The Ghost of Galileo

by J. L. Heilbron

  10. Kearney, Strafford (1959), 47, 196, 241. Williams attended the parliament held in Dublin in July 1634; CSP Ireland, 2 (1901), 65.

  11. Williams to Wentworth, n.d., Sloane MS 2681, fo. 268.

  12. Kearney, Strafford (1959), 104–10; Bramhall, Works (1842–5), i, pp. v, lxxix–lxxxii; Cunningham, Ussher (2007), 27–8, 35–6, 48–57; Bankes to Bramhall, 30 March 1639, in Huntington Library, Hastings Papers.

  13. Bramhall, Works (1642–5), i, pp. vii–viii; Kearney, Strafford (1959), 123–4, 264–8; Cunningham, Ussher (2007), 31.

  14. Laud to Wentworth, 22 June 1638, in Laud, Works (1847–60), vii. 449; Henrietta Maria to Wentworth, 2 July 1638, in Strafford, Letters (1739), ii. 178–9.

  15. Laud to Wentworth, 14 May 1638, in Laud, Works (1847–60), vi. 527, and Strafford, Letters (1739), ii. 171.

  16. Laud to Wentworth, 22 June 1638, in Laud, Works (1847–60), vii. 449.

  17. Jonson, Alchemist, II.iii.229–30.

  18. Trevor-Roper, Physician (2006), 53, 151–4, 197, 203–8, 270–1 (quotes), 272–5, 324, 386; Laud to Wentworth, 29 December 1638, in Laud, Works (1847–60), vi. 558.

  19. Mayerne, Gout (1676), 10–11, 14, 37–9, 71 (quote), 48 (“the raspings of a human Skull unburyed”), and Councels (1677), 74–5 (turpentine, etc.).

  20. Howell to Porter, 20 January 1647, in Howell, Epistolae (1890), 536.

  21. Wentworth to Laud, 7 August 1638, in Strafford, Letters (1739), ii. 194, and reply, 10 September 1638, ii. 212; CSP Ireland, 2 (1901), 193.

  22. Schuchard, Ogilby (1973), 22–4, 44, 50; Van Eerde, Ogilby (1976), 18–23; Eames, New York Public Library, Bulletin, 65 (1961), 78–84; Clark, Irish Stage (1955), 27, 31–2, 39; Nason, Shirley (1915), 93, 97–8, 153; Forsythe, Relations (1914), 26–7; Stevenson, Review of English Studies, 20 (1944), 20–2.

  23. Wedgwood, Wentworth (2000), 128–30, 202, 212.

  24. Hervey, Life (1921), 305, 349–51; Wedgwood, Wentworth (2000), 170 (quote), 158, 185–8, 214.

  25. Gardiner, Government (1877), ii. 113, 121–34, 142–4; Wedgwood, Wentworth (2000), 150, 176–7, 226–7.

  26. Wedgwood, Wentworth (2000), 138, 194–5, 212, 226; Howarth, British Library Journal, 20/2 (1994), 151–4.

  27. Wedgwood, Wentworth (2000), 126, 223, 233.

  28. Gardiner, Government (1877), i. 40–1, 168, 176, 187, 194, 277; Wedgwood, Wentworth (2000), 148.

  29. Shaw, Historical Journal, 49 (2006), 338–1, 342, 351 (first quote), 352, 354, 355 (second quote).

  30. Gardiner, Government (1877), ii. 73; Wedgwood, Wentworth (2000), 265, 267, 269.

  31. Gardiner, Fall (1882), i. 278–83, 291–2, 306.

  32. Gardiner, Fall (1882), i. 308, 315–16, 326, 331, 345–56, 360–1, 382–3, 391–8; Wedgwood, Wentworth (2000), 271, 273, 276–82, 288–9.

  33. Gardiner, Fall (1882), i. 360–2, 364 (quote); Wedgwood, Wentworth (2000), 287–8.

  34. Trevor-Roper, Physician (2006), 305, 412 n. 3.

  35. D’Ewes, Journal (1923), 260, 283, 292.

  36. John More to Williams, 25 May 1641, Sloane MS 2681, fo. 265, mentioning “the mournfull newes of the death of our noble Lorde” and the financial burden of the debt to the Scots.

  37. Radcliffe, quoted in Wedgwood, Wentworth (2000), 397; Munk, Roll, i (1878), 206.

  38. Williams, in Oxford Univ., Oxoniensis academiae parentalia (1625), fo. H2v; Cook, in Grell and Cunningham (eds), Religio medici (1996), 102, speculates about Williams’s religion.

  39. Kearney, Strafford (1959), 192–6; Cunningham, Ussher (2007), 32–3.

  40. Trevor-Roper, Catholics (1987), 184–5; Cressy, Exomologesis (1647), 8–10 (first quote), 11, 289–92, 296 (second quote), 300.

  41. Williams, Sloane MS 113, fos 3r–4, 5r (quote), 7r, 18v.

  42. Bacon, “History,” in Works (1857–74), v. 269–72; Williams, Sloane MS 113, fos 9v–10r, 19v (quote), 20–24r.

  43. Bacon, “History,” in Works (1857–74), v. 277, 310.

  44. Williams, Sloane MS 113, fo. 33.

  45. Bacon, “History,” in Works (1857–74), v. 285–7; Williams, Sloane MS 113, fos 39v–42v.

  46. Bacon, “History,” in Works (1857–74), v. 294; Williams, Sloane MS 113, fos 111r, 114v, 117–21.

  47. Williams, Sloane MS 113, fos 6v–7r, 105.

  48. Allsopp, Jones (1970), i. 71.

  49. Williams, Sloane MS 70, fo. 2v; fos 24r, 25v, 46v for references to Galileo’s Discorsi (1638).

  50. Williams, Sloane MS 70, fos 6v, 7r, 9v (quote), 63, 64v, 65.

  51. Williams, Sloane MS 70, fos 30r, 73r.

  52. Williams, Sloane MS 70, fos 74r, 80r, 81r. The value of the acceleration under gravity, 13 ft/sec, agrees with the number Galileo gives, in Dialogue (1953), 223–4, 480.

  53. Williams, Sloane MS 70, fos 21v–22r (Charles on free fall), 24–5, 39, 41, 44r, 46–7.

  54. Williams, Sloane MS 70, fos 67v–69. On the work of Cabeo (1629), Kircher (1641), and Gilbert (1600), see Heilbron, Electricity (1979), 174–85.

  55. Sloane MS 95, fos 185r, 186r, 187r, 205v–206r, 209v.

  56. Sloane MS 95, fos 188r, 205r, 207r (quotes).

  57. Sloane MS 95, fo. 171r.

  58. Bellany and Cogswell, Murder (2015), 30–7, 212.

  59. Trevor-Roper, Physician (2006), 174–5; Nance, Turquet (2001), 179; Keynes, Harvey (1978), 138–40, 144–7.

  60. Bellany and Cogswell, Murder (2015), 144, 183, 191, 214–19, 229, 238, 262.

  61. Bellany and Cogswell, Murder (2015), 215–19; Franklin, in Harvey, Circulation (1958), pp. xvi, xxi.

  62. Harvey, Disquisition [1628], trans. Willis (1952), 267.

  63. Toynbee and Young, Strangers (1973), 214–15.

  64. Van Eerde, Hollar (1970), 12–14, 17; Godfrey, Hollar (1994), 20.

  65. Crowne, True Relation (1637), 5, 8 (quote), 9–11, 18–19, 38; Godfrey, Hollar (1994), 61; Pav, Art Bulletin, 55/1 (1973), 94–6.

  66. Robinson, Dukes (1995), 103, 105, 111; Kratochvíl, Hollar’s Journey (1965), 12–14; Gilman, Arundel Circle (2002), 130.

  67. DNB, s.v. “Harvey;” Trevor-Roper, in Howarth (ed.), Art (1993), 267, and Physician (2006), 236–7, 245–9, 256, 262–4, 273–4.

  68. Keynes, Harvey (1978), 245–57, 261.

  69. Crowne, True Relation (1637), 32–7, 67–70.

  70. Furdell, Royal Doctors (2001), 119; Cook, Decline (1986), 281–2.

  71. Toynbee and Young, Strangers (1973), 214–15; Nance, Turquet (2001), 184 (letter of 1636).

  72. Furdell, Royal Doctors (2001), 112, 121–2; Westfall, Science and religion (1958), 118–20.

  73. Letters to Dee from Charles I, 24 December 1633, and Mayerne, 18 January 1634, in Appleby, Ambix, 26 (1979), 6, 9; Appleby, Ambix, 24 (1977), 99–100; Appleby, Slavonic and East European Review, 57 (1979), 54–5; Camden, Isis, 19:1 (1933), 51; Trevor-Roper, Physician (2006), 321.

  74. Cook, American Journal of Legal History, 29 (1985), 314–20.

  75. Cook, Social History of Medicine, 2 (1989), 12–16, 19–22, 28.

  76. BPB 11/28, 12/20, 12/23; Mayerne and Candeman, Distiller (1639), 1–4, 11; Cook, Social History of Medicine, 2 (1989), 22.

  77. Vigne, Royal College of Physicians, Journal, 20/3 (1986), 222–3.

  78. Oriel, Buttery Books, under date.

  79. ps-Aristotle, Problemata, xxx.1, 953a10–13, in Aristotle, Complete Works (1984), ii. 1498–9. Cf. Klibansky et al., Saturn (1964), 16–41; Gowland, Worlds (2006), 88–96; and Dixon, Dark Side (2013), 115–17, 120, 123 (artists).

  80. Quoted in Moshenska, Stain (2016), 314, without reference.

  81. ps.-Aristotle, Problemata, xxx.1, 953b15–16, p. 1499, and iv.30, 880a30, in Complete Works (1984), ii. 1358, resp.

  82. Ferrand, Treatise (1640), 222–33, 238–48, 256, 262, 266–7.

  83. Ferrand, Treatise (1640), 255–8, 278–9; Beecher and Ciavolella, in Ferrand, Treatise (1990), 9–11, 15–16, 126–7, 205.

  84. Klibansky et al., Saturn (1964), 137–59, 247–54.

  85. Ptolemy,
Tetrabiblos (1964), §3.13, pp. 333, 341, 359–61.

  86. Klibansky et al., Saturn (1964), 254–5, 259–70; Babb, Elizabethan Malady (1951), 30–2, 62–5; Drew, Melancholy (2013), 20–1.

  87. Klibansky et al., Saturn (1964), 315–35.

  88. Klibansky et al., Saturn (1964), 399.

  89. Burton, Anatomy (2001), “The author’s Abstract of Melancholy.”

  90. Burton, Anatomy (2001), “Democritus Junior to the Reader,” i. 39 (quote), 54, 56, 67 (quote).

  91. Burton, Anatomy (2001), i. 73, 81–3.

  92. Burton, Anatomy (2001), i. 90, 92–3.

  93. Burton, Anatomy (2001), i. 110–11, 115–20; HG 22–3, 192–3.

  94. Burton, Anatomy (2001), i. 278, 303, 305, 309–10, 323, 328–9.

  95. Burton, Anatomy (2001), i. 366.

  96. Burton, Anatomy (2001), i. 392, 254; 225, 227, 234, 243, 246–7, 291, 439.

  97. Burton, Anatomy (2001), iii. 311–13, 319, 346; 347, 351.

  98. Burton, Anatomy (2001), iii. 367; 370, 375.

  99. Burton, Anatomy (2001), iii. 379.

  100. Burton, Anatomy (2001), iii. 394–400.

  101. Burton, Anatomy (2001), iii. 404, 408; 411–12, 419–21, 429–32.

  102. Burton, Anatomy (2001), iii. 15–16, 222–3, 34–6.

  103. Burton, Anatomy (2001), iii. 40, 49–50 (first quote), 53–7, 62 (second quote); cf. Dixon, Dark side (2013), 59–61.

  104. Burton, Anatomy (2001), iii. 69 (1 Esdras 3:10–12, who has truth trump women), 87, 91, 96, 146, 153 (quote).

  105. Burton, Anatomy (2001), iii. 172–3, 177, 179, 183 (quote).

  106. Burton, Anatomy (2001), iii. 189, 191–3, 201.

  107. Burton, Anatomy (2001), iii. 213, 219, 221, 228, 245 (quote); Weinberger, in Price (ed.), Bacon’s New Atlantis (2002), 109–10.

  108. Burton, Anatomy (2001), iii. 248–9, 253 (first quote), 255 (second quote).

  109. Burton, Anatomy (2001), iii. 117, 119–20.

  110. Burton, Anatomy (2001), i. 15.

  111. Burton, Anatomy (2001), ii. 36, citing Carpenter, Geography (1625), II.6.

  112. Burton, Anatomy (2001), i. 78 (quote); ii. 47, 50–5; iii. 33, 120.

  113. Burton, Anatomy (2001), ii. 56–7.

  114. Quoted by Trevor, Poetics (2004), 92 (first quote), and Williamson, Journal of English Literary History, 2 (1935), 140–1, 143.

  115. Drummond, Flowers (1623), 154–5.

  116. Burton, Anatomy (2001), i. 189–90, 200–1; ii. 54–5.

  117. Burton, Anatomy (2001), ii. 52–5. Cf. Simon, Burton (1964), 237–8, 244, 246, and Barlow, JHI 34 (1973), 297–300.

  118. Burton, Anatomy (2001), i. 18, 397–8; O’Connell, Burton (1986), 17–18, 32; Bamborough, Review of English Studies, 32 (1981), 267–72, 275, 278; Vicari, in Brückmann, Colloquy (1978), 99–103; Notes and Queries, 227 (1982), 415–16.

  119. Burton, Philosophaster (1931), 5, 7–9, 27, 145.

  120. Burton, Philosophaster (1931), 101, 103, 167, 111.

  121. Burton, Philosophaster (1931), 53, 81, 221; BPB 55/102. Giovanni Alfonso Magini, professor of mathematics at Bologna, was a rival of Galileo.

  122. Walkington, Optick Glasse (1639), fo. ¶2r, pp. 125, 128–31, 139–40.

  Chapter 7

  1. Woodward, Drawings (1951), 22; Croft-Murray, Decorative Painting (1962–70), i.1. 38–9.

  2. Strutt, Dict. (1785–6), i. 202; Buckeridge, in Piles, Art (1744), 362 (quote).

  3. Hodnett, Aesop (1979), 8–10, 51–3, and Five Centuries (1988), 56.

  4. Griffiths, Print (1998), 105, 119–23; Howarth, Art and Patronage (1993), 58–9, and Master Drawings, 49/4 (2011), 462, 472–3.

  5. Stainton and White, Drawing (1987), 70.

  6. Howarth, Master Drawings, 49/4 (2011), 469–70, 473.

  7. Kolb, Apollo, 144 (August 1966), 57–60; HG 19.

  8. Norgate, Miniatura (1919), 62–3.

  9. Kaufmann, Drawings (1982), 16, 66–7.

  10. “Diana and Acteon,” from Geissler, Zeichnung (1979–80), i, no. 29.

  11. Howarth, Master Drawings, 49/4 (2011), 473, 436; Croft-Murray et al., Catalogue (1960), i.1. 286.

  12. Heiberg, Leids kunsthistorisch jaarboek, 2 (1983), 11–12, 15; Noldus, in Keblusek and Noldus (eds), Double Agents (2011), 188.

  13. Beckett, Kristian IV (1937), 48.

  14. Morel, Grotesques (1997), 24–8; Boro et al., Rabisch (1998), 154–5, 158–61.

  15. Lomazzo, quoted by Peacock, Designs (1995), 249.

  16. Statens Museum for Konst, TP 503, nos 17, 3, 9, 15, and 12, resp.; Heiberg (ed.), Christian IV (1988), 110–12. The Geissler Collection at the Getty Research Center has several prints of Cleyn’s drawings from his Danish period dealing mainly with mythological and religious themes.

  17. Pastor, Popes (1891–1953), xxvi. 231–47; Pieper, Propaganda (1886), 2–6; Lockhart, Denmark 1513–1600 (2007), 173–9.

  18. Lockhart, Denmark (1996), 99–100, 108–10, 119–20; Pastor, Popes (1891–53), xxvii. 153–4; Pieper, Propaganda (1886), 9.

  19. Friis, Samlinger (1872–8), 30, 35.

  20. Roding, in Noldus and Roding (eds) Isaacsz. (2007), 189–94; Friis, Samlinger (1872–8), 36; Heiberg (ed.), Christian IV (1988), 77–9.

  21. Reindel, King’s Tapestries (n.d.), 24, has a good illustration.

  22. Langberg, Dansesalen (1985), 31–2, 35, 43–4.

  23. Meir Stein’s discovery, Billedverden (1987), 21–55, endorsed by Roding, in Noldus and Roding (eds), Isaacsz (2007), 196–7, 235–6. The pertinent work of Longomontanus, Disputatio tertia de tempore trium praecipuarum epocharum … cui accedit contemplatio de septem aetatibus mundi (Copenhagen, 1629), was published after the completion of the ceiling; Moesgaard, in Dobrzycki (ed.), Reception (1972), 126–34.

  24. John Pell to William Cavendish, 8/18 February 1644/5, in BL, Harley MS 6796, fos 195–6: “a stupid, dull, dog-like, rash, imprudent youth.”

  25. As You Like It, II.7.

  26. Stein, Billedverden (1987), 40–1.

  27. Beckett, Kristian IV (1937), 52, and “Painter” (1936), 12; Stein, Billedverden (1987), 27, 29, 38, 42.

  28. Roding, in Noldus and Roding (eds), Isaacsz (2011), 189–90; Panofsky, Dürer (1971), 102–3, and plate 143; Beckett, Kristian IV (1937), 49–50.

  29. Stein, Kronborg (1989), 24, and Billedverden (1987), 46.

  30. Roding, in Noldus and Roding (eds), Isaacsz (2011), 193.

  31. Piccininni, in Cavazza, Fuochi (1982), 84, 90–2.

  32. Werrett, Fireworks (2010), 13–45.

  33. Skovgaard, Architecture (1973), 72; Stein, Leids kunsthistorisch jaarboek, 2 (1983), 127–30; Ariosto, Orlando furioso, 19.36; HG 259–60.

  34. Howarth, Master Drawings, 49/4 (2011), 460–1; Rasmussen, in Noldus and Roding, Isaacsz (2007), 140–1; Beckett, Christian IV (1937), 58 (picture on 56), on Prince Christian.

  35. Stein, Billedverden (1897), 143.

  36. CSPD, 1619–23, 131, 213, 437; Murdoch, Britain (2000), 38–40, 53, 57–8, 61, 64; Stuart, Correspondence (2015), i. 455–6.

  37. CSPD, 1623–5, 130, 152, 165; Gardiner, England (1875), i. 83, 134–46; Heiberg, Christian 4 (2006), 261–5, 269; Murdoch, Cairn, 1 (1997), 53–4; Ruigh, Parliament (1971), 29, 39, 248.

  38. Noldus, in Cools and Keblusek (eds), Humble Servant (2006), 60–3; Keblusek, in Keblusek and Noldus (eds), Double Agents (2011), 151, 154–5, 159.

  39. CSPD, 1623–5, 14 (12 July 1623, re Cleyn), 224, 247; cf. Fuller, Worthies (1811), ii. 354.

  40. Thornton and Tomlin, National Trust Studies (1980), 23; Howarth, Master Drawings, 49/4 (2011), 443.

  41. Hefford, in Campbell (ed.), Tapestry (2007), 171; Roding et al., Artists (2003), 46, 51–2; Campbell, in Campbell (ed.), Tapestry (2007), 3–5, 112–19.

  42. Grell, Dutch Calvinists (1989), 82, 226–8; Lindeboom, Austin Friars (1950), 108–9; Hefford, in Campbell (ed.), Tapestry (2007), 182; Howarth, British Library Journal, 20/2 (1994), 149, 159.

  43. Anderson, Short Account (1894), 12.<
br />
  44. Casaubon, Relation (1659); Anderson, History (1886), 28, 31–2; Anon., Burlington Magazine, 110/778 (January 1968), 43.

  45. Exhibition of English Tapestries (1951), 3–8; Hefford, Centre international d’études des textiles anciens, Bulletin, 76 (1999), 91–2, 95, 97–100.

  46. Howarth, Master Drawings, 49/4 (2011), 435, 454, 469; Hefford, in Campbell (ed.), Tapestry (2007), 187–8; Watson, Burlington Magazine, 85 (1944), 227; Wyld, in Royal Academy, Charles I (2018), 190–203, illustrates the set.

  47. Shearman, Cartoons (1972), 147; Fermor and Derbyshire, Burlington Magazine, 140/1141 (1998), 236–50. Another copy, made on a reduced scale by Cleyn’s sons between 1640 and 1646, is in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.

  48. Walpole, Works (1798), iv. 200–2; Campbell, in Campbell and Cleland (eds), Tapestry (2010), 8, 10, showing, p. 9, The Miraculous Draft of Fishes; Wood, Simiolus, 28/3 (2000–1), 117; Howarth, British Library Journal, 20/2 (1994), 155–7; Long, Miniaturists (1929), 72–3. The original cartoons (seven of the ten scenes Raphael designed), depicted in Millar (ed.), Italian drawings (1965), plates 33–42, now reside in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London; for inferior borders, made from the original cartoons, White and Shearman, Art Bulletin, 40 (1958), plates 14, 15.

  49. Martin, Apollo, 113 (1981), 91–2; Turner, Tate Papers, 17 (2012), §§2–4, 6; Hefford, Country Life, 184/40 (4 October 1990), 135.

  50. Peck, Consuming Splendour (2005), 80–3; Hefford, in Delmarcel (ed.), Weavers (2002), 49–61, and in Campbell (ed.), Tapestry (2007), 171, 175–6, 179; Chauvette and De Chalup, Etude (1928), 8–13.

  51. Hubach, in Campbell and Cleland (eds), Tapestry (2010), 104–7.

  52. Martin, Apollo, 113 (1981), 93–5; CSPD, 1639–40, 243; BPB 16/14; CSPD, 1637–8, 173.

  53. Chauvette and De Chalup, Etude (1928), 27.

  54. Loomie, Ceremonies (1987), 27–30, 37–8, 86, 100, 221, 303.

  55. Howarth, British Library Journal, 20/2 (1994), 157–8.

  56. Howarth, Master Drawings, 49/4 (2011), 442–3, fig. 11: Folly Leading Cupid through the World.

  57. Hefford, in Campbell (ed.), Tapestry (2007), 173.

  58. Norgate, Miniatura (1919), 63–4; picture of Meeting at the Temple, in Hefford, in Campbell (ed.), Tapestry (2007), 191–3, and of Leander swimming, in Heiberg (ed.), Christian IV (1988), 118.