The roots of evil: The origins of genocide and other group violence

by Ervin Staub

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  27.Fromm, E. (1954). Escape from freedom. New York: Avon Books.

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  Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin and S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations. Monterey, Calif: Brooks-Cole.

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  31.De Jonge, A. (1978). The Weimar chronicle: Prelude to Hitler. New York: New American Library, p. 12. .

  32.Hovland, C. I., & Sears); R. R. (1940). Minor studies of aggression: Correlation of lynchings with economic indices. Journal of Psychology, 9, 301-10.

  33.Hepworth, J. T., & West, S. G. (1988). Lynchings and the economy: A time-series reanalysis of Hovland and Sears (1940). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, no. 2, 239-47.

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  35.Peck, M. S. (1983). People of the lie: The hope of healing human evil. New York: Simon & Schuster.

  36.Sereny, G. (1974). Into that darkness: From mercy killing to mass murder. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 212-13.

  37.Stern, F. (1987). Dreams and delusions: The drama of German history. New York: Knopf.

  38.Platt, G. M. (1980). Thoughts on a theory of collective action: Language, affect and ideology in revolution. In M. Albin, R. J. Devlin, & G. Haeger (Eds.), New directions in psychohistory: The Adelphi papers in honor of Erik H. Erikson. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books.

  39.Egendorf, A., Kadushin, C, Laufer, R. S., Rothbart G., & Sloan, L. (1981). Summary of findings. Legacies of Vietnam: Comparative adjustment of Vietnam veterans and their peers, Vol. 1. Washington D. C: U. S. Government Printing Office.

  Wilson, P. J. (1980). Conflict, stress and growth: The effects of war on psychosocial development among Vietnam veterans. In C. R. Figley & S. Leventman (Eds.), Strangers at home: Vietnam veterans since the war. New York: Praeger Press.

  Fletcher, K. E. (1987). Belief systems, exposure to stress, and posttraumatic stress disorder among Vietnam veterans. Ph.D. diss., University of Massachusetts, Amherst.

  40.Fletcher, Belief systems.

  41.Card, J. J. (1983). Lives after Vietnam: The personal impact of military service. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.

  42.Hendin, H., and Haas, A. P. (1984). Combat adaptations of Vietnam Veterans without posttraumatic stress disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 956-60.

  43.Fletcher, K. E. (1987). Personal communication.

  44.Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.

  45.Staub, E. (1985). The psychology of perpetrators and bystanders. Political Psychology, 6, 61-86.

  46.Sherif, M., Harvey, O. J., White, B. J., Hood, W. K., & Sherif, C. W. (1961). Intergroup conflict and cooperation: The Robbers’ Cave experiment. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Book Exchange.

  47.Stoessinger, J. G. (1982). Why nations go to war. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

  48.Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1-39; quotations, p. 24.

  49.Zimbardo, P. G. (1969). The human choice: Individuation, reason, and order versus deindividuation, impulse, and chaos. In D. Levine (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

  50.Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.

  Staub, E. (1974). Helping a distressed person: Social, personality and stimulus determinants. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 7. New York: Academic Press;

  Idem, Positive social behavior, vol. 1.

  Erkut, S., Jaquette, D., & Staub, E. (1981). Moral judgment-situation interaction as a basis for predicting social behavior. Journal of Personality, 49, 1-44.

  51.See endnote 8.

  52.Davitz, J. R. (1952). The effect of previous training on postfrustration behavior. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47, 309-15.

  53.Sherif, M. (1958). Superordinate goals in the reduction of intergroup conflict. American Journal of Sociology, 63, 349-58.

  Sherif et al., The Robbers’ Cave experiment.

  Tajfel, Social psychology of intergroup relations.

  Worchel, S. (1979). Cooperation and the reduction of intergroup conflict: Some determining factors. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations. Monterey, Calif.: Brooks-Cole.

  See Chapter 18, as well as 16 and 17.

  Chapter 4

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  2.Garbarino, J., & Bronfenbrenner, U. (1976). The socialization of moral judgment and behavior in cross-cultural perspective. In T. Lickona (Ed.), Moral development and behavior. New York: Holt.

  Bixenstine, V. E., DeCorte, M. S., & Bixenstine, B. A. (1976). Conformity to peer-sponsored misconduct at four grade levels. Developmental Psychology, 12, 226-36,

  Staub, E. (1979). Positive social behavior and morality. Vol. 2, Socialization and development. New York: Academic Press.

  3.Maslow, A. (1971). The farther reaches of human nature. New York: Viking Press, see Chap. 14 on Synergy in society and in the individual.

  4.Whiting, B., & Whiting, J. W. M. (1975). Children of six cultures. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

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  Toch, H. (1969). Violent men. Chicago: Aldine.

  Buss, A. H. (1971). Aggression pays. In J. L. Singer (Ed.), The control of aggression and violence. New York: Academic Press.

  7.Wilson, E. O. (1978). On human nature. New York: Bantam Books.

  8.Ibid., p. 116.

  9.Lowentin, R. C, Rose, S., & Kamin, L. (1984). Not in our genes: Biology, ideology and human nature. New York: Pantheon Books.

  10.Rushton, J. P., Fulker, D. W., Neale, M. C, Nias, D. K. B., & Eysenck, H. J. (1986). Altruism and aggression: The heritability of individual differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 1192-8.

  11.Masserman, J. H., Wechkin, S., & Terris, W. (1964). “Altruistic” behavior in rhesus monkeys. American Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 584-5.

  Staub, E. (1978). Positive social behavior and morality. Vol. 1, Social and personal influences. New York: Academic Press, for a general discussion of the effects of experience on animal “altruism.”

  12.MacDonald, K. (1984). An ethological-social learning theory of the development of altruism: Implications for human sociobiology. Ethology and Sociobiology, 5, 9-109.

  13.Dentan, R. K. (1968). The Semais: A nonviolent people of Malaysia. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

  14.Ibid.

  15.Leggett, G. (1981) The Cheka. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 68. Quoted in Peters, E. (1985). Torture. New York: Basil Blackwell.

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  Toch, Violent men.

  18.Newman, The personality of violence.

  Toch, Violent men.

  19.Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.

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  Reese, H. (1961). Relationships between self-acceptance and sociometric choices. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 472-4.

  Staub, Positive social behavior, vol. 2.

  Staub, E. (1986). A conception of the determinants and development of altruism and aggression: Motives, the self, and the environment. In C. Zahn-Waxler, Cummings, E. M., & Iannotti, R. (Eds.), Altruism and aggression: Social and biological origins. New York: Cambridge University Press.

  21.De Jonge, A. (1978). The Weimar chronicle: Prelude to Hitler. New York: New American Library, p. 12.

  22.Maslow, Farther reaches of human nature.

  23.Lewis, M. (1978). The culture of inequality. New York: New American Library.

  24.Douglas, M., & Wildovsky, A. (1982). Risk and culture: An essay on the selection of technical and environmental dangers. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press.

  25.Durkheim, E. (1961). Moral education. New York: Free Press.

  Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

  Idem. (1984). Remapping the moral domain in personality research and assessment. Paper presented at the Ninety-second Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto.

  Hoffman, M. L. (1970). Conscience, personality, and socialization technique. Human Development, 13, 90-126.

  Staub, Positive social behavior, vol. 2.

  Staub, E. (1980). Social and prosocial behavior: Personal and situational influences and their interaction. In E. Staub (Ed.), Personality: Basic aspects and current research. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.

  Staub, E. (Forthcoming). Social behavior and moral conduct: A personal goal theory account of altruism and aggression. Century Series. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.

  26.Baron, R. A. (1977). Human aggression. New York: Plenum Press.

  27.Staub, E. (1974). Helping a distressed person: Social, personality and stimulus determinants. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 7. New York: Academic Press.

  Staub, Positive social behavior, vol. 1.

  Idem, Social and prosocial behavior.

  Erkut, S., Jaquette, D., & Staub, E. (1981). Moral judgment-situation interaction as a basis for predicting social behavior. Journal of Personality, 49, 1-44.

  Feinberg, J. K. (1978). Anatomy of a helping situation: Some personality and situational determinants of helping in a conflict situation involving another’s psychological distress. Ph.D. diss., University of Massachusetts, Amherst.

  Grodman, S. M. (1979). The role of personality and situational variables in responding to and helping an individual in psychological distress. Ph.D. diss., University of Massachusetts, Amherst.

  28.Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The congitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research. Chicago: Rand McNally.

  29.Kohlberg, L., & Candee, L. (1984). The relationship of moral judgment to moral action. In J. L. Gewirtz & W. M. Kurtines (Eds.), Morality, moral behavior, and moral development, New York: Wiley-Interscience, pp. 52-73.

  30.Gilligan, In a different voice.

  31.Gilligan, Remapping the moral domain.

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  33.Lerner, M. (1980). The belief in a just world: A fundametal delusion. New York: Plenum Press.

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  Tajfel, H. (Ed.). (1982). Social identity and intergroup relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  35.Hornstein, H. A. (1984). Out of the wilderness. Contemporary Psychology, 29, 11-12; quotation, 11. (A review of Tajfel, Social identity and intergroup relations.)

  36.Brewer, M. B. (1978). Ingroup bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 307-24.

  Tajfel, Social identity and intergroup relations.

  Hornstein, H. A. (1976). Cruelty and kindness: A new look at aggression and altruism. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.

  37.Ainsworth, M. D., Blehar, M. C, Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of strange situations. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

  Thompson, W. R., & Grusec, J. (1970). Studies of early experience. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael’s manual of child psychology, vol. 2. 3d ed. New York: Wiley.

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  4 1 . Allport, Nature of predjudice, p. 28.

  42.Piaget, J., & Weil, A. (1951). The development in children of the idea of the homeland and of relations with other countries. International Social Science Bulletin, 3, 570.

  43.Russell, C., & Russell, W. M. S. (1968). Violence, monkeys and man. London: Macmillan.

  44.Becker, E. (1975). Escape from evil. New York: Free Press.

  Hornstein, Cruelty and kindness.

  45.Haritos-Fatouros, M. (1979). The official torturer: Learning mechanisms involved in the process. Relevance to democratic and totalitarian regimes today. Unpublished manuscript, University of Thessaloniki, Greece.

  Gibson, J. T., & Haritos-Fatouros, M. (1986). The education of a torturer. Psychology Today, 20, 50-58.

  46.Brewer, Ingroup bias.

  Tajfel et al., Social categorization.

  Tajfel, Social identity and intergroup relations.

  47.Bandura, A., Underwood, B., & Fromson, M. E. (1975). Disinhibition of aggression through diffusion of responsibility and dehumanization of victims. Journal of Research in Personality, 9, 253-69.

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  50.Cited in Krauthammer, C. (1981). The humanist phantom. New Republic, July 25, p.21.

  51.Garbarino, L., & Bronfenbrenner, U. (1976). The socialization of moral judgment and behavior in cross-cultural perspective. In Lickona, T. (Ed.), Moral development and behavior: Theory, research, and social issues. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, p. 95.

  52.Ibid. A limitation of the Garbarino and Bronfenbrenner research was that most of the pluralistic societies were Western democracies and most of the monolithic ones communist countries.

  53.Kohlberg, Stage and sequence.

  Kohlberg and Candee, Relationship of moral judgment to moral action.

  Elms, A. C, & Milgram, S. (1966). Pe
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  Perrin and Spencer, Independence and conformity.

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  Sherwood, G. G. (1979). Classical and attributive projection. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 635-40.

  Sherwood, G. G. (1981). Self-serving biases in person perception: A reexamination of projection as a mechanism of defense. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 445-59.

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  59.Miller, A. (1983). For your own good: Hidden cruelty in child-rearing and the roots of violence. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, pp. 187-8.

  60.hems, Culture of inequality.

  61.Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.

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