The First Iron Lady
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21. Caroline to Charlotte Clayton, 1 March 1719, Royal Archives GEO/ADD/28/52
22. Caroline to Charlotte Clayton, undated [after January 1718], Royal Archives GEO/ADD/28/46
23. Baroness von Gemmingen to Mary, Countess Cowper, 12 July 1718, Hertfordshire Record Office, DE/P/203
24. Clarke, Alured, op. cit., p.13
25. See Melville, op. cit., pp.180–1
26. Greenwood, op. cit., p.243
27. Cowie, op. cit.
28. Greenwood, op. cit. p.244
29. British Library, BL Add MS.22627, fol.13
30. Melville, op. cit., p.202
31. Quoted in Borman, op. cit., p.111
32. Arkell, op. cit., p.132
33. Melville, op. cit., p.239; Bryant, op. cit., p.9
34. See Connor, T.P., op. cit., p.68
35. Melville, op. cit., p.202
36. Walpole, Horace, op. cit. (Memoirs of the Last Ten Years), p.512
37. Sedgwick, Romney, ed., op. cit. (Hervey), Vol. 1, p.41
38. Elisabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Orléans, to Caroline, Princess of Wales, 11 June 1717, see Kroll, op. cit. (Liselotte), pp.187–8
39. Arkell, op. cit., p.132
40. Hughes, ed., op. cit., p.45
41. Beattie, op. cit., p.274
42. Ibid., p.275
43. Thomson, Mrs, ed., op. cit. (Memoirs of Viscountess Sundon), Vol. 1, p.78
44. Tite, Catherine, ‘The Choice of Paris’: Representing Frederick, Prince of Wales: a brief reconsideration, British Art Journal, Vol. 9, no 2 (2008), p.26
45. Lord Chancellor Cowper to Lord Chief Justice Parker, 20 January 1718, Royal Archives GEO/ADD/53017
46. Cowper, op. cit. (Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper), p.131
47. Hatton, op. cit., pp.213–14
48. See Caroline to Charlotte Clayton, Royal Archives GEO/ADD/28/14, GEO/ADD/28/7 and GEO/ADD/28/20, all undated (textual evidence suggests 1726–7 for RA GEO/ADD/28/7)
49. Wilkins, op. cit., Vol. 1, p.317
50. Quoted in Baker-Smith, op. cit. (Anne), p.14
51. Princess Anne to Caroline, undated, Royal Archives GEO/MAIN/52700
52. Arkell, op. cit., p.314, note 49
53. Ibid., p.110
54. Sedgwick, Romney, ed., Some materials towards memoirs of the reign of George II, op. cit., Vol. 2, p.406
55. Groom, Susanne, and Prosser, Lee, Kew Palace: The Official Illustrated History (Merrell, London, 2006), pp.29–30
56. Ibid., p.27
57. Anderson Winn, James, A Window in the Bosom: The Letters of Alexander Pope (Archon Books, Connecticut, 1977), p.70
58. Quoted in Groom and Prosser, op. cit., pp.30–1
59. Wilkins, op. cit., Vol. 1, p.313
60. Groom and Prosser, op. cit., p.29
61. Marschner, Joanna, Baths and Bathing at the Early Georgian Court, Furniture History Society, Vol. 31 (1995), p.24
62. ‘some sort of pleasure’: Lady Mary Wortley Montagu to Lady Mar, June 1723, see Halsband, Robert, ed., op. cit., Vol. 2, p.25
63. Batey, op. cit., p.205
64. Marschner, op. cit. (Queen Caroline), p.34
65. Groom and Prosser, op. cit., p.30
66. Wilkins, op. cit., Vol. 1, p.312
67. Quoted in Chenevix Trench, op. cit., p.124
68. Invoice for household expenses, undated, Royal Archives GEO/ADD/1/41
69. Wilkins, op. cit., Vol. 1, p.319
70. Ibid., p.326
71. Elisabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Orléans, to Raugravine Luise von Degenfeld, 31 March 1718, see Kroll, op. cit. (Liselotte), p.194
72. Quoted in Borman, op. cit., p.120
73. Black, Jeremy, op. cit. (Hanoverians), p.68
74. Wilkins, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp.292–3
75. Gold, op. cit., p.204
76. Instructions to the Dowager Countess of Portland as royal governess, 4 May 1719, Royal Archives GEO/MAIN/53038
77. Caroline to Charlotte Clayton, undated 1719, Royal Archives GEO/ADD/28/51a
78. Clarke, Alured, op. cit., pp.5–6
79. Worsley, op. cit., p.47
80. Wilkins, op. cit., Vol. 2, pp.162–3
81. Arkell, op. cit., p.137
82. Jonathan Swift, in Johnson, Samuel, The Works of the Poets of Great Britain and Ireland; with Prefaces Biographical and Critical (Andrew Miller, London, 1800), Vol. 5, p.421
83. Jonathan Swift, ‘On Poetry, A Rapsody [sic]’
84. Wilkins, op. cit., Vol. 1, p.291
85. See Alexander Pope, Sober Advice from Horace, to the Young Gentleman about Town (London, 1735)
86. Marschner, op. cit. (Queen Caroline), p.139
87. Ibid., p.128
88. Wilkins, op. cit., Vol. 2, p.158
89. John Conduitt, ‘To The Queen’, in Newton, Isaac, op. cit., p.xi
90. Quoted in Worsley, op. cit., p.37
91. Smith, Hannah, op. cit. (Georgian Monarchy), p.201
92. Schaich, Michael, ed., Monarchy and Religion: The Transformation of Royal Culture in Eighteenth-Century Europe (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007), p.148
93. Cowper, op. cit. (Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper), p.13
94. Ibid., p.14
95. See John Gascoigne, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, entry Samuel Clarke
96. Cowper, op. cit. (Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper), p.17
97. Quoted in Smith, Hannah, op. cit. (Georgian Monarchy), p.91; Cowper, op. cit. (Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper), p.74
98. Cowper, op. cit. (Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper), pp.90–2
99. Greenwood, op. cit., p.284
100. Jay, Emma, op. cit., p.35
101. Caroline to Charlotte Clayton, date 1718, Royal Archives GEO/ADD/28/27
102. Campbell Orr, ed., op. cit. (Queenship in Britain), p.162
103. ‘Detached Anecdotes’, Belfast Monthly Magazine, 31 March 1809
104. Marschner, op. cit. (Queen Caroline), p.150
105. Sedgwick, Romney, ed., op. cit. (Kimber edition), p.75
106. See Taylor, Stephen, ‘Queen Caroline and the Church of England’, in Taylor, Stephen, Connors, Richard, and Jones, Clyve, eds, Hanoverian Britain and Empire: Essays in Memory of Philip Lawson (The Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 1987)
107. Quoted in Marschner, op. cit. (Queen Caroline), p.145; Lord Hervey to Stephen Fox, 30 December 1731, in Ilchester, op. cit., p.131
108. See Marschner, op. cit. (Queen Caroline), p.18; Taylor, Stephen, op. cit.
109. Ibid. (Marschner), p.122
110. Cowper, op. cit. (Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper), p.137
111. Quoted in Wilkins, op. cit., Vol. 1, p.319
112. Ibid., p.320
113. Ibid., p.322
114. Cowper, op. cit. (Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper), p.134
115. See Black, Jeremy, op. cit. (George II), pp.50–1
116. Caroline to Charlotte Clayton, ? March 1719, Royal Archives GEO/ADD/28/51
117. Cowper, op. cit. (Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper), p.134
118. Ibid., p.135
119. Caroline to Charlotte Clayton, 1 March 1719, Royal Archives GEO/ADD/28/52
120. Caroline to Charlotte Clayton, undated, Royal Archives GEO/ADD/28/55
121. Caroline to Charlotte Clayton, 8 December 1719, Royal Archives GEO/ADD/28/17/56
122. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu to Lady Mar, March 1725, see Halsband, Robert, ed., op. cit., Vol. 2, p.50
123. Cowper, op. cit. (Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper), p.128
124. Ibid., p.131
125. Ibid.
126. Ibid.
127. Ibid., p.132
128. Ibid.
129. Ibid., pp.136, 142
130. Ibid., p.164
131. Caroline to Charlotte Clayton, 22 April 1720, Royal Archives GEO/ADD/28/59
132. Van der Kiste, op. cit. (King George II and Queen Caroline), p.73
133. Sloane, Hans, and Birch, Thomas, An Account of Inoculation by Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. Given to Mr Ranby, to be Published, Anno 1736. Communicated
by Thomas Birch, DD, Secret RS, Philosophical Transactions (1683–1775), Vol. 49, published by the Royal Society, p.517
134. Cowper, op. cit. (Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper), p.140
135. Ibid., p.141
136. Ibid., p.150
137. Ibid.
138. Ibid., p.163
139. Arkell, R.L., George I’s Letters to His Daughter, The English Historical Review, Vol. 52, no 207 (July 1937), p.497
140. Thompson, op. cit., p.58
141. Robbins Landon, op. cit., pp.99–100
142. Cowper, op. cit. (Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper), pp.151–2
143. Arkell, op. cit. (George I’s Letters), p.497
144. Moore, op. cit., p.163
145. Caroline to Charlotte Clayton, 2 July 1720, Royal Archives GEO/ADD/28/60
146. Thomson, Mrs, ed., op. cit. (Memoirs of Viscountess Sundon), Vol. 1, p.341
147. Ibid., p.333
148. Arkell, op. cit. (George I’s Letters), p.497
149. Quoted in Worsley, op. cit., p.47
150. Marschner, op. cit. (Queen Caroline), p.15
151. Baker-Smith, op. cit. (Royal Discord), p.33
152. Thomson, Mrs, ed., op. cit. (Memoirs of Viscountess Sundon), Vol. 1, p.123
153. Arkell, op. cit. (George I’s Letters), p.499
154. Ibid., p.127
155. Vivian, op. cit., p.64
156. See Worsley, op. cit., p.123
157. Campbell Orr, op. cit. (Queenship in Britain), p.151
158. Jenkin Thomas Philipps (letters in Latin, translated by Prince William Augustus and Princess Mary), Royal Archives GEO/ADD/1/9, letter 34
159. Sloane, Hans, op. cit., p.518
160. Conduitt, John, ‘To The Queen’, in Newton, Isaac, op. cit., p.v
161. Wilkins, op. cit., Vol. 2, p.152
162. Quoted in Chenevix Trench, op. cit., p.126
163. Waller, Maureen, 1700: Scenes from London Life (Hodder & Stoughton, London, 2000), p.64
164. Marschner, op. cit. (Queen Caroline), p.189, note 32
165. Martin Maingaud, Princesses Anne, Amelia and Caroline, 1721, Royal Collection, RCIN 404985
166. Arkell, op. cit., p.110
167. Borman, op. cit., p.130
168. Princess Mary, Royal Archives GEO/ADD/1/9, letter 49
169. Princess Mary, Royal Archives GEO/ADD/1/9, letter 26
170. Princess Mary, Royal Archives GEO/ADD/1/9, letter 37
171. Princess Mary, Royal Archives GEO/ADD/1/9, letter 9
172. Princess Mary, Royal Archives GEO/ADD/1/9, letter 8
173. Grundy, op. cit., p.209; Sloane, op. cit., p.518
174. Grundy, op. cit., p.210
175. Ibid., p.211
176. Ibid., p.213
177. Smith, Hannah, op. cit. (Georgian Monarchy), p.93
178. Quoted in Arkell, op. cit., pp.134–5
179. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu to Lady Mar, June 1723, see Halsband, Robert, ed., op. cit., Vol. 2, p.26
180. Elisabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Orléans, to Raugravine Luise von Degenfeld, 11 June 1722, see Kroll, op. cit., pp.240–1
181. Black, op. cit. (Hanoverians), p.79
182. Elisabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Orléans, to Raugravine Luise von Degenfeld, 11 June 1722, see Kroll, op. cit., p.241
183. Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet, Letters on the English (London, 1733), letter XI
184. Smith, Hannah, op. cit. (Georgian Monarchy), p.94
185. Cowper, op. cit. (Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper), pp.161, 174
186. Ibid., p.175
187. Quoted in Smith, Hannah, op. cit. (Georgian Monarchy), p.222
188. Quoted in Borman, op. cit., p.123
189. Cowper, op. cit. (Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper), p.158
190. Caroline to Charlotte Clayton, end 1719, Royal Archives GEO/ADD/28/57
191. Hervey, MD, p.34
192. Quoted in Curteis, Captain Henry, A Forgotten Prince of Wales (Everett & Co., London, 1912), p.63
193. ‘Account of George I’s South Sea stock, by Sir Charles Vernon’, Royal Archives GEO/MAIN/52847
194. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu to Lady Mar, August 1725, see Halsband, Robert, ed., op. cit., Vol. 2, p.54
195. Groom and Prosser, op. cit., p.31
196. Thomson, Mrs, ed., op. cit. (Memoirs of Viscountess Sundon), Vol. 1, p.121
197. Quoted in Curteis, op. cit., p.61
198. Hughes, op. cit., p.86
199. Ibid., p.65
200. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu to Lady Mar, 31 October 1723, see Halsband, Robert, ed., op. cit., Vol. 2, p.31
201. Wilkins, op. cit., Vol. 1, p.370
202. Ibid.
203. Yorke-Long, op. cit.
204. Ibid.
205. Robbins Landon, op. cit., p.108
206. Quoted in Worsley, op. cit., p.88
207. Ibid., p.110
208. Ibid., p.10
209. Caroline to Charlotte Clayton, 18 October 1725, Royal Archives GEO/ADD/28/61
210. Cowper, op. cit. (Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper), p.21
211. Somerset, Anne, op. cit. (Ladies in Waiting), p.215
212. Cowper, op. cit. (Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper), p.168
213. Hughes, op. cit., p.127
214. Caroline to Charlotte Clayton, 13 July 1726, Royal Archives GEO/ADD/28/62
215. Borman, op. cit., p.127
216. Sedgwick, Romney, ed., op. cit. (Hervey), Vol. 1, p.278; Baker-Smith, op. cit. (Anne), p.21
217. Walpole, Horace, op. cit., p.447
218. Borman, op. cit., p.129
219. Lane Furdell, Elizabeth, James Welwood: Physician to the Glorious Revolution (Combined Publishing, Pennsylvania, 1998), p.221
220. Ibid.
221. Sedgwick, Romney, ed., op. cit. (Hervey), Vol. 2, p.474
222. Quoted in Worsley, op. cit., p.173
223. Furdell, op. cit., p.261, note 31
224. Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield to Henrietta Howard, 21 October 1728, in Mahon, Lord, ed., op. cit., Vol. 1, p.356
225. Ibid.
226. Quoted in Marschner, op. cit. (Queen Caroline), p.133
227. Quoted in Hammond, Eugene, Jonathan Swift: Irish Blow-in (University of Delaware Press, 2016), p.387
228. Ibid., p.393
229. Ibid.
230. Van der Kiste, op. cit. (Georgian Princesses), p.94
231. Marlow, op. cit., p.212
232. Sedgwick, Romney, ed., op. cit. (Hervey), Vol. 1, p.28
233. Quoted in Black, Jeremy, op. cit. (George II), p.55
Chapter III: Queen
1. See Smith, Hannah, op. cit. (Georgian Monarchy), p.118
2. Hibbert, Christopher, The Marlboroughs: John and Sarah Churchill 1650–1744 (Viking, London, 2001), p.334
3. Robbins Landon, op. cit., p.115
4. Wilkins, op. cit., Vol. 2, p.34
5. Verses on the Coronation of their late Majesties King George II and Queen Caroline, October 11, MDCCXXVII (W. Bowyer, London, 1761), p.xv
6. Sedgwick, Romney, ed., op. cit. (Hervey), Vol. 1, p.66
7. Quoted in Moore, op. cit., pp.31–2
8. Van Muyden, op. cit., p.205
9. ‘To the Queen’, in Verses on the Coronation, op. cit., p.xv
10. Campbell Orr, ed., op. cit. (Queenship in Europe), p.292
11. Ibid.
12. Strong, op. cit., p.372; Thompson, op. cit., p.73
13. Verses on the Coronation, op. cit., p.xxv
14. Quennell, op. cit., p.124
15. Greenwood, op. cit., p.298
16. Swift, Jonathan, Gulliver’s Travels (Penguin Classics reprint, London, 2003), pp.31–2
17. Quoted in Smith, Hannah, op. cit. (Georgian Monarchy), p.100
18. Caroline to Charlotte Clayton, May 1719, Royal Archives GEO/ADD/28/53
19. Quoted in Hammond, op. cit., p.551
20. Sophie of Hanover to Hans Caspar von Bothmer, 29 September 1708, see Doebner, Richard, ed., op. cit., p.265
&nb
sp; 21. Hughes, op. cit., p.268
22. Sedgwick, Romney, ed., op. cit. (Kimber edition), p.88
23. Arkell, op. cit., p.242
24. Queen Caroline’s jointure, 10 August 1727, Royal Archives GEO/MAIN 52760-6
25. See Urstad, op. cit., p.262, note 19
26. Prescott, op. cit., p.42; Poem XLIII, in Verses on the Coronation, op. cit., p.21
27. Royal Collection RCIN443222
28. Conduitt, John, ‘To The Queen’, in Newton, Isaac, op. cit., p.xii
29. See Wilkins, op. cit., Vol. 2, p.151
30. See Yorke-Long, op. cit.
31. Sedgwick, Romney, ed., op. cit. (Kimber edition), pp.44–5
32. See Taylor, Stephen, ‘Queen Caroline and the Church of England’, in Taylor, Stephen, Connors, Richard, and Jones, Clyve, eds, op. cit.
33. British Museum, collection number Cc,3.173
34. Caroline to Charlotte Clayton, undated, Royal Archives GEO/ADD/28/18
35. Black, op. cit. (George II), p.89; Richard Savage, The Bastard (1728)
36. Arkell, op. cit., p.153; Black, op. cit. (George II), p.93
37. ‘To the Queen’, in Verses on the Coronation, op. cit., p.xvi
38. Black, Jeremy, Walpole in Power (Sutton Publishing, Stroud, 2001), p.30
39. Ibid.
40. Van Muyden, op. cit., p.227
41. Black, op. cit. (Walpole in Power), p.31
42. Wilkins, op. cit., Vol. 2, p.44
43. Sedgwick, Romney, ed., op. cit. (Kimber edition), p.44
44. Ibid., p.39
45. Quoted in Arkell, op. cit., p.207
46. Black, op. cit. (George II), p.81
47. Sedgwick, Romney, ed., op. cit. (Kimber edition), p.39
48. Black, op. cit. (George II), p.87
49. Sedgwick, Romney, ed., op. cit. (Kimber edition), p.61
50. Ibid., p.103
51. Ibid., p.106
52. Black, op. cit. (Walpole in Power), p.62
53. Worsley, op. cit., p.150; Wilkins, op. cit., Vol. 2, p.42
54. Walpole, Horace, Reminiscences, written in 1788, for the amusement of Miss Mary and Miss Agnes B***y (London, 1818), p.71
55. Ibid., pp.253–4
56. Vivian, op. cit., p.86
57. Ibid., p.87
58. Verses on the Coronation, op. cit., p.xvi
59. Arkell, op. cit., p.158
60. Poem VXLIX, in Verses on the Coronation, op. cit., p.24
61. Jay, Emma, op. cit., p.35
62. Baker-Smith, op. cit. (Anne), p.20; van der Kiste, op. cit. (King George II and Queen Caroline), p.109
63. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu to Lady Mar, October 1727, see Halsband, Robert, ed., op. cit., Vol. 2, p.85
64. Quoted in Smith, Hannah, op. cit. (Georgian Monarchy), p.206