many more in fact than the principal five), organized for coastal defence, with appropriate privileges.
* Bath was sixty-eight in 1538.
* Cranmer did at least get a reversion on St Radegund’s in 1538, probably indicating a sense that he had been badly done by.
* Richmond’s post-mortem wanderings were not over, for he now lies beneath a comparatively modest tomb in Framlingham parish church, having been moved from Thetford Priory after the dissolution.
* Not surprisingly after this history, the Wycliffes remained staunch Catholic recusants in later years. John
Wyclif[fe], inspiration of the Lollards much earlier, was a Yorkshireman, but not a close relative.
* Conversely, one talented local boy who defected via Cambridge to the evangelical world the Dentdale men so hated was Miles Coverdale, Cromwell’s favoured Bible translator.
* This had been a rural retreat of the Abbot of Westminster, granted to the Crown a few years earlier.
* The work moved so quickly that it left the founders’ coffins still buried and intact, to be rediscovered during the Victorian construction of Lewes railway station.
* This John Butler should not be confused with the visitor to Zürich introduced in Chapter 15.
* At Oxford, Canterbury College is now part of Christ Church and St Mary’s College belongs to Brasenose, but the others all survive independently under different guises: Durham as Trinity, Gloucester as Worcester and St Bernard’s as St John’s.
* Thomas Key’s splendid rebuilding of Cold Aston church, liberally strewn with his device of a key, is a monument to both piety and self-advertisement.
* Richard commemorated this occasion with a wall-painting at his new Huntingdonshire mansion converted from Hinchingbrooke Priory, which is still extant though alas very damaged.
* With an acute sense of hierarchy in the current situation, the officials placed Cromwell’s testimony in a sequence after all the current politicians, but before the ladies. Yet the writer is still referred to in the heading as ‘the Lord Thomas Crumwell Earl of Essex’.
* In the vault, she is ‘Domina Cromwell, quondam coniux Johannis, Marchionis Winton.’; she died before her third husband succeeded to the title.
* It is baffling that Brendan Bradshaw throughout his Irish Constitutional Revolution chose to see St Leger’s policies as a rejection of Cromwellian policy, and anachronistically labelled them ‘liberal’. He did not sufficiently appreciate St Leger’s lifelong close ties to Cromwell.