The roots of evil: The origins of genocide and other group violence
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Kohlberg, Lawrence, on moral orientation and obedience, 57
Koran, on Muslim-non-Muslim relationships, 175-6
Kristallnacht, 135
Ku Klux Klan, 66, 77
Kurds in Turkish genocide, 10, 177, 182
labor camps, see concentration camps
language: euphemistic, 29, 156, 227, 282; in social change, 282
Latane, Bibb, on helpfulness, 87
Le Chambon, France, heroic resistance in, 165-6
leadership (leaders), 86, 236; accountability of, 270-1; authoritarian, power of, 19, 29-30; commitment to, 124; decision makers and, 67-8; vs. direct perpetrators, 67-8; effectiveness of, 23-4; fact manipulation by, 65; and followership, 23-4; government upheaval and, 33; increased responsibility of, 18; in Jewish councils, 159-60; and learning by doing, 82-3; personal characteristics of, 23; power of, 256-7; psychological assessment of, 67-8; psychological manipulation by, 256-7; radical, emergence of, 24; selection of, 265-6; in social change, 282; war origins and, 256-7
learning by example, 241
learning by participation (see also continuum of benevolence; continuum of destruction), 238; in destructive behavior evolution, 80-5; in Germany, 125; in schools, 277n; social change and, 276-8; vicarious, 154
Lebensraum 55, 95, 106 in, 190; early actions of, 191; fanaticism of, Lebow, Richard Ned, on Falklands war, 256
Lemkin, Raphael, on genocide definition, 7
Leninism in Khmer Rouge ideology, 202
Lepsius, Dr. Johannes: on Armenian genocide, 186; on Islamization of Turkey, 181-2
Lewin, Kurt, on progression toward goals, 85, 149-50
liberalism in Young Turk ideology, 181
Libya, attack on, 256
life conditions, difficult, see difficult life conditions
life unworthy of life concept, 121-2
Lifton, Robert Jay: on Nazi doctors, 115, 121, 141-4; on psychic numbing, 45; on SS out-of-character behavior, 146
Lin Piao, Khmer Rouge ideology and, 202
Littell, Professor, on Hitler’s appeal, 117
Lon Nol: anti-Vietnamese sentiments of, 191, 199; army officers of, extermination of, 192; peasant killing by, 189; in Sihanouk overthrow, 190
Lorenz, Konrad: on aggression, 53; on racial hygiene, 123
Lourdes miracle cures, emotional experiences in, 77
Ludendorff, Marshal, on Jewish profit from war, 92
Luther, Martin: anti-Semitism of, 46, 102-3; on rights of state, 109
Lutherans: in Hungary, 153; as Nazi supporters, 46
lynching in South, economic conditions and, 44, 102n
McCarthy, Justin, on Van uprising, 180
Mack, John, on group relationships, 253
McNamara, Secretary Robert, on Argentine internal security, 229-30
malignant social process, 250
Malvinas (Falklands) war, 231, 256
Mao Tse-tung, Khmer Rouge ideology and, 202
marginality in rescuers, 167
Marxism in Khmer Rouge ideology, 202
Maslow, Abraham: on cultural differences, 51; human need hierarchy of, 264-5; on self-actualization, 268-9
mass killings: in Argentina, see Argentine disappearances/mass killings; definition of, 8; justification of, 11-12; origins of, see genocide origins
mass meetings, 77, 124
mass movements, 237
Massachusetts, University of, group projects at, 275
massacre: guilt-free, psychological conditions for, 61; in wars, 3, 44-5
Massera, Admiral, 226
master race concept, 94-5, 97
media: self-censorship of, 271-3; in social change, 282
medical experimentation in Holocaust, 83, 145
Mein Kampf, 64, 94, 97, 257
Meinecke, Friedrich, on Nazi ideology, 95-6
mentally ill/retarded: defense of, 87; euthanasia of, 121-2; extermination of, 9
mercy killing, see euthanasia
Merkl, Peter, on anti-Semitism, 104, 131-2n
Michelet, Jules, on German obedience, 109
Milgram, Stanley: on aggression, 43; on conforming to group values, 51; on obedience to authority, 29, 63, 75-6
military and military groups (Argentina): as defenders of Catholicism, 215; educational policies of, 216; evolution of, 218-19; German inflence on, 219-20; ideology of, 214-17; killing/torture committed by, 220-5; motivations of, 225; as Nazi sympathizers, 214; Per6n ouster by, 211; as perpetrators, 78; in postwar era, 211-12; psychology of, 216, 225-7; role of, 212-13; self-concept of, 214-17; torture enjoyment by, 225; training of, 214-15, 219-20; victim selection by, 223-5; world view of, 215
Miller, Alice: on obedience to authority, 29-30, 110; on punishment of German children, 74
minimalism in international relations, 258-9
Missakian, J., on Van uprising, 179-80
monolithic society, 235; change effects on, 14-15; cultural characteristics of, 62-3; as predisposing factor in genocide, 19; in Turkey, 176; war potential of, 256
Montoneros in Argentina, 218
Moore, John, on Prussian militarism, 108-9
moral equilibration in harmdoing, 147-9
moral exclusion, 33, 57
Moral Majority: censorship efforts of, 271; secular humanism attacked by, 61-2
Moral Man and Immoral Society (Niebuhr), 262-3
moral orientation, 56-8; of perpetrators, 71, 147-8; person-centered, prosocial, 56-7; rule-centered, 56-7
moral rule orientation, 38
morality and moral values: choices of, 147; conflicts in, 147-8; constraints on, in group dynamics, 28; dichotomy in, 113; equilibration in, 147-8; in Germany, 145; of group vs. individual, 262-3; individual responsibility for, 148-9; of individual vs. group, 262-3; learning of, through action, 80; reversal of, 18, 83-4, 122, 147-8
Morgenthau, Hans, on national interest, 257-8
Morgenthau, Henry, on Turkish genocide, 10, 183
Moscovici, Serge: and group potential for social change, 261; and influence of Nazi propaganda, 157
Mother Teresa, 77
Mothers of the Plaza del Mayo, 228-9
motives or motivation (see also goals; needs; personal goal theory): biological needs as, 36-7; in difficult life conditions, 15-16, see also needs; hierarchy of, 22-3, 37-8, 145; of human behavior, sources of, 36-43; of Jewish council members, 159; national, 108, 251-2; of perpetrators, 145, 224-7, 237-8; of rescuers of Jews, 166-7; social standards as, 37; unconscious, 37, 63-4, 147; for war, 249-50
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, on social structure, 278
Múndurucu headhunters, cultural system of, 24, 52-3, 148
Munich, Jews of, 97-8
Muslims (see also Islam): Hindu conflicts with, 250; immigration of, into Turkey, 174; supremacy of, in Young Turk ideology, 181
My Lai massacre, 44-5, 84, 273
Naim-Andonian documents, 183-4
Napoleon I, and war against Russia, 49
national goals, 251-2; essential vs. desirable, 258; of Germans, 104-8
national identity, 251-2
national interest, 257-8
national security, ideology of, 254-5
national self-concept, 54-5
National Socialism, see Nazis and Nazism
nationalism: as cultural goal, 56; destructive potential of, 253-4; importance of, 252-3; intellectual support for, 106-7; as Khmer Rouge tenet, 195; origin of, 19; in Turkey, 181, 183
Nazis and Nazism: accomplishments of, 116-17; aggression idealization in, 54; anti-Semitism of, 104; Argentine military sympathy with, 214, 220; collective retribution by, 164; election of (1932), 93-4; emigration of Jews threatened by, 155-6; fanaticism of, 76-7; German belief in cultural superiority and, 105-6; group commitment in, 124; Holocaust and, see Holocaust; Hungarian (Arrow Cross), 154; ideology of, see Nazi ideology; Jewish councils’ used by, 159-60; “legal” persecution by, 151; mass meetings of, 77, 124; Nietzsche’s influence on, 111-13; opposition to policies of, 152; in other European countries, 152-5; outside
Germany, participation of, 85; propaganda of, see propaganda; proselytizing by, 124; resistance to, 87-8, 125; SS in, see SS; support of, 46; totalitarianism in, 125-7; university professors’ support of, 107
Nazi ideology, 94-8, 103-4; appeal of, to youth, 114; doctors adopting, 145; evolution of, 121-3; genetic inferiority in, 121; Nietzsche’s influence on, 111 –13
needs (see also motives): basic, 264-5; biological, 36-7; for comprehension, 15; for connection, 15-16, 270, 273; for control, 264-5; hierarchy of, 264-5; for power, 264; psychological, 15-17, 39; for security, 264-5; for self-defense, 15-16; for spirituality, 265; for transcendence, 265
negative reciprocity, 250
Netherlands, The, Jews of, 161
“new people” in Cambodian autogenocide, 4, 192-3, 195, 196-7
Nicaraguan Contras, selective reporting about, 273
Niebuhr, Reinhold: on group morality, 27; on individual vs. group morality, 262-3
Nietzsche, Friedrich, influence of, on Nazi ideology, 111-13
Night (Wiesel), 45-6
1984 (Orwell): on complicity evolution, 83; on torture, 138
Nixon, President Richard, China trip of, 257
nonaggression, creation/evolution of, 274-83
Norodom Sihanouk, Prince: image of Cambodia propagated by, 188; overthrow of, 191, 199, 204; peasant killing by, 189; policies of, 189-90, 207-8; on treatment of captured communists, 201
North, Oliver, 270n
nuclear war/weapons: media selective reporting of, 271-2; misconceptions about, 255
Nunca Mas, on Argentine disappearances/killings, 211, 220-3, 225, 227-8
Nuremberg laws, 118, 163
Nuremberg trials: concentration camp worker attitudes revealed in, 84; defendant mental health and, 91; personality studies at, 67
obedience (see also authoritarianism): in authoritarian individuals, 73-4; as cultural value, 63; in German culture, 108-11; in German family, 109-11; vs. individual responsibility, 148; vs. joining leaders, 29; moral orientation and, 57; as predisposing factor in genocide, 19, 29-30; as source of aggression, 43; in torturers, 244-5
Oliner, Samuel and Pearl, on rescuers, 167
opposition to genocide (see also resistance), 18; in Argentina, 228-9; from bystanders, 20-2; changes in, with resocialization, 25; destruction of opponents in, 151; governmental stifling of, 65; Nazi doubts raised by, 87-8
Orwell, George: and complicity evolution, 83; on shared humanity, 281; on torture, 138
Osborne, M. E., on Cambodian-Vietnamese conflict, 198-9
Ottoman Empire, see Turkish genocide of Armenians; Turkey
outgroup-ingroup differentiation, 58-62
Pakistan-India wars, 49, 250
Palestine blockade, 156
parenting, see family
passivity of bystanders, 18, 82, 87, 157-8; in Germany, 151-2; international, 155-8; in Nazi Europe, 152-5
passivity of victims in Holocaust, 31-2, 160-5
patriotism, 263
Peace Corps, 282
peasants, Cambodian: communist influence on, 205-6; as followers, 204; hardships of, 188-9, 191; history of, 196-7; U.S. bombing effects on, 204-5; violence among, 200-1
Peck, Scott: on compartmentalization in Pentagon, 29; on My Lai massacre, 44-5, 84; on self-selection of police, 69-70
peer influence, 51
Pentagon, compartmentalization of functions in, 29
Perón, Isabel, 211, 219
Perón, Juan, 210-11, 212; policies of, 213; torture used by, 217
perpetrators: aggressive behavior in, 71; antisocial value orientation of, 71; authority orientation of, 68, 73-5; behavioral shifts in, 145-7; bystander opposition and, 20-2; in Cambodian autogenocide, see Khmer Rouge; changing of, by social conditions, 68; characteristics of, 144-5; circumstance effects on, 75-6; compartmentalization in, 83; in continuum of destruction, 18; decision makers vs. direct, 67-8; destructive effects on, 12; development of, from bystanders, 18; family relationships of, 30-1, 72-5; fanatic, 76-7; group behavior of, 77-8; groupthink effects on, 67; hierarchical preferences of, 144-5; incapacity for empathy in, 68-9, 70, 71; individual responsibility of, 78; just-world thinking in, 79-80; killing valued by, 83; leaders in, see leadership; and learning by doing, 80-5; military groups as, 78; morality of, 70, 83-4, 145; motivation of, 85-6, 145, 237-8; in Nazi Europe, 152-5; normalization of harmful behavior in, 81–2 , 84-5; opposition to, 79; personality of, 68, 69-75, 144-7; posttraumatic stress disorder in, 47; potentially antisocial, 68, 71, 72-3; preparation of, 119; previous roles of, 69; psychology of, 216-17, 225-7, 237-8; punishment of, 225; reality denial in, 29; responsibility relinquishment in, 83-4; selection of, 18; self-awareness, lack in, 71-2; self-concept of, 70; self-selection of, 69-70; SS as, see SS; subcultures of, 78; of torture, 40, 226-7, 244-5; training of, 78; unconscious hostility in, 25; verbal reinforcement of, 81; victims’ behavior and, 32; world view of, 70
personal goal theory (see also motives or motivation, social goal theory), 22-3, 28-33; motivation sources and, 36-8; rescuers’ motivation and, 166
personality: authority oriented, 73-5; of perpetrators, see perpetrators; potentially antisocial, 68, 71, 72-3
Phnom Penh: evacuation of, 10-11, 191-2, 193; history of, 196; refugees movement to, 190
Pinderhughes, C. A., on group self-concept, 253
Plaszow: commandant of, 138-9; Schindler at, 168; SS behavior at, 140
Plato on malleability of children, 206
Plaza del Mayo, Mothers of, 228-9
pluralistic society, 235; adaptation to change in, 19; Barry Goldwater’s support for, 271; cultural characteristics of, 51, 62-3; information flow and, 271-3; in United States, 242, 243, 271; war potential of, 256
pogroms, Jewish behavior in, 158-9
Pol Pot, 10-11; on Cambodian history, 196-7; fanaticism of, 76; ideology of, 17, 194-5, 199; opposition to, 194; role of, in genocide, 206-7; Yugoslavian visit by, 203
Poland: anti-Semitism in, 154; extermination of Poles in, 9; invasion by, staged by Hitler, 65; Jews of, 154, 162; labor/ extermination camps in, 9, see also concentration camps; Polish Home Army, 154; Solidarity movement in, 60; Warsaw ghetto, 139, 162
police (see also SS), self-selection of, 69-70
political conditions: in Argentina, 211-12; before Cambodian autogenocide, 189-91; in Holocaust origin, 32; violent, 14
political groups in genocide definition, 8
poor class: devaluation of, 56; disparate suffering of, 267
positive reciprocity, 259-60
positive socialization, 279-81
posttraumatic stress disorder, 30, 47-8, 114
Potash, Robert, on Argentine military, 214, 215, 218
potentially antisocial personality, 68, 71-3
power: aggression and, 40-1; of bystanders, 86-8; of human sacrifice, 149; inequality in, 262; leadership and, 270; national interest as, 257-8; as root of evil, 26; security needs and, 264; selection for, in group interaction, 262
prejudice (see also stereotyping), reduction of, 274
press: self-censorship of, 271-3; United States, on Holocaust, 156
prisoners (see also concentration camps): group support among, 269
privileged group: self-interest of, 263; self-protection of, 267
Proctor, Robert, on racial purity, 121-2
propaganda: added to existing anti-Semitism, 87; anti-Jewish, 103-4, 118, 120, 157; as justification for actions, 120; reinforcing effects of, 82-3; uses of, 272; value of, 238
prosocial value orientation, 38, 57
protest, see opposition to genocide; resistance
Protestants as Nazi supporters, 46
Prussian militaristic influences: on Argentine military, 219-20; on Holocaust, 106, 108-9; on SS training, 129
psychic numbing in difficult life conditions, 45
psychological needs (see also motives): coping methods and, 16-17; origin of, in difficult life conditions, 15-17; protection of, with aggression, 39
racial purity ideal, 94-5, 9
7; euthanasia and, 121-2; in SS, 129
Rank, Otto, on power and aggression, 40-1
rationality in Germany, 113
rationalization during threat, 163
Reagan, President Ronald, Soviet-U.S. relations and, 257
realist thinking, war proclivity and, 255-6
reality: difficult life conditions’ effects on, 15; group commitment and, 124; perceptions of, by fanatic, 76; uniform perception of, opposition stifled by, 65
reality denial: by bystanders, 88; in Holocaust, 29, 162-3; by victims, 31, 162-3
reality perception in group, 238
reciprocity: negative, 250; positive, 259-60
Red Khmer, see Khmer Rouge
Reich, Wilhelm, on psychology of fascism, 114
religious groups threatened by social change, 46-7
religious wars, brutality in, 3
rescuers of Jews, 119, 140, 154-5, 165-9
resistance (see also opposition to genocide): in Belgium, 155; in Bulgaria, 154-5; by church leaders, 153; by Committee for the’ Defense of Jews, 155; in concentration camps, 162; dangers of, 152; in Denmark, 154; difficulty of, 149; in Holocaust, see Holocaust, resistance activity in; in Italy, 154; by Jews, 158, 162; limited, value of, 152; in occupied territories, 161-2; in Poland, 162; by rescuers of Jews, 119, 140, 154-5, 165-9
resocialization: in Argentina, 219; definition of, 25; value changes in, 25
responsibility: of bystanders, 239-40; diminished sense of, 18, 83-4; of government, 25; of individuals, 25; of leaders, 18, 270-1; scapegoating and, 17
retaliation, aggression in, 39
Rifat, Merlanzade, on Turkish genocide, 183
Riza, Ahmed, and Turkish genocide, 178-9, 181
Rogers, Carl: on human nature, 26; on self-actualization, 268-9
Röhm, Ernst, SS killing of, 135
romanticism in Germany, 113
Rome, ancient: attitudes toward killing in, 24; Christian scapegoats in, 49
Roosevelt administration on Jewish immigration, 156
Rosenberg, Alfred: on Nazi ideology, 96, 97; on obedience, 109
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, on human nature, 26
Rushton, Philip, on aggression and altruism, 53n
Russia (after revolution), see Soviet Union
Russia (before revolution), Turkish conflicts with, 173, 174, 178
SA (Sturmabteilung, stormtroopers): anti-Semitism of, 131n; SS purge of, 135, 163; youth group membership of, 115