The Ghost of Galileo

by J. L. Heilbron

  146. Solinas, in Cropper et al. (eds), Documentary (1992), 236–7, 257n.

  147. Donaldson, Prayer Book (1954), 44 (quote), 49–53, 62–70, 73–7; McCullough, Sermons (1998), 127–8.

  148. Gardiner, Government (1877), i. 323–4, 328–9, 333–4, 338–9, 343–61.

  149. Gardiner, Fall (1882), i. 101, 109–10, 127–30, 137–8, 144 (quote), 168–9, 177–8.

  150. Gardiner, Fall (1882), i. 149–50, 228–9; Alexander, Weston (1975), 178. An army of 30,000 men cost about £7,800 a month (Alexander, Weston (1975), 190).

  151. Gardiner, Fall (1882), i. 194–5; Murdoch, Britain (2000), 90–1, 94, 98–103, 109, 115.

  152. Gardiner, Fall (1882), i. 233–5, 238, 241.

  153. Gardiner, Fall (1882), i. 251–5.

  154. Gardiner, Fall (1882), i. 308, 315–16, 326, 331, 345–56, 360–1, 382–3, 391–8; Wedgwood, Wentworth (2000), 271, 273, 276–82, 288–9.

  155. Laud, Works (1847–60), iv. 465–6, 469 (from a reprinting of Romes Master-peece with protestations by Laud).

  156. Laud, Works (1847–60), vii. 397n.

  157. Prynne, Romes Master-peece (1643), 2–7, 15–24; Gardiner, Fall (1882), i. 23.

  158. Prynne, Romes Master-peece (1643), 19.

  159. Laud, Works (1847–60), iv. 477, on notes on letter from Boswell of 15 October 1640.

  160. Prynne, Romes Master-peece (1643), 19; Woodford, Diary (2012), 306, 358 (16 May 1639, 17 May 1640).

  161. Laud to Joseph Hall, 14 January 1639, in Laud, Works (1847–60), vi. 577–8; iv. 308–9, 333, 346.

  162. Ellison, Sandys (2002), 183, quoting Smuts, Court Culture (1987), 226.

  163. Prynne, Romes Master-peece (1643), 27, 29, 33–6. In Popish Royal Favourite (1643), Prynne itemizes “papists” released from prison or fines by Charles.

  164. Prynne, Hidden Workes (1645), fo. a1–a2r; cf. Sanderson, Compleat History (1658), 360, and Laud, Works (1847–60), iv. 496–501.

  165. Giblin, Irish Ecclesiastical Record, 85 (1956), 393–8, 403–4.

  166. Gardiner, Fall (1882), i. 295, and History (1893–4), ix. 219, 227–8, 243–4, 288–9, 323, 363, 375; Hervey, Life (1921), 424, 427, 429.

  167. Gardiner, History (1893–4), ix. 354, 401, 411–12.

  168. Gardiner, History (1893–4), ix. 403–4, quoting Rossetti; Finlayson, Historians (1983), 105–7.

  Chapter 3

  1. Alexander, Weston (1975), 68, 70; Wallace, Sandys (1940), 26, 32, 40–3, 48, 56, 65–6, 70, 86–7.

  2. Hill, Bench (1988), 142, 159, 164–71, 189; Croft, James (2003), 63–5, 78–9, 93; Clucas, in Clucas and Davies (eds), Crisis (2003), 182–3.

  3. Jones, Politics (1971), 156; Wotton to Edmund Bacon, 8 June 1614, in SL ii. 37; Alexander, Weston (1975), 22–3.

  4. James VI & I, Political Writings (1994), 250, 261, 268 (text of 1622). Cf. Croft, James (2003), 113–15; Alexander, Weston (1975), 17–22.

  5. Cf. Finlayson, Historians (1983), 86, 92, 94; Foster, Lords (1983), 33–5.

  6. James to Salisbury, September 1609, in James VI & I, Letters (1984), 270 (quote); Robinson, Dukes (1995), 80–96; Andersson, Howard (2009), 136–7.

  7. Croft, James (2003), 90–1, 97, 101–3.

  8. Hervey, Life (1921), 105, 113 (quote), 185, 191–2, 222–4, 236–7; Sharpe, in Sharpe (ed.), Faction (1985), 12–19.

  9. Barroll, Anna (2001), 133, 144–8; Sharpe, in Sharpe (ed.), Faction (1985), 37–9.

  10. Victoria History. Wiltshire, v (1957), 121.

  11. Ruigh, Parliament (1971), 39–42, 165–70, 233, 239–40, 362.

  12. Ruigh, Parliament (1971), 261, 288, 310, 341–3, 349, 354, 358–61.

  13. Ruigh, Parliament (1971), 55, 220, 226, 229, 234.

  14. Thrush and Ferris, House (2010), iii. 125–6.

  15. Gardiner, England (1875), i. 273–5, 283–4, 294–5; Alexander, Weston (1975), 80–8; Lockhart, Denmark (1996), 93–8, 110–29; Ruigh, Parliament (1971), 382–3.

  16. Gardiner, England (1875), i. 342–4, 353–4, 362; ii. 92, 97, 111–12, 156–64.

  17. Laud, Works (1847–60), i. 84 (quote), 100.

  18. Gardiner, England (1875), ii. 15–16, 39, 66, 69; Sharpe, in Sharpe (ed.), Faction (1985), 232–4; Hervey, Life (1921), 243–8, 251–5.

  19. Foster, Lords (1983), 28–9.

  20. Speeches of 3 June and 21 March 1626, resp., in Bidwell and Jansson, Proceedings (1991–6), iii. 354, 360; ii. 331; cf. iii. 204, 212, and Thrush and Ferris, House (2010), iii. 127.

  21. Alexander, Weston (1975), 96–105; Berkowitz, Selden (1988), 111–13, 116, 119, 121 (quote, from Simmonds d’Ewes).

  22. D’Ewes, Autobiography (1845), i. 120; ii. 124.

  23. Popofsky, Historian, 41 (1979), 258–60, 263–5; Berkowitz, Selden (1988), 96, 126–34.

  24. Berkowitz, Selden (1988), 94–9, 148–9, 159, 173, 189–91, 269, 279; Alexander, Weston (1975), 111–15.

  25. Murdoch, Britain (2000), 72–4, 202–17; Lockhart, Denmark (1996), 147–50, 192–206; Gardiner, England (1875), i. 340–1.

  26. Johnson et al., Proceedings (1977–83), ii. 363–4, 375; iii. 157; iv. 298, 373–468 passim, esp. 430–1, 438.

  27. Guy, Historical Journal, 25 (1982), 296–300, 307–10, as modified by Kishlansky, Historical Journal, 42 (1999), 54, 76–82.

  28. Johnson et al., Proceedings (1977–83), ii. 481–2; iii. 150; Thrush and Ferris, House (2010), iii. 127.

  29. Thrush and Ferris, House (2010), iii. 201, 207, 210, 214, 226; quote, from John Eliot, 204–5; Alexander, Weston (1975), 118.

  30. Heilbron, in Shumaker (ed.), Dee (1978), 15.

  31. Gardiner, England (1875), ii. 251, 260–1, 295 (quoting John Pym).

  32. Berkowitz, Selden (1988), 175 (quote), 188, 189 (quote), 190–2; Popofsky, Historian, 41 (1979), 266–8, 271–4.

  33. Berkowitz, Selden (1988), 204–8, 231, 262, 273, 278, 280–1, 286–7, 305–10, 314–15; Alexander, Weston (1975), 121–4.

  34. Gardiner, England (1875), ii. 191, 270–3, 330, 336–42, 348–55; Cogswell, Historical Journal, 49 (2006), 361–3, 368–74, 377; Holston, English Literary History, 59 (1992), 524–5.

  35. Alexander, Weston (1975), 5–7, 13–17, 43–4, 56, 168–9, 180–1, 195, 199, 210, 219; Gardiner, England (1875), ii. 120, 122, 316, and Government (1877), ii. 91.

  36. Gardiner, England (1875), ii. 230, and Government (1877), i. 52–3, 58–9, 85–8, 94–5, 99, 120–2, 153; Alexander, Weston (1975), 106–8, 129–30, 133–44.

  37. Popofsky, Past and Present, 126 (1990), 54, 61–7, 68 (quote from a member), 69–72; Berkowitz, Selden (1988), 202–3.

  38. Gardiner, Government (1877), i. 126–9; Alexander, Weston (1975), 152–3, 157; Thompson, in Sharpe (ed.), Faction (1985), 248–74; Jones, Politics (1971), 71; Terry, Life (1936), 175–7.

  39. Jones, Politics (1971), 169–70 (quotes); Berkowitz, Selden (1988), 231 (“malevolent vipers”), 232, 243.

  40. Berkowitz, Selden (1988), 245, 251–2, 258–9, 262–5, 275, 279, 283–90.

  41. Aylmer, King’s Servants (1961), 26–32; Cuddy, in Cruckshanks (ed.), Courts (2000), 66–71, 76; Huxley, Porter (1959), 125.

  42. Gardiner, Government (1877), i. 177–8; Alexander, Weston (1975), 67–8, 159–61; Huxley, Porter (1959), 196.

  43. Alexander, Weston (1975), 174; Mendle, Dangerous Positions (1985), 172–4; Sharpe, in Sharpe (ed.), Faction (1985), 42.

  44. Cust, in Merritt (ed.), Political World (1996), 73–9; Jones, Politics (1971), 92. A list of cases Bankes pursued as attorney to the Prince of Wales is in BPB 57/14.

  45. Privy Council, Acts, 1626, June–December, 234–7, and Acts, 1629 May–1630 May, 236–7; CSPD, 1634–5, 196, 206, 221. Havran, Courtier (1973), 116, gives Henrietta’s outlay over two years as £89,378 against an income of £18,166.

  46. Foster, Alumni oxonienses (1891–2), i. 67; Foss, Judges (1848–64), 251–4; Kopperman, Heath (1989), 242–4 (first quote); The World Tost in Tennis, in Middleton, Works (2010), 1129, ll. 28–30 (second quote); G. Garrard to Thomas Wentwort
h, 1635, in Bankes, Story (1853), 54 (third quote); Thomas Egerton, first baron Ellesmere, served Elizabeth and James. On Finch and the queen, Terry, Life (1936), 106, 134, 153, 183.

  47. Bacon, in Jones, Politics (1971), 37; Johnston, Life (1837), i. 211–12.

  48. Cliffe, World (1999), 198–9.

  49. Hawtrey, History (1903), i. 42, 67, 86–9; Waterhouse, Burlington Magazine, 102 (1960), 122; Montagu, in Chaney and Mack (eds), England (1990), 271–82; Mitchell, Kingston Lacy (1994), 10, 61; Little, History Today, 65 (2015), 11–12.

  50. Anon. (1908), 78.

  51. Bankes, Story (1853), 33; Encyclopedia Britannica (1911), s.v. “Cinque Ports.”

  52. Heywood, Notes (n.d.); Bennett, RHMC, Report, 8 (1881), 208b.

  53. Hutchins, History (1973), iii. 236–7; “A note on the goods of Sr John Bankes which were taken away from Corfe Castle,” in “Autograph Letters,” vol. 1 (D-BKL).

  54. Russell, Fall (1991), 39–41, 506n.; Bennett, RCHM, Report, 8 (1881), 208a; Bankes, speeches to the serjeants, in D-BKL/H/A/31–5, esp. 35.

  55. Howell, Collection (1816), iii, cols 714–15, 718, 727–45; D-BKL/H/A/29 contains Bankes’s outline of the trial.

  56. Gardiner, Government (1977), ii. 180, 192, 201, 313; Quintrell, SC 3 (1988), 159–60, 166; Havran, Recusant History, 5 (1959), 252 n. 19.

  57. Sharpe, Personal Rule (1992), 719–20.

  58. Clarendon, quoted in Howell, Collection (1816), iii, cols 827–8.

  59. Howell, Collection (1816), iii, cols 870–1, 875–6, 880–4, 898.

  60. Howell, Collection (1816), iii, col. 1078.

  61. Howell, Collection (1816), iii, cols 1015–17, 1023 (quote); CSPD, 1634–5, 161–2, 234; Jones, HLQ 40 (1977), 211–12; Judson, Crisis (1949), 130–1, 136, 139–40; Bankes to Laud, 23 January 1636, D-BKL/H/Q/44/1–10.

  62. Howell, Collection (1816), iii, cols 1024–5, 1045–7, 1060.

  63. Howell, Collection (1816), iii, cols 1004–5.

  64. Howell, Collection (1816), iii, col. 1083.

  65. Howell, Collection (1816), iii, cols 1088–9, 1146; cf. Copernicus, De revolutionibus, 1.10.

  66. Macaulay, Essays (n.d.), 189–93.

  67. D’Ewes, Autobiography (1845), ii. 133; Francesco Zonca to the Doge and Senate, 8 January 1638, in CSPV, 1636–9, 353.

  68. Gardiner, Fall (1882), i. 70–7, 86–91.

  69. Ash, Draining (2017), 184–200, 206; BPB 50/13.

  70. Judson, Crisis (1949), 108.

  71. BPB 44/63–9.

  72. Gardiner, Government (1977), ii. 75, 81–3, 166–72, 183; Jones, HLQ 40 (1977), 201 (quote), 207–8; Alexander, Weston (1975), 204–5; Aubrey, Lives (1898), ii. 98; (2018), i. 571–2, ii. 1516, on Noy’s practical joking.

  73. Sharpe, Personal Rule (1992), 90, 104, 126–7; BPB 47/240.

  74. Gardiner, Government (1877), i. 208–11, 216–17, 221, 231, 236–9, 248–52.

  75. Gardiner, Government (1877), ii. 51, 57, 65–8, 79–80, 85–7, 93, 97–8, 102–3, 195–6, 199–201, 266–70; Hervey, Life (1921), 357, 368, 370, 377, 392.

  76. Gardiner, Government (1877), ii. 68, 260–5; Wedgwood, Wentworth (2000), 217; Quintrell, SC 3 (1988), 171–4.

  77. BPB 5/45, 5/46, 55/14, 55/20, 50/25 (Philip Warwick to Bankes, 10 June 1638), 43/58 (£12,000 and £2,400 to Charles’s nephews, the Elector palatine and Prince Rupert, resp., 23 June 1637), 43/94 (£4,000 increase to Elizabeth, 4 April 1638). The picture given by Sharpe, Personal Rule (1992), 129–30, for 1640/1 may be too rosy, for example, in making anticipations £330,000 less than Bankes did.

  78. BPB 43/22, 51/36, 49/6; Aylmer, King’s Servants (1961), 177–8, 201, 210, 212; Fissel, Bishops’ War (1994), 127.

  79. Price, Patents (1913), 34–5, 135–41, 83–4, 90, 96, 115–18.

  80. Price, Patents (1913), 50–4.

  81. BPB 46/passim, 55/62; Price, Patents (1913), 63.

  82. BPB 11/67, 11 and 13 March 1635/6.

  83. BPB 11/passim; 43/passim and 46/passim (drainage), 55/62 (sewers). Cf. Sharpe, Personal Rule (1992), 121, 253–6.

  84. Powell, Depopulation (1636), fos A2v–A3r.

  85. Monson to Bankes, 19 July 1637, D-BKL/H/A/23.

  86. BPB 41/29, 27 March 1635.

  87. BPB 52/6, 67/9 (2 January 1636/7), 67/12, 52/20 (14 June 1638), 57/1–2, 57/7.

  88. BPB 57/9–11, 16, 21.

  89. BPB 11/45, 27 May 1640; 55/94, 8 October 1638 (granted); 17/10, 1 December 1634.

  90. Huxley, Porter (1959), 199–218.

  91. BPB 17/29, 8 November 1634 (the yeoman); 17/40, 17/49, 17/68; 17/41, 31 July 1635 (the recusant).

  92. Huxley, Porter (1959), 197.

  93. Havran, Recusant History, 5 (1959), 248–50; Price, Patents (1913), 39–42.

  94. Price, Patents (1913), 73–80, 119–22 (£43,000), 229–30, 235–6.

  95. Gardiner, Fall (1882), i. 70–7, 86–91; Ashton, City (1979), 142.

  96. BPB 38/8, 1 March 1638/9; Croft, Historical Journal, 30/3 (1987), 525, 537–8; Ashton, City (1979), 19–23, 86–93 (currants); BPB 51/33, 31 May 1635, and 17/37, 18 June 1638; 47/14, 2 July 1637.

  97. BPB 16/8, 16/35; 41/37, 23 May 1632, and 2 February 1634/5 (Digby).

  98. BPB 11/28, 13 February 1635/6; 12/20, 12/23; Mayerne and Cademan, Distiller (1639), 1–4, 11.

  99. Cf. Peck, Court Patronage (1993), 139–45, 210–19.

  100. Ashton, City (1979), 107–8, 118, 124–5, 129–30, 139–40, 148, 152, 199, 208–9.

  101. Ashton, City (1979), 75–82; Fissel, Bishops’ War (1994), 103–4.

  102. BPB 44/2; CSPD, 1635, p. 31.

  103. BPB 44/1; CSPD, 1637, p. 50.

  104. Holdsworth, History (1923–72), v. 208–11; viii. 339–40, 407; Knowles, HLQ 69 (2006), 164.

  105. BPB 44/5, 44/12AB, 44/46; CSPD, 1639, p. 70. Cf. Geree, Character (1646), 4, on Puritan resistance.

  106. Havran, Catholics (1962), 129 (“caterpillar”); BPB 41/53, 3 June 1639; 18/24, 65/18, 42/30 (Archie the Fool = Archibald Alexander), March 1637/8.

  107. Mayne, Citye (1639), I.v, II.1, II.iii, IV.vii, V.ix, V.vii.

  108. Clarendon, History (1849), i. 295; Kopperman, Heath (1989), 80–6, 95–103, and 24 (quote, from a courtier’s letter of 14 February 1637); Little, History Today, 65 (2015), 12.

  109. Ogilvie, King’s Government (1978), 79–87; Bennett, RCHM, Report, 8 (1881), 230a.

  110. Baker, Order (1984), 6–7, 85–6, 188.

  111. Bankes, “Speech,” [1640], D-BKL/H/A/9, and “Sermons,” D-BKL/H/A77.

  112. Jones, Politics (1971), 20, 29, 139, 199–207, 208 (quote).

  113. Weldon, Court (1651), 195–6, 206; Warburton, Memoirs (1849), i. 275–6; D’Ewes, Journal (1923), i. 241 (11 January), and 90 (1 December 1640); Terry, Life (1936), 468–71.

  114. Foster, Lords (1983), 83–6; D’Ewes, Journal (1923), i. 18n., 260, 283, 292, 366 (Bankes as messenger in 1640); Thrush and Ferris, House (2020), iii. 126 (Northumberland as client).

  115. Wentworth to Bankes, 28 April 1639, and 24 December 1638, resp., D-BKL/H/Q/45.

  116. Adamson, Noble Revolt (2007), 157, 298.

  117. Gardiner, Fall (1882), ii. 66–77, 96, 113, 152, 171–4, 187–92.

  118. Gardiner, Fall (1882), ii. 24, 36, 379–80.

  119. Gardiner, Fall (1882), ii. 192–3, 218.

  120. Adamson, Noble Revolt (2007), 288–91, 294, 299, 303; Gardiner, Fall (1882), ii. 166, 171, 181.

  121. Gardiner, Fall (1882), ii. 237, 242, 289–96, 375.

  122. Gardiner, Fall (1882), ii. 255–60; Adamson, Noble Revolt (2007), 336–7, 345, 349–51, 355–7, 360–4, 372–82, 388–91, 408–9, 413–16.

  123. Gardiner, Fall (1882), ii. 303–8, 317, 320–5.

  124. Gardiner, Fall (1882), ii. 383–97, 404–8.

  125. Malcolm (ed.), Sovereignty (1999), i. 148–50, 153.

  126. Malcolm (ed.), Sovereignty (1999), i. 157–62, 168–9.

  127. Mendle, Dangerous Positions (1985), 128–33, 136–7, 147–54, 175–6, 182–3, 213–14n.

&nb
sp; 128. Parker, Discourse (1641), 24–5.

  129. Gardiner, Fall (1882), ii. 427, 438–9, 448–9; Hervey, Life (1921), 431, 434.

  130. Havran, Catholics (1962), 156–7; Gardiner, Fall (1882), ii. 439, 456, 458–9.

  131. Selden, Table Talk (1856), 79.

  132. Porter to Edward Nicholas, 7 September 1641, in Huxley, Porter (1959), 263.

  133. CSPD, 1640–1, 439, 441; Wedgwood, Kings War (1991), 82–7; Braddick, God’s Fury (2009), 189–91; Gardiner, Fall (1882), ii. 450, 453–4, 477.

  134. Murdoch, Britain (2000), 122–7.

  135. Foster, Lords (1983), 70–80; RCHM, Report, 5 (1876), 178b. Bankes’s summons is dated 4 May 1642; Bennett, RCHM, Report, 8 (1881), 209b.

  136. Clarendon, History (1849), ii. 137 (quote); Bankes, Story (1853), 115, 118–21; Kopperman, Heath (1989), 285.

  137. Banks to Northumberland, 16 May, and to Lord Saye and to Holles, 18 May 1642, in Bennett, RCHM, Report, 8 (1881), 211b–212a.

  138. Bankes, Story (1853), 134–5, corrected from the manuscript in “Autograph Letters,” D-BKL.

  139. Coke, as quoted by Foster, Lords (1983), 81.

  140. Letter to Green in “Autograph Letters,” vol. 1, fo. 57, D-BKL; A True List (1641), under “Isle of Purbeck,” D-BKL; Hutchins, History (1973), iii. 240–1; Russell, Fall (1991), 472.

  141. Bankes to Lord [Francis] Willoughby (then illegally mustering troops for Parliament), 8 June 1642, in Bennett, RCHM, Report, 8 (1881), 212b.

  142. Fissel, Bishops’ War (1994), 152; Coward, Stuart Age (1994), 204; Braddick, God’s Fury (2009), 192, 210–12.

  143. Andrews, His Majesties Resolution (1642).

  144. Letters of Northumberland and Holles, in “Autograph Letters,” vol. 1, fos 17, 25, D-BKL; Bankes, Story (1853), 122–6.

  145. Braddick, God’s Fury (2009), 186–8; Woods, Prelude (1980), 90, 115 (quote); Bankes to Lord Saye, 11 July 1642, in Smith, Constitutional Royalism (1994), 97–8, 113–14; Andrews, His Majesties Resolution (1642), fo. A4.

  146. Warburton, Memoirs (1849), i. 269–70.

  147. Saye to Bankes, 8 June 1642, D-BKL/H/Q/44/20–30, and Northumberland to Bankes, 14 June 1642, “Autograph Letters,” vol. 1, fo. 19, D-BKL.

  148. Wharton to Bankes, 14 June and 13 July 1642, “Autograph Letters”, D-BKL; Bankes, Story (1853), 132–3; Wedgwood, King’s War (1958), 100–7.