A Radical History Of Britain

by Edward Vallance

  Lee, Sir Walter 72

  Leeds: Parliamentary Reform Association (LPRA) 395–6; rumoured rising (1816) 318; Woodhouse Moor (1908) 484

  Legett, Richard 64

  Legge, John 67

  Leigh, Mary 485, 491, 494–5, 511

  Leighton, Alexander 132, 140

  Leno, John Bedford 436

  L’Estrange, Guy 329, 331

  Levellers: Benn on 123; BNP on 547;

  criticisms of Ireton 159; Day 126–7, 201; demands 14–15, 126, 150, 163–4, 165, 197, 206; depictions of 13, 14–15, 128–9, 199–201, 202; Diggers and 178n; end of movement 126; imprisonments 171, 193; legacy 197–8; loss of support 167; mutinies (1649) 125n, 126, 201; ‘Officers’ Agreement’ 169–70; problem of King 166, 169–70; response to the past 31–2, 179; term 128, 157–8, 197–8, 242; view of law 31, 547; view of liberty 548

  Levet, John 107

  Lewis, Kid 535

  Liberal Party: after First World War 529; Labour relations 505–6, 517; women’s suffrage policy 476, 482, 502, 517, 519, 522; WSPU tactics 439

  Lilburne, John: aims and beliefs 15, 31, 152, 162, 179, 193; appearances in court 547; background 133; death 193; disowns term ‘Leveller’ 157–8; Godwin on 198; imprisonments 133, 166n, 171, 193, 201; influence 128–9; on Magna Carta 32; military career 149; ‘Officers’ Agreement’ 169–70; storming of Westminster Abbey 147; on Strafford and King 141; ‘sword Leveller’ 178n; writings 32

  Lilburne, Robert 167

  Lisle, Lord 89

  Lisle, Sir John 168

  Lister, Joseph 145

  Litster, Geoffrey 73–5

  Liverpool, Lord: ‘gagging acts’ 311–12; Habeas Corpus suspension 311; insurrection policies 318, 319; Peterloo 339, 341–2; resignation 354; royal divorce 349; style 431

  Lloyd George, David: budget (1909) 492, 498; court encounter with Christabel 485–7; First World War 520; franchise reform views 500, 502, 503, 506, 519, 523; on general strike 533; postwar coalition 531; wartime coalition 523, 529; WSPU militancy 496, 503, 512

  Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, Prince of Gwynedd 23, 25

  Lockyer, Robert 125n, 126

  Lollards 14, 57–8, 68, 80–1, 121

  London: army march on (1647) 159;

  Cade’s rebellion 88–9, 92–4;

  Chartist militancy (1848) 424;

  Clapham Common meeting (1908) 484; Copenhagen Fields 364; Downing Street (1908) 485; Downing Street battle (1910) 501; East End poverty 475; Glorious Revolution (1688–9) 195–6; Hyde Park meetings (1866, 1867) 435–6, (1886) 461, (1908) 483–4, (1926) 525; Kennington Common 326, 418–22, 435; Mayor (Lord Mayor) 23, 68–70, 91, 92, 103, 209, 223; migrant workers 240; Nag’s Head tavern 169; Parliament Square (1908) 484–5; Peasants’ Revolt 60–70, 113; radical religion 156; rebellion against John 23, 26; rioting (1848) 418, 422–3; St George’s Fields 208, 271–2; Spa Fields 308, 309–11, 315, 318; Speakers’ Corner 437; suffrage societies 445; Temple 62; Tower 64–5, 90, 92, 93, 166n, 196, 292; Trafalgar Square 436, 461

  London Corresponding Society (LCS): aims 237–8, 281–2; founder 12, 237; government measures against 258; on legal precedents 548; and Levellers 198; on Magna Carta 35; members arrested 272; membership 237, 265–6, 271, 272, 282, 296; and Paine 237–8, 239–40; Place’s work 268; ‘Scottish martyrs’ 263; tactics 253, 271–2; treason trials 264–5; and women’s rights 242

  London Democratic Association 377

  London Mechanics’ Institute 371

  London Reforming Society 266

  London Women’s Suffrage Society 445

  London Working Men’s Association (LWMA): agenda 376, 394, 412; founder 366, 394; lecturers 377; membership 373, 376; name 373; O’Connor and 373, 376; People’s Charter 373–5, 377; petition to Commons 373, 378

  Louis XVI, King of France 234, 239, 276

  Louis Philippe, King 417–18

  Lovelace, Lord 158

  Loveless, George 363–5, 378

  Lovell, Daniel 295

  Lovett, William: appearance and character 366, 371–2; arrest 382–3; background 371–2; imprisonment 385, 387, 394; LWMA 366, 412; and NCSU 407; and O’Connor 376, 386, 395, 407; People’s Charter 374–5; petition 378; view on use of force 371–2, 386; on women’s rights 389; writings 374–5, 394–5

  Lowery, Robert 396

  Lucas, Sir Charles 168

  Ludd, Eliza 304

  Ludd, Ned 59, 301, 303–4

  Luddites 301–7, 355, 369

  Ludlow, Edmund 194, 196, 202

  Ludlum, Isaac 323, 324

  Luke, Sir Samuel 151

  Lumley, Marmaduke, Bishop 84

  Luther, Martin 58, 107, 316

  Lyle, Charles, Lord 36

  Lyons, Sir Richard 72

  Lytton, Lady Constance 471, 496–7, 499, 517

  Lytton, Lord 499

  Macaulay, Catharine 198, 219–20, 243

  Macaulay, Lord 400

  MacDonald, James Ramsay: antiwar views 521, 529, 531; ILP programme 460; ‘national government’ 534–5; premiership (1924) 531–2; view of women’s suffrage 456, 506

  McDouall, Peter 382, 398, 402, 404, 407, 424–5

  MacFarlane, Helen 427–8

  Mackay, Charles 420

  McKenna, Reginald 516

  McLean, John 522

  McNaughtan, Daniel 405–6

  Magna Carta: anniversary celebrations 36; background 22; Chagos Islanders case 40–3; Chartist view 35–6; clause 29, 39–40; clauses remaining 39; clauses repealed 39; Coke’s reading of 28, 30–1; copies 24, 29, 37; Counter-Terrorism Act (2008) 545, 549; date 38, 292, 545; English not British 12, 38; importance for concept of liberty 219; influence abroad 37; influence on LCS 238; interpretations 28–9; invoked 30–3, 39, 40–1, 486, 545–6, 552; Marshall’s view of 6; myth of 28–9, 43; negotiations 24; Paine’s rejection 34–5, 234; papal response 25; provisions 24–5; radical perspective 18, 31–2, 33–4; rights for ‘free men’ 13, 30; text 29–30; versions 29–30; views of 19, 27; Whig perspective 32–3; women’s rights 446

  Mainwaring, William 287–8

  Major, John 545

  Malpas, Philip 92

  Malthus, Thomas 250

  Manchester: Carpenters’ Hall 401;

  cotton mills 368; Female Reform Society 328; Free Trade Hall meeting (1848) 418; Free Trade Hall meeting (1905) 472–3; Heaton Park meeting (1908) 484; Liberal Club 448; Luddites 302; protest march (1817) 312–13; reform meeting (1866) 436; Republican Club 448; St Peter’s Fields 283, 313–14, 327–32; social changes 367; Society for Women’s Suffrage (MSWS) 444–5, 448, 449, 451, 466

  Manchester and Salford Yeomanry 314, 329, 339, 358

  Mandeville, Viscount 147

  Manesta, Evelyn 517

  Mann, Tom 452, 465

  Mare, Thomas de la, Abbot 71–2

  Margaret of Anjou, Queen 91, 94

  Margarot, Maurice 237, 262–3

  Marie Antoinette, Queen 227

  Marion, Kitty (Schafer) 520

  Markievicz, Countess 525

  Marks, J. L. 335

  Marsden, Dora 498

  Marsh, Charlotte 491

  Marshal, William 24

  Marshall, Henrietta 4–9

  Marshalsea Prison 61, 93

  Marten, Henry 125n, 129, 194

  Martyn, Caroline 464

  Marx, Karl: Fraternal Democrats 408; influence 11, 424, 428; status 200; writings 180, 392

  Mary I, Queen 134

  Mary II, Queen 196

  Marylebone Radical Association 366, 375, 377

  Matters, Muriel 9n, 481–2

  Matthew Paris 27

  May, Daphne 123

  May, Thomas 134–5

  Mayne, Sir Richard 420

  Melbourne, Lady 305

  Melbourne, Lord 365, 381

  Mellor, George 303, 306–7

  Mercier, Charles 497

  Merford, John 98

  Merford, William 98

  Merthyr Tydfil rising (1831) 38

  Metropolitan Trades Union 371


  Middlesex Freeholders’ Club 288

  Middleton, Earl of 356

  Middleton, John and Maria 304

  Mill, James 351, 356

  Mill, John Stuart 437, 443, 445, 449

  Miller, Irene Fenwick 476, 478

  Milne, Alice 480

  Milton, John: on blasphemy law 190; on commonwealth 194; on divorce 157; on episcopacy 144, 155; on religious toleration 154; status 219, 220

  Mitchel, John 422

  Mitchell, Hannah 439, 441, 453, 457, 459, 482, 485

  Moleyns, Lord, Bishop 81, 83, 84

  Monck, George 194

  Monmouth, Duke of 195, 196

  Monroe, James 276

  Moore, Richard 374

  More, Hannah 203, 246, 248, 261, 269, 335

  More, Sir Thomas 112

  Morley, Sir William 74

  Morris, Gouverneur 214

  Morris, William 11, 36, 452, 453–5, 460, 462

  Morrison, Herbert 537, 539

  Mortimer, John 87, 94

  Mortimer family 80

  Mosley, Oswald 535–6, 544

  Mousehold Heath, Norfolk: Kett’s Rebellion 100, 101, 104, 105–7, 117, 121; Peasants’ Revolt 73, 104, 121

  Muggletonians 157, 190, 191n

  Muir, Thomas 262–4

  Murray, Dr Jessie 500

  Nadin, Joseph 329, 330–1

  Napier, Sir Charles 378

  Napoleon Bonaparte 291

  National Central Registration and Election Committee (NCREC) 414–15

  National Charter Association of Great Britain (NCA): aims 388, 427; constitution 387, 392, 408–9; foundation 387–8, 393; land policy 409, 411, 412; last conference 428; and Lovett 395; and LPRA 396; membership 388; and NCSU 406; petitioning 398, 419; response to strike activity 402; women members 388

  National Complete Suffrage Union (NCSU) 406–7, 408, 414

  National Covenant (1638) 38

  National Reform League 427

  National Society for Women’s Suffrage (NSWS) 445, 446, 449, 450–1, 463

  National Trust 430

  National Unemployed Workers’ Movement 536–7

  National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS): aims 439–40; Fawcett’s role 438; First World War 516, 518, 528; formation 466; influence 516, 519; Labour Party alliance 504–6, 517, 519; Liberal policies towards 476, 498–9, 522; membership 467, 480, 505, 513–14; tactics 471, 480–1, 484, 488–9, 514; trade union support 514; war policies 521, 522

  National Union of the Working Classes 372

  National Vigilance Association 450

  Nayler, James 150, 193

  Needham, George 464

  Neesom, Charles 377

  Neville, Alexander: on defeat of rebels 109; hostile account of rebellion 116, 119; on Kett 104, 111, 117; on Mousehold Heath camp 106; on religious observance of rebels 114–15

  Nevinson, H. W. 497

  New, Edith 485

  New Jerusalem Church 252

  New Model Army 125n, 150–2, 158–9, 168, 170, 195

  New Party 535, 540

  Newbold, Walter 473, 522, 532

  Newcastle, Henry, Duke of 321

  Newcastle, Thomas, Duke of 206

  Newcastle Philosophical Society 231

  Newcastle Town Moor (1839) 381

  Newport, rising (1839) 383–7, 393, 407, 431

  Newton, Sir John 56

  Newton, Samuel 251

  Niklaes, Henrik 131

  Noakes, Philip 191n

  Nore mutiny (1797) 273–4

  Norfolk, Charles, Duke of 238

  Norfolk, John, Duke of 89

  Norfolk, Thomas, Duke of 115

  North, Lord 219

  North of England Society for Women’s Suffrage 467, 468

  Northampton, Earl of 106, 108

  Northern Rebellion (1569) 116–17

  Northern Rising (1663) 195

  Northmore, Thomas 296

  Northumberland, Earl of 89

  Norwich: Bishop of, see Despenser;

  Castle 100; Kett’s Rebellion 105–6, 108, 115, 117–18

  Nottingham: election of O’Connor 414, 415–16; Female Political Union 391; King’s standard raised (1642) 147; rioting (1831) 356

  Nottingham, Duke of 356

  Nye, Philip 152

  Oastler, Richard 370, 371

  Oborne, Peter 42

  O’Brien, James (Bronterre):

  background 372; on education for girls 389; London Democratic Association 377; National Reform League 427; on petitioning 379–80; tactics 372, 388, 397, 420

  O’Brien, William Smith 417

  O’Connell, Daniel 363, 373, 374, 375, 396, 417

  O’Connor, Arthur 274

  O’Connor, Feargus: appearance and character 366, 410; background 12, 375, 376, 399; and Charter 408–9; death 425; fighting 397, 406–7, 416; imprisonment 385–6, 387, 393; Kennington Common meeting 419–21, 424; Land Plan 369, 409–10, 412–14, 426, 547; leadership 431; London convention 378; and Lovett 376, 386, 395, 407; and LWMA 373, 376; Marylebone Radical Association 366, 375, 377; mental illness 416, 420, 425; national petition 379; and NCSU 407; Northern Star 376–7, 393; on O’Brien 372; and O’Connell 374, 375; parliamentary career 375, 414, 415–16; on Peel 431; on petitioning 380; ‘Plug Plot’ support 402; speeches 375, 418; statue 425; touring 394; trial and acquittal 404; view of Alfred 10; view of European socialists 408

  O’Connorville 412–14, 431

  Offa, charters of 71

  ‘Officers’ Agreement’ 170, 171

  Ogden, William 313

  O’Higgins, Patrick 399, 424

  Okey, John 194

  Oldcastle, Sir John 81

  Oliver, William (W. J. Richards) 320, 322–3, 346

  Ollive, Elizabeth (Paine) 210, 211–12

  Orgrave, Thomas 57

  Orwell, George 11, 548

  Overton, Richard: aims 15; background 133–4; on civil war 137; Cloppenburg Press 134, 136, 140; imprisonment 171; on ‘levelling’ 157–8; religious beliefs 153, 154–5, 176; reputation 129, 198; ‘sword Leveller’ 178n; and Wildman 170

  Owen, Frank 199, 538, 539

  Owen, Robert 354, 359, 370, 371, 409–10

  Owenism 364, 370, 371, 381, 409

  Oxford, John de Vere, Earl of 88

  Oxfordshire Rising (1596) 116

  Paget, Sir William 107

  Paine, Thomas: on age of revolutions 203; in America 12, 212–13, 214–18, 220–1, 276–7; background 12, 209–12, 213–14, 252; bridge project 221, 222; and Burke 232–3; bust 344; career 408; Common Sense 210, 215–17, 220, 235; convicted of seditious libel 247; death 277–8; effigy burned 259, 282, 327; on English constitution 217, 233–4; on English liberty 249; in France 12, 221–2, 275–6; on French Revolution 234–5; and Godwin 246, 247, 253; influence on corresponding societies 236–8; on Magna Carta 34; marriage 210, 211–12; on monarchy 217, 234, 235, 239–40; pamphlet on excise officers 210–11, 213; on poverty 240; pro-French rhetoric 548; radicalism 15; religious views 252, 277; reputation 280, 377; Rights of Man 213–14, 249, 261, 276, 277, (part one) 217, 221, 230, 232, 236–7, (part two) 235, 239–42, 260; ‘social chapter’ 242, 260; on taxation 241, 261, 281, 546–7; views 281, 282, 285–6

  Paley, William 246

  Palmer, Thomas Fyshe 262–3

  Palmerston, Lord 415, 419

  Pankhurst, Adela 437, 440, 451, 478

  Pankhurst, Christabel: aims 440;

  arrests 475; birth 451; education 468, 473; First World War 519–21; flight to Paris 504, 508; on forcible feeding 496; ILP involvement 465, 468–9, 481; imprisonment 487; and Kenney 470–1; and Labour movement 476–7, 481; and Lloyd George 486–7, 502, 503; mother’s death 525–6; and Pethick-Lawrences 474, 509–10; public speaking 468, 486; reputation 437, 492; and Sylvia 518; tactics 471–2, 483–4, 488, 502, 509, 526; trial 485–7, 489; on working-class attitudes to franchise reform 459; writings 514–15, 519–20, 521; WSPU leadership 477–8, 482, 508, 509–10, 515

  Pankhurst, Emmeline: arrests 490, 51
9; background 440, 451; children 451, 452; death 525–6; employment 466; equal suffrage claims 459; First World War 519–20; and Hardie 456, 464, 465, 474; hunger strike 518; husband’s death 465–6; ILP involvement 455, 463–5, 468–9, 481; imprisonment 483, 487, 504, 508–9; and Labour movement 477, 481; London homes 451–2, 463; marriage 451; political activities 451, 452, 454, 463–4; reputation 437, 526; return to Manchester 463–4; shop 451–2, 463; suffragette leadership 35; tactics 471, 484, 489, 490, 509; trial 485–6; WSPU 437–8, 469–70; WSPU leadership 477–8, 482, 508, 509–10, 515; WSPU truce 499

  Pankhurst, Henry Francis 451, 452, 474

  Pankhurst, Richard: appearance 447; background 445–6, 451; death 465; equal suffrage claims 459; finances 452, 463, 465; and Hardie 456, 464, 465, 474; health 463; ILP involvement 455, 463–5, 469; influences on 432; London homes 451–2, 463; on Magna Carta 35–6, 446; marriage 451; political career 448, 451, 453, 464; Reform Union 436; reputation 437; return to Manchester 463–4; views 446–8; women’s suffrage bill 446

  Pankhurst, Sylvia: anticolonialist 548; birth 451; on Christabel’s work 515; on Davison’s death 513; education 473; on father 447; First World War 521–2; on ‘flappers’ 524–5; on forcible feeding 495; and Hardie 455, 473–4; history 447, 463; ILP involvement 465; ju-jitsu 489; on Kenney 470–1; on Labour Party 528, 530; Lloyd George’s offer 519; on mother’s shop 452; political activism 471, 475, 518; reputation 437; on SDF 454; on women’s enfranchisement 524; on women’s rights 439; WSPU exit 518

  Parker, Matthew, Archbishop 104

  Parnell, Charles 451, 479

  Partington, Martha 332

  Paston, John 83

  Paston family 77

  Patriotic Society 214

  Paull, James 290

  Payn, John 91–2

  Peasants’ Revolt (1381): aftermath 76–8; assault on London 60–70, 113; attitude to King 112; background 49–53; Blackheath camp 60, 99, 121; Chartist perspective 11; compared with Cade’s revolt 97, 99; countrywide disturbances 54–5; historical precedent 319; idea of popular freedom 30; King Richard’s role during 60, 64–70; leadership 56, 59; London violence 60–4; Marshall’s treatment of 6–7, 8; in Norfolk 73–5, 121; memory of 117; outbreak in Essex 53–4; outbreak in Kent 55–7; punishment of rebels 75–6; radical event 119–22, 289; rebel demands 60, 65–6, 67–9; rebel numbers 53, 59; religious background 57–9; in St Albans 71–2; social background of rebels 54, 73; in Suffolk 72–3; timing of outbreak 55; Tyler’s death 69–70

  Peddie, Robert 385

  Peel, Sir Robert 370, 381, 405, 416–17, 431