Poole, R., ‘French Revolution or Peasants’ Revolt? The Rebellions of 1817 and the Rise of the Mass Platform’, paper presented at Sheffield, Chartism Day, June 2007
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This book would not have happened without my editor, Richard Beswick, at Little, Brown. The book was Richard’s brainchild and I am very grateful to him for thinking that I might be able to turn a great idea into a decent book. Richard is an ideal editor: hands off most of the time, but ready to offer guidance and advice whenever you need it. He was ably assisted at Little, Brown by his colleagues Zoë Gullen, Stephen Guise and Rowan Cope. At A. M. Heath, my agent Bill Hamilton and his assistant Corinne Chabert helped seal the deal. This book has also taken me a very long way out of my historical comfort zone, seventeenth-century Britain. I am consequently heavily indebted to a number of my fellow historians – Mike Braddick, Malcolm Chase, Steve Hindle, Matt Houlbrook, Matthew McCormack, Robert Poole, Andy Wood – who looked over the chapters and gave me the benefit of their considerable expertise. I’ve also benefited from the generosity of scholars in sharing their work with me. Owen Ashton, Phil Baker, Jason McElligott, Tom Leng and Elliot Vernon all provided me with access to unpublished research. Paul Myles brought the important research of Colin Brent and the late George Hindmarsh on Thomas Paine to my attention. Marios Costambeys and Dominic Sandbrook dug up some helpful references for me. All of the above has been a welcome reminder that academia still manages, despite everything, to be a place where information and ideas can be freely shared.
Sue Wingrove and Dave Musgrove at BBC History Magazine and Ben Davies at the New Statesman kindly let me inflict my work on their unsuspecting readerships. The book has a blog (www.edwardvallance.wordpress.com) and I am also very grateful to my readers and fellow bloggers for their comments and suggestions: tips of the hat go to Scott Pack, Nick at Mercurius Politicus, Gavin at Investigations of a Dog, Chris at Virtual Stoa, Ralph E. Luker at Cliopatria, Sharon Howard at Early Modern Notes and Chris Dillow at Stumbling and Mumbling. Simon Hooper bigged up my David Davis obsession on the New Statesman’s website. A few others helped and may not have realised it: Nick Harvey asked me when he was slightly less than sober what I thought the most radical moment in British history was (a fair enough question, but one that had failed to occur to me until that very point). Martin O’Neill and Alex Barber both suggested that my original title sounded rather unsavoury. On their suggestion, it was dropped.
I am also grateful for having such a supportive employer. The University of Liverpool gave me a year’s sabbatical to write and research the book. Less tangible but no less important support came from my Liverpool colleagues, especially two very understanding heads of department, Michael Hughes and Brigitte Resl. This book could not have been written, either, without the help of the staff of the Sydney Jones Library, Liverpool, the Bodleian Library, Oxford, the Norfolk Record Office, the Folger Shakespeare Library, the East Sussex Record Office and, most of all, my home from home, the rare books room of the British Library.
However, my greatest debt is to my wife, Linnie. To paraphrase Benjamin Disraeli, she is my ‘sternest critic, but the perfect wife!’ Linnie has given up her weekends when she could have been doing something much more interesting instead, to edit and proofread the entire manuscript. The book has been massively improved as a result of her suggestions. Much more than this, Linnie has given me the strength and support to carry this project through to the end: she has bucked me up when I have been feeling low and kept me sane when I was stressed to the eyeballs. My only complaint is that I don’t know how I can fully repay such a debt. A book dedication certainly seems inadequate.
INDEX
Abbot, George, Archbishop 131, 132
Abbott, Robert 142–3
Abergavenny, Lord 82
Adams, Daniel 264
Adams, Mary 189
Adams, Robert 345, 346
‘Agitators’ 159, 160
‘Agreement of the People’ (1647): on franchise 161–4; influence 201; Leveller manifesto 32, 126, 160; new version (Officers’ Agreement) 169–71; petition to Fairfax 167; Putney Debates 32, 160, 161–5; on rights 165–6, 197, 201
Ainsworth, Laura 492
Aiscough, William 81, 85, 91
Aitken, Robert 214
Aldrich, Thomas 105
Alfred the Great 1–5, 10–11, 12, 393;
Code of 10, 386
Allan, Peter 232
Allen, John 294
Allen, William 168
Anabaptists 107, 143
Anderson, Perry 13
Anne, Queen 195, 197, 201, 205, 206, 551
Anonimalle Chronicle 56, 61, 68–9
Anti-Corn Law League (ACLL) 378, 397, 402–3, 408, 439–40, 473
Appleton, William 67
Ardwick Bridge 318–19, 323
Argyll, 8th Earl of 145
Argyll, 9th Earl of 195
Artificers, Statute of 298
Arundel, Richard, Earl of 51
Arundel, William, Earl of 88
Ashton, Margaret 525
Asquith, Herbert: conciliation bill 500–1; forcible feeding policy 494; franchise bill proposals 502, 505–6, 522; Lloyd George relations 529; opposition to women’s suffrage 482–3, 484, 498, 501, 523; resignation 523; and WSPU activities 484–5, 489–91, 497, 508, 511
Association for Preserving Liberty and Property 198, 258–9
Aston, Sir Thomas 143–4
Atkins, Lord 40
Attlee government 16, 540–1, 543
Attwood, Thomas 355, 374, 380, 399
Australia 8–10, 263, 364–5, 422
Bache, Richard 213
Bacon, Miles 322
Bacon, Nathaniel 13
Bacon, Roger 73
Bacon, Thomas 319–20, 322
Bagehot, Walter 392
Bagguley, John 313
Bagley, Thomas 79
Bain, Alexander 419
Baines, Jennie 491
Baird, John 347
Baldwin, Stanley 533, 534, 536
Balfour, Arthur 482
Balfour, Lady Frances 471
Ball, John: career 57–8; ‘Great Society’ 54; name 59, 118; trial and sentence 76; words 55, 58–9, 119, 144
Ballarat Reform League 10
Bamford, Samuel 313, 327, 330, 332, 336
Bampton, John 53
Banbury, Sir Frederick 523
Baptists 156, 157, 167, 177
Barker, Joseph 418
Bastwick, John 132, 133, 140, 193
Bates, Jack ‘the Blaster’ 232
Battisford, John 73
Bax, Ernest Belfort 11, 456
Baxter, Richard 150
Beale, Dorothea 443
Beaufort, Cardinal 81
Beaumont, Augustus 373
Beaumont, Viscount 84, 89
Becker, Lydia 445
Bedford, Earl of 132, 136
Beerbohm, Max 486–7
Bell, Robert 216
Belling, Robert 55–6
Bellingham, John 301
Benbow, William 313
Benn, Sir Ernest 36
Benn, Tony 123, 126–8, 199, 543, 545
Bentham, Jeremy 286, 295, 351–2, 356
Besant, Annie 452–3, 461, 525
Bevan, Aneurin 541
Beveridge, William 529, 539, 540–1
Bevin, Ernest 539
Bill of Rights Society 209
Billington-Greig, Teresa 469, 470, 475–8, 481, 498
Binns, John 272, 274
Birley, Sir Hugh 329, 333, 357–8
Birmingham: Bingley Hall (1909) 490–1, 493; Chartist convention 381, 382; Mechanics’ Institute 407; parliamentary borough 379; Political Union (BPU) 355, 374, 375, 377, 379; reform meeting (1866) 436; riot (1791) 255–7
Birrell, Augustine 501
Black, Clementina 457
Black Death 48–9, 77
Black Friday (1910) 500–1
Blackheath: Cade’s rebellion 88–92, 94–5, 97, 99, 1
21; Peasants’ Revolt 60, 99, 121
Blair, Tony 430–1, 531
Blake, William 14, 213, 252, 262
Blandford, Marquess of 354
Blanketeers 312–14, 318, 319, 326
Blatchford, Robert 465, 470
Bodichon, Barbara 443, 444
Boehme, Jakob 185n
Boggart Hole Clough 464–5, 472
Bonar Law, Andrew 482, 506
Booth, John 306
Botero, Giovanni 137
Boucherett, Jessie 444
Boudicca, Queen 7, 439
Bradenham, Lionel 50
Bradford, Yorkshire: defence (1642) 138; Irish arrivals 145; rioting (1848) 422–3; rising (1840) 368
Bradlaugh, Charles 435–6, 479
Brady, Robert 28, 33
Bragg, Billy 11, 127, 546–7
Brailsford, H. N. 496, 497, 499, 500, 521
Brailsford, Jane 499
Brand, Robert 108
Brand, Thomas 291, 293–4
Brandreth, Jeremiah 320–4
Brantingham, Thomas, Bishop 52
Brent, Colin 210
Brewes, Sir John 74
Brierley, Ben 360, 429
Bright, Jacob 445, 446, 448, 463
Bright, John 445
Bright, Ursula 449
Brine, James 364
Brinton, Thomas, Bishop 60 Briouze family 22, 23
British Association for Cooperative Knowledge 371
British National Party (BNP) 546–7
British Union of Fascists (BUF) 536, 540, 543–4
Brittain, Vera 524
Broadhurst, Henry 457
Brooke, John 257
Brooke, Robert Greville, 2nd Baron 134, 149
Broomhead, William 239
Brothers, Richard 252
Brougham, Henry 291, 314
Brown, Gordon 11–12, 38, 549
Brunt, John 346
Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of 141
Buckingham, Humphrey Stafford, Duke of 75, 88, 89
Bukberd, Ralph 79
Burdett, Sir Francis: duel with Paull 290n; finances 271, 287, 288; imprisonment 292–3, 342, 350; parliamentary career 287–8, 290–2, 294; Pentrich rising 320, 323; reform movement leadership 307, 310, 311, 314, 325–6, 350; reputation 292, 295–6, 311; views on reform 309, 341
Burford, Oxfordshire 125–8, 178n, 201
Burgh, James 34
Burke, Edmund: career 225–6; on French Revolution 227, 233, 234–5; on Glorious Revolution 227, 233; Hazlitt on 246; on Magna Carta 39; Paine and 213, 230, 232–5; Reflections 227–8, 230, 232–3, 247; Wollstonecraft and 228–9
Burley, Sir Simon 56
Burnett, Judge 270
Burns, John 461
Burroughes, Jeremiah 157
Burton, Henry 132, 140, 193
Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk:
‘Commotion Time’ 104, 107–8;
Peasants’ Revolt 72–3, 76
Buss, Frances Mary 443
Bute, Lord 33, 207
Butler, Josephine 449, 450, 463
Butler, ‘Rab’ 540
Butterwick, Sir John 64
Byng, General 329
Byron, George Gordon, Lord 294, 304–5
Byron, John, Lord 148
Cable Street, Battle of (1936) 536, 537, 543, 544
Cade, Jack: background 87–8; on Blackheath 88–90, 91; body quartered 95; death 94–5, 96; depiction of 119; feted as noble 91; followers 88, 91–3, 104; in Henry VI 45; legacy 122, 144; in London 92–4; name 87, 94, 118; pardoned 94
Cade’s rebellion: attitude to King 89, 112; on Blackheath 88–92, 94–5, 97, 99, 121; Lollards 58, 81; in London 92–4, 113; memory of rebellion 117; military success of rebels 93, 106; radical event 119–22; social background of rebels 98–9; social impetus 97–8
Calamy, Edmund 150
Calvin, John 251
Cambridge, John 72
Cambridge, Statute of (1388) 76, 77
Cameron, David 550
Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry 476, 482, 483
Canning, George 315, 341, 354
Canterbury: Cade’s rebellion 88;
Cheyne’s rebellion 85;
‘Commotion Time’ 104;
Peasants’ Revolt 56–7
Carles, Joseph 257
Carlile, Richard: bust 344; call to arms 341, 343; Hunt and 349, 372;
imprisonment 341, 342; influence 371; at Peterloo 328, 336; publisher of Hone’s work 317n; views 336, 341, 349, 392, 399
Carlyle, Thomas 417
Caroline, Queen 348–9, 367
Carpenter, William 373
Carson, Edward 510
Carter, Samuel 427
Cartwright, John: death 350; imprisonment 342; London Corresponding Society 237; reform tactics 291, 293–4, 296–9, 300, 312, 326, 379; reform views 218–19, 314, 352, 386–7; support for Burdett 288, 291, 293–4, 307; writings 218, 290–1, 350, 352
Cartwright, William 306
Cash, Bill 545
Castle, John 322, 346
Castlereagh, Lord 337, 341, 344, 431
‘Cat and Mouse Act’ (1913) 516, 517
Catholic Relief Act (1829) 354
Cato Street Conspiracy 345–7
Cavendish, Sir John 64, 72
Cavendish, Sir William 102
Cecil, Lord Robert 504, 523
Chagos Islanders 40–3
Chakrabarti, Shami 546
Chamberlain, Neville 534, 538–9
Champion, Henry Hyde 461
Charles I, King: depiction 7, 11;
execution 171n, 172–5, 184, 194, 313; fines 140n; Five Knights Case 30–1; Grand Remonstrance 146; his government as slavery 120; Irish rebellion 138, 145; Leveller attitude towards 159, 161, 166, 169–70; Lilburne on 32; ‘man of blood’ 161, 168; pamphlets against 140; peace negotiations 159, 166, 167–8, 169; personal rule 135, 138, 139, 141; plot to kill 175; raises standard 147; recall of parliament 138, 141–2; religious policies 131, 138, 142, 144; Scottish rebellion 138, 144–5; second civil war 168–9; taxation policies 31, 135, 140; trial 170, 172–3, 194
Charles II, King 171n, 194
Charles VII, King of France 84, 85
Charlotte, Princess 324
Charlton, Thomas, Mayor 92
Chartist Cooperative Land Society 406, 412–13
Chartists: aims 9, 14–15, 286, 391–2;
convention 377–8, 381, 382–3, 386, 392; Declaration of Rights 392; emigration to Australia 9–10; end of Chartism 425–8; imprisonment and transportation 9, 385–6, 423–5; industrial action 401–4; Irish involvement 399, 417; Land Plan 366, 369, 410–14, 415, 416, 426, 430; leadership 383, 386, 387, 393–5, 398, 404, 423–5; legacy of Chartism 428–32, 543; Levellers and 14–15, 123; LWMA leadership 373, 376, 383; Manifesto of the General Convention 386; mass meetings 377–8, 381, 418–19, 424; ‘moral force’ wing 366, 371–2, 386; National Chartist Association, see NCA; National Complete Suffrage Union (NCSU) 406–7; national petitions (1839) 377, 378–80, 381, 383, 389, 397, (1842) 398–400, 410–11, (1848) 380, 418–22; Newport rising 383–7; O’Connor’s role 375–7, 386, 393–4, 408–9, 415–16, 425–6; origins 367, 369–73; parliamentary candidates (1841) 397, 411, (1847) 414–15, (1857) 427; People’s Charter 365–6, 373–5, 407; petitions 378–80, 398–400, 418–22; ‘physical force’ issue 366, 376, 378–9, 381–2, 386, 391, 406–7, 428, 488, 489; Six Points 10, 365, 366, 369, 373–5, 377, 388, 392, 398, 407–8; Songs 408; tactics 366, 377–80, 381–2, 386, 388, 396–8, 406, 414–15, 473; treason trials 384–5; view of liberty 10–11; view of monarchy 10, 392–3; and Winstanley 202; women 358–9, 379, 389, 391
Cheyne, Sir John 84
Cheyne, Thomas 84–5
Chichele, Henry, Archbishop 79
Chidley, Katherine 152, 155, 162n
Christian Socialists 453, 539
Church, Corporal 125–6
Churchill, Sir Winston: in general strike 533; second premiership 542; on suffrage issues 472, 504; wartime premiership 40, 539, 5
40; WSPU activities 497, 520
Citrine, Walter 537
Clarke, William 160
Clarkson, Laurence 131, 150, 157, 191
Clayton, John 385, 397
Cleave, John 374
Clive, Robert, Lord 5
Clotworthy, Sir John 137
Cnut, charter of 73
Cobat, John 73
Cobbe, Frances Power 443
Cobbett, William: in America 278, 315, 316–17; libel conviction 295; and Paine 278; on Peterloo 328; Political Register 288, 292, 295; reform views 288, 290, 311, 315, 318
Cobden, Richard 403, 440
Cobden Sanderson, Anne 440, 478, 480, 481
Cobden Unwin, Jane 440, 463
Cobham, Surrey 181, 183, 184–5
Cochrane, Thomas, Lord 291, 320
Cock, John 79
Codd, Thomas, Mayor of Norwich 105
Coggeshall, Ralph of 24, 27
Coigley, James 274
Coke, Sir Edward 28–9, 30, 439
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 248
Collet, Sophia Dobson 443
Collins, John 382, 385, 389
Combination Acts (1799, 1802) 287, 297–8, 352, 364
Committee of Friends to Parliamentary Reform 291
Common Wealth Party 539
‘Commotion Time’ (1549): attitude to King 112; background 111–12; and Cade’s revolt 97; demands 106–7; ending 108–11; leaders 101, 106–7; legacy 100, 117–18, 122; Mousehold Heath camp 104–7, 117, 121; in Norfolk 103–7; punishment of rebels 110–11; radical event 119–22; reasons for revolt 102–3, 104, 112–13; rebel tactics 105–8; Somerset’s response to crisis 113–15; widespread crisis 101–2, 103
Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) 530, 532–4, 538, 542
Contagious Diseases Acts (CDAs) 448–50, 515
Continental Congress 214, 217
Cook, Henry 355
Cook, John 194
Cooper, Selina 458, 467
Cooper, Thomas 406, 427
Cooper, William 430
Coppe, Abezier 150, 189, 192
Corio, Silvio 522
Cornerd, Thomas 73
Corporation Acts 255
Corrupt Practices Act (1883) 450
Cotton, John 133
Couldwell, Abel 314
Counter-Terrorism Act (2008) 545, 547, 548–9, 552
Coutts, Thomas 287
Covenanters 138, 140, 144, 167
Craggs, Helen 511–12
Crawford, W. Sharman 373, 374
Cresswell, Elizabeth 391
Criminal Law Amendment Act (1885) 450
Cripps, Sir Stafford 538, 539, 543
A Radical History Of Britain Page 64
