The First Iron Lady
Page 42
given apartment at Kensington Palace 180
relationship with George Louis 210
childhood and education 211–14
inoculated against smallpox 214–16
at her parents’ coronation 235
health of 240
letter concerning Richmond Lodge 251
correspondence with her former governess 257
character and description 268
relationship with George Augustus 269
stoicism in the face of ill-health 294
portraits of 303
and birth of her brother’s daughter, Augusta 327
Amigoni, Jacopo 271, 287
Anne of Denmark 235
Anne, Princess of Orange
birth 92, 93–4
childhood and education 211–14
receives christening gift from Queen Anne 94
travels to London with Caroline 110
considered a miracle for her age 119
forced to stay with George Louis 173, 187
given apartment in Kensington Palace 180
keeps in touch with her parents 187
diagnosed with smallpox 206
relationship with George Louis 210
at her parents’ coronation 235
marriage plans 265, 304
character and description 268, 269
relationship with George Augustus and Caroline 269
writes letter on behalf of Caroline issuing a social invitation 276
hunts in Windsor Forest 282
marriage to William IV of Orange 305–8
Anne, Queen 38, 44, 84, 91
unhappy pregnancies 2
queenship studied by Caroline 7
writes letters of congratulation to Sophia 72
considered as wife for George Louis 74
not invited to baptism of Frederick Louis 88
confers titles on George Augustus 89
sends christening gift to Princess Anne 94
birthday celebrations 98
reaction to heavyweight flattery 98
and question of succession 105–8
introduces deer in St James’s Park 160
illness and death 103, 108
Ansbach 17, 22, 38, 50, 132, 250
Applebee’s Original Weekly Journal 243
Arbuthnot, Dr John 224, 228–9, 269
Argyll, John Campbell, 2nd Duke of 137, 149, 157, 162–4, 323
Ariosti, Attilio 34, 223
Arkell, Richard 3
Arlaud, Benjamin 99
Arthur, Prince 1, 117
Augusta Frederica, Princess 327
Augusta of Saxe-Gotha 39, 318–19, 325, 326–7
Augustus II of Saxony 292
Ayliffe, Thomas 291
Bacon, Francis 196
Bancks, John, Description of London 121
Bartholomew Fair 190, 221
Bassen, Bartholomeus van, The King and Queen of Bohemia Dining in Public 176, 252
Bath, Lord 218
Bayreuth, Margrave of 305
Bedoghi, Lorenzo 69
Bell, John 189
Bellenden, Mary 10, 141, 162, 181–2, 224
Benedicta, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg 42, 43
Benson, William 71
Bentley, Richard 249
Berkeley, George 314
Berkeley, Louisa, Countess of 111–12, 135
Berkshire, Catherine Graham, Countess of 273
Berlin 58, 60, 71, 78, 194, 288
Bernstorff, Baron 96
Berwart, Blasius 18, 72, 132
Big, Sarah 301
Bisset, William 238–9
Verses Compos’d for the Birth-Day of our Most Gracious Queen Caroline: The First Birthday of a Protestant Queen Consort for One Hundred and Ten Years 239
Blackwell, Sir Lambert 317
Blesendorff, Samuel 21
Bloodworth (equerry) 327
Boethius, The Consolation of Philosophy 64
Bolingbroke, Lord 218
Bolton, Henrietta Crofts, Duchess of 135
Bonet, Friedrich 171
Bononcini, Giovanni 34, 223
Asianatte 223
Bordoni, Faustina 223
Boscawen, Mrs 167
Bothmer, Hans Caspar von 49, 136, 165
Bowes-Lyon, Elizabeth 3–4
Bowles, Thomas 19
Boyle, Robert 299
Brandenburg 41
Brandenburg Academy of Sciences 38
Brandshagen, Miss 97
Bremen 170
Brereton, Jane, The Royal Heritage: A Poem 2
Bridgeman, Charles 189, 220, 221, 228, 252, 253, 287
Brinkman, Mr 161
Bristol, Elizabeth, Countess of 134–5, 161, 178, 188–9, 254, 270, 278, 311
Britannia Illustratra, Views of Several of the Queen’s Palaces and also of the Principal Seats of the Nobility & Gentry of Great Britain 131
British Journal 223
Broglie, Victor-Maurice, Comte de 127
Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Dukes of 260, 290
Bückeburg, Countess of see Schaumberg-Lippe, Johanna Sophia, Countess of
Buckingham, Catharine, Duchess of 213
Burlington, Dorothy Savile, Countess of 254–5, 290
Burlington, Richard Boyle, Earl of 193, 310
Burnet, William 284
Bute, Mary Stuart, Countess of 215
Butler, Joseph 196, 201
Cadogan, William 149, 156
Campbell, Colen 220
Carlos II of Spain 43
Carmen Corunarium: or, a Gratulatory Poem on the Coronation of King George II and Queen Caroline (1727) 238
Carnwarth, Robert Dalzell, Lord 149
Caroline of Ansbach
baptismal names 19
childhood and education 22–4, 39
family background 20–4
character and description 1–3, 5–6, 21, 24, 57, 58, 82–4, 90, 92, 99, 116–17, 157, 164, 185
commitment to Protestantism 1, 4, 42–51, 64, 117–18, 123–4, 154
intellectual and political interests 1, 4–5, 71–2, 99, 147, 147–8, 161–5, 193–201, 275–6, 283, 285–7, 295–302, 309
memoirs, novels, lampoons and poetry on 1–4, 11, 117, 123, 141, 150–2, 154, 164, 177, 191, 238–9, 242, 251–2, 291
as power behind the throne 1, 3–4, 236–7, 239–42, 244, 246–8
pregnancies, births and deaths of her children 1, 2, 86–8, 92, 98, 157, 162–3, 165–8, 176–8, 184–5, 208–11
relationship with Frederick Louis 1, 6, 118–19, 158–9, 180, 211, 248–50, 263, 264, 266–8, 270, 282, 316–18, 325–8
portraits of 2, 90, 99, 116, 118, 119, 128, 145, 157, 232, 237, 270–1, 302–3
historical neglect of 3–4
appointed regent in her husband’s absence 5, 280–1, 284–5, 323
relationship with Walpole 5, 6, 203–6, 242, 245–7
accompanies George when banished from court 10–13
family rifts and separations 11–12, 176, 185, 185–8, 211, 217
health of 13, 292–5, 314–15
knowledge of her stepfather’s infidelity 29–30
mentored by Figuelotte 32–5, 38–9
reactions to deaths of family and friends 32, 66–7, 109
refuses to change her faith to marry Archduke Charles 42–51, 55
friendship with Leibniz 55, 84–5, 100, 103–4
accepts marriage proposal from George Augustus 56–60, 67–8
wedding of 72–3
attitude towards Sophia Dorothea of Celle 82, 83
fidelity to George Augustus 83–6, 90, 91, 99–100, 146, 191, 285–6, 325
primary function at court 84
relationships at court of Hanover 84–6
contracts smallpox 89–90
anglophilia of 95–8, 121, 150–1
reaction to her husband’s infidelities 100–3, 283, 320–4
relationship with Henrietta 101–3, 183–4, 226–8, 313–15
trave
ls to London with George Augustus 110–12, 115–16, 122
public persona and popularity of 122–4, 126–7, 150–1, 153–4, 159
formal and informal entertainments 124–6, 221–4, 276–8
philanthropy of 124, 154, 163, 199, 236, 239, 242
would ‘as soon live on a dunghill as return to Hanover’ 127
attends coronation of George Louis 128–9
position at English court 130–1
female household 132–45, 153, 178–81, 224–9, 255–9, 274–5
refers to the Marlboroughs as ‘the imperial family’ 138
belief in sanctity of royalty 143, 144
receives part of the annual civil list settlement 147
lobbied by Jacobites 148–50
celebrates her birthday and festival of St David’s 153
George Louis’s expressions of admiration for 154–5
moves to Hampton Court 160–5
consequences of opposition to George Louis 170–3
sets up princely court at Leicester House 175–8, 185
acquires Richmond Lodge 188–90
limited reconciliation with George Louis 192–3, 202–8, 210, 217
involved in upbringing and education of her children 212–14
organises inoculation of her children against smallpox 214–17
as focus for opposition politicians 217–18
involvement in South Sea Bubble 219–20
described by Walpole as ‘a fat old bitch’ 229
becomes queen 230
sentiments on George Louis’s death 231–2
coronation of 232–6
attachment to Kensington Palace and gardens 252–4
establishes court at St James’s and Kensington 254
offers Gay honorary position 259–60
prefers youngest son William over her eldest Frederick 262–3, 326
resumes habit of weekly dining in public 272–3
passion for walking 278–9
interest in gardening, architecture and the arts 287–90, 298–302
bathes regularly 290–1
concerned for Anne on her wedding night 307–8
effigy of burnt at Charing Cross 310
convinced her son Frederick is impotent 319
informed of Augusta’s pregnancy and birth of her child 327–8
death and burial 3, 328–31
Caroline Elizabeth, Princess
birth 92, 98
childhood and education 211–14
given apartment in Kensington Palace 180
relationship with George Louis 210
inoculated against smallpox 214–16
at her parents’ coronation 235
character and description 268–9
portraits of 303
Carteret, Bridget 210, 255
Carteret, Lady 274
Caryll, John 152
The Catalogue of All the English Plays in Her Royal Highnes’s Library (1722) 195
Catesby, Mark, Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands 287
Catherine of Aragon 1, 117
Catherine of Braganza 1–2, 117
Chamberlyne, Edward 41
Charbonnier, Martin 70–1
Charles of Ansbach 266
Charles, Archduke of Austria (and King of Spain) 54, 59, 154
unsuccessful courtship of Caroline 42–4, 46, 47, 51, 198
marriage to Elisabeth-Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 52–3, 235
Charles I 63, 117
Charles II 2, 117, 131, 162
Charles VI 235, 241
Charles XII of Sweden 57
Charles Wilhelm Frederick of Brandenburg-Ansbach 111
Cheere, Henry 333
Chesterfield, Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl 6, 98, 140, 155, 165, 170, 194, 220, 228, 256, 272, 283, 310, 313
Chesterton, G.K. 74
Christian Albert of Ansbach 20, 23, 33
Christian Henry of Brunswick-Lüneburg 65
Christiane Charlotte of Württemberg-Winnental 40
Christine of Baden-Durlach 40
Church of Scotland General Assembly 117
City Palace (Berlin) 38, 41
Claremont 282
Clarke, Alured 97, 297, 299
An Essay Towards the Character of Her late Majesty Caroline, Queen-Consort of Great Britain 7, 81
Clarke, Dr Samuel 196–200, 236, 287, 302
Demonstration of the being and attributes of God 196
The Scripture-Doctrine of the Trinity: wherein every text in the New Testament relating to that doctrine is distinctly considered 197
Sermons 201
Clavering, John 135
Clayton, Charlotte (later Lady Sundon)
memoirs of Caroline 3
in charge of the royal close stool 9
on Caroline’s preference for divinity over her children’s education 92
correspondence with Bishop of Oxford 123–4
and getting ahead at court 135
sponsored by Duke of Marlborough 135–6
character of 137
friendship with Caroline 141, 144, 179, 180, 192, 256, 296
correspondence with Lady Cowper 165, 179
gives support to Samuel Clarke 197, 199
and the cancelling of George Augustus’s debt 204
and the royal reconciliation 205–6
told of Caroline’s pregnancy 208
concerns regarding Caroline’s health 211
and primacy of George Augustus even over letter-writing 236
discovers Caroline’s umbilical rupture 256, 293
influence on Caroline’s household 258, 273
and smoothing ruffled feathers 276
portrait of 287
discovers cause of Caroline’s illness 293
as Duck’s go-between with Caroline 297, 299
consulted by Caroline about Duck 299
and Henrietta Howard 313
opposes Amalie von Walmoden coming to England 324
Clayton, Robert 201
Clinton, Lord 310
Cobham, Lord 299
Cockburn, Caroline 298, 299
Coke, Mrs 134–5
A Collection of Papers which Passed between the Late Learned Mr Leibnitz and Dr Clarke … 200
Compton, Spencer see Wilmington, Baron
Conduitt, John 195, 257, 280
Congreve, William 91
Conti, Antonio 195
Cooper, Edward 19, 119
Coram, Thomas, 5
Corporation of the Sons of the Clergy 124
Cowper, Lord 179, 204, 207
Cowper, Mary, Countess of
memoirs of 3
on drinking to the health of George Augustus 112
on the little princesses as miracles of their ages 119
on coronation of George Louis 128–9
on scramble for places in Caroline’s household 130, 134, 135
as member of Caroline’s household 135, 137, 143–5, 197
on Caroline kissing Lady Mayoress 137
considers Caroline her friend 145
on Germaine’s collection of rareties 151
daughter’s comment on St David’s Day celebrations 153
on flattering treatment by George Louis 155
on ill-feeling between Caroline and George Louis 157
on George Augustus 161
on living at Hampton Court 161
description of Caroline’s days 162
on possibility of Caroline miscarrying 165
learns of Caroline’s illness 167
present at birth of George William 167
leaves Caroline’s service 178
secret meetings with Caroline 179
on Caroline’s request for works by Bacon 196
on Clarke’s friendship with Caroline 198–9
on Walpole’s attempt to heal the royal rift 204, 205
on Caroline’s helplessness concerning the family rift 205
on Caroline as a grand
issime comédienne 207
on question of household members present at royal births 209
on Caroline’s scepticism concerning her children and the Regency 217
involvement in South Sea Bubble 219
breakdown of relationship with Caroline 220, 225–6
Cowper, Sarah 153
Craftsman 247, 277, 300
Crailsheim 23–4, 32, 39, 250
Cresset, James 65, 79
Critical Review of Public Buildings 132
The Criticks: Being papers upon the times 190
Croker, John 238
Cunha, Catherine da 147–8
Cuzzoni, Francesca 223
Daily Courant 116
Daily Journal 287, 324
Daily Post 221, 297
Daily Post-Boy 299
Danckelmann, Eberhard von 34
Dashort, Anthonis Mor van 151
Defoe, Daniel 105, 116, 224
Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain 120
Dehn, Count Conrad von 241
de la Motte, Lieutenant Colonel August 265, 266
Delany, Mrs (Mary Pendarves née Granville) 137, 258–60, 267, 274, 276–7
de la Rose, Dr (court surgeon) 87
Delorain, Mary Howard, Countess of 141, 200, 225, 257, 316, 320
Denay, John 144
Dering, Mary 258
Dive, Penelope 255, 258
d’Olbreuse, Eléonore, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg 85, 94
likened to ‘mouse droppings in the pepper’ 73, 111
Dorothea Frederica of Brandenburg-Ansbach 20, 40, 48
Dorset, Elizabeth, Duchess of 112, 135, 167, 225, 254, 313
Dorset, Lionel Sackville, Earl of 165
Dresden 28, 30, 32, 38, 71, 250
Dryden, John, The Indian Emperor 191, 257
Dubois, Nicholas 176
Duck, Stephen 112, 260, 295, 297–9, 301, 302, 316
The Thresher’s Labour 297, 298
Poems on Several Occasions 298
‘On the Queen’s Grotto, in Richmond Gardens’ 299–300
‘On a Screen, work’d in Flowers by Her Royal Highness Anne, Princess of Orange’ 304
Durfey, Mr 123
East India Company 221
Edict of Nantes (1598) 46
Edict of Potsdam (1685) 46
Edward III 334
Edward VI 288
Egmont, John Perceval, Lord 98, 201, 252–3, 261, 289, 316, 325
‘An Elegy upon the Young Prince’ (anon) 11
Eléonore, Duchess see d’Olbreuse, Eléonore, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüeburg
Eleonore Erdmuthe Louise of Saxe-Eisenach 39, 103
description of 20–1, 24–5, 26
marriage to John Frederick 20
pregnancies, births and miscarriages 22, 28–9
widowhood 23–4
second marriage to John George IV 25–31, 83
reaction to Billa 27–8
fears for her life 29–31
death of 32