Friedberg, Aaron, 174
123–124
Friedman, Tom, 192
Iraq war and, 117–118
military mobilization in, 185–188
Gates, Robert, 46
Musharraf’s relations with, 124–125,
Gelb, Leslie, 148
218–219
GeoTV, censorship of, 63–64
Muslim community in, 193
“Ghairat (honor) Brigade,” 92
nuclear weapons in, 43–46, 181–184
Ghazi, Abdul Rashid, 131
Pakistani investment in, 231–232
Gilani, Yousuf Raza, 183, 215–216n29, 220
Pakistan’s tensions with, 6–8, 20–22,
Glenn, John, 91n65, 91, 92
39–43, 124–125, 184, 193–194,
global economy, Pakistani vulnerability in, 6–7
218–219
Goldstone, Jack, 68n146
security vulnerabilities of, 185–188, 193
Grameen Bank, 226–227
terrorist attacks in, 14–15, 46, 99–102, 115,
Greece, terrorism in, 186
139–140, 185–188, 193
Grossman, Marc, 165
“Twin Peaks crisis” in, 115
Gul, Hamid, 51–52, 58, 65, 69–70, 101–102,
U.S.-Pakistani relations and role of, 72–73,
183n44, 202
75, 85–86, 86n52, 182–184, 212, 213,
Gwadar port development project, 191–192
231–232
U.S. relations with, 20–22, 85, 179–182,
Haass, Richard, 109–110, 180–181
184, 196–199
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Indian National Congress, 180
Kargil conflict and, 38, 42–43
Indo-Pakistani wars, 39, 43, 78, 85–86
“Twin Peaks crisis” in, 115
Kargil conflict and, 38, 42–43
Kayani, Ashfaq, 105–106, 106n5, 155–156,
nationalism in Pakistan and, 89
158, 167–168, 221, 237
Indus Hospital project, 25–26
Kennedy, John F., 83–85, 86n52
infant mortality in Pakistan, 33–34, 228
Kerry, John, 133, 137, 141–145, 222
infrastructure failures in Pakistan, 35–38
Kerry-Lugar-Berman (KLB) aid package,
Inter-Services Intelligence directorate (ISI)
141–150, 216–217, 233
China’s informational reliance on, 190
Khalilzad, Zalmay, 127
CIA relations with, 111–112, 137, 181–182,
Khan, Abdul Bari, 25–26
208–209
Khan, Abdul Qadeer (A. Q.), 17–18, 87–88,
civilian government and, 215–216n29
88n56, 88n57, 90, 103, 119, 187–188
Haqqani network and, 155–156
Khan, Akhter Hameed, 228n53
LeT and, 14–15, 102
Khan, Ali, 56n103, 58
political manipulations of, 47–49, 116
Khan, Ayub, 75–76, 82, 85–86, 221
support for Taliban in, 105–108, 202
Bhutto’s relations with, 77–78
investment in Pakistan, comprehensive
on India, 178–179
cooperation strategy for, 225–231
Khan, Hayat Ullah, 154
Iran
Khan, Imran, 15–16
India’s relations with, 196
anti-drone protests and, 157–158
Khan (A. Q.) and, 119
media as tool for, 64
Pakistan’s relations with, 187–188, 211
popularity of, 58–60, 65
revolution in, 98
reform agenda of, 60–62, 68, 70–71
Iraq, U.S. war in, 117–118, 201
Khan, Kamran, 65
Ismaili sect, 228n53
Khan, Munir Ahmed, 88n56
Israel, terrorism in, 186, 187
Khan, Shoaib Sultan, 228n53
Khan Research Laboratory (KRL), 87–88
Jamaat-e-Islami (JI), 54
Khrushchev, Nikita, 83–85
Jamaat-ud-Dawa (JuD), 52, 99–102
Kidwai, Khalid, 216–217
Japan
Kissinger, Henry, 86–87, 90, 175
Chinese relations with, 174, 176, 189
Krasner, Stephen, 122
infant mortality in, 33
U.S. relations with, 3, 20, 198
Lahore University of Management Sciences
jihadist groups in Pakistan, 73–74,
(LUMS), 225
92–103
land reform, failure in Pakistan of, 30–32
Red Mosque crisis and, 130–131
Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), 14–15, 39, 52, 97,
Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 49–50, 66
99–102
Johnson, Lyndon B., 83–85
CIA surveillance of, 137
judiciary in Pakistan
Mumbai attack by, 46, 99–102, 139–140,
anti-Americanism in, 80–83
185–188
Musharraf’s conflicts with, 130
Musharraf and, 114
political activism of, 47–49
Pakistan support for, 69, 163, 205–206
lawyers’ movement in Pakistan, 80–83,
Kaplan, Robert, 191–192
130–131
Karakoram Highway project, 191, 191n72
Libya, nuclear technology in, 18, 187–188
Karamat, Jehangir, 88–89
Lieven, Anatol, 66
Kargil conflict, 38, 42–43
living standards in Pakistan, 33–35
Karzai, Hamid, 40, 127
Lodhi, Maleeha, 60–62, 67, 111–112
Kashf Foundation, 226–227
Lugar, Richard, 141–145
Kashmir
India-Pakistan dispute over, 39–43, 77–78,
madrassas in Pakistan, 35, 52, 97
124–125, 218–219
Mao Zedong, 22, 77, 175–176
insurgency in, 14, 100
Mazari, Shireen, 38–39, 65
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McChrystal, Stanley, 164n103, 164n104
Munter, Cameron, 158–159, 205n11
McMahon, Robert J., 75
Musharraf, Pervez, 15, 23
media in Pakistan, 62–65, 68–69
assassination attempts against, 118–122
journalist exchange programs and, 64
Bhutto (B.) and, 131–133
Megaports Initiative, 210n22
Bush administration and, 114–122, 215,
“Mehran men,” 60–62
218, 221
Mehran naval base, attack on, 69–70
Clinton administration and, 179–182
Mehsud, Baitullah, 13–14, 99, 157
coup against Sharif, 47–48, 221
Mehsud, Hakimullah, 202
departure of, 29, 38
“memogate” scandal, 80n32, 107
drone strike authorizations by, 153–156,
microfinancing initiatives in Pakistan, 226–227
157
military assistance to Pakistan, 6–7
FATA incursions under, 128
in Cold War era, 74–76
India’s relations with, 124–125, 218–219
U.S
. policies concerning, 117–118, 120
Iraq war and, 117–118
military-first cooperation strategy, 233–235
Khan’s (A. Q.) nuclear theft and, 88
U.S.-Pakistan relations and, 26–27, 214–222
Lashkar-e-Taiba and, 102
military in Pakistan
lawyers’ movement against, 80–83
“AfPak” strategy and, 163
media censorship by, 62, 63–64
anti-Indian ideology in, 39–43, 218–219
military relations with, 118–122, 130
Bhutto’s (Z. A.) civilian control of, 79
nuclear expansion under, 119
China’s dependency on, 190
political failures of, 31, 129–134, 221
civilian government and, 140–145,
return to Pakistan and house arrest of,
215–216n29, 219–222
133–134
comprehensive cooperation strategy and
self-imposed exile of, 133
role of, 222–233
Taliban insurgency in Afghanistan and,
drone strikes supported by, 153–158
125–129
future projections concerning, 66
U.S. support for, 27, 76–77, 82, 103,
garrison mentality of, 38–39
105–108, 110–114, 201–202
growth of, 29
Muslim Brotherhood, 57
Hizb ut-Tahrir and, 55–58, 218
Muslim Commercial Bank, 231–232
Lashkar-e-Taiba and, 14–15, 102
My American Journey (Powell), 110
lawyers’ movement against, 80–83
media censorship by, 63–64
National Command Authority (Pakistan), 44
media criticism of, 65
nationalist movement in Pakistan
Musharraf’s relations with, 118–122, 130
anti-Americanism of, 83–92
nationalist ideology in, 38–39, 92
nuclear expansion influenced by, 87–90
nuclear arsenal and, 18
origins of, 49–50
political manipulations of, 116
National Research Council, 210
power and autonomy of, 25n17, 47–49, 215
National Security Council (Pakistan), 121–122
public opinion of, 32n8, 32, 33
The Nation (Pakistani English-language
Swat Valley offensive by, 139–140
newspaper), 38–39
U.S. support for, 24–26, 76–77, 82,
NATO forces in Afghanistan, 19, 40, 52,
110–114, 118–122, 200–202, 214–222
107–108, 125–126, 204–206
vulnerability of, 6–7
Nawaz, Maajid, 57n107
Mohajir ethnic group, 30–32
Naxalite movement (India), 193
Mohammed, Khalid Sheikh, 11, 23, 114
Nazir, Tariq, 228–229
Mohan, C. Raja, 193, 196
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 75, 195–196
Monsoon (Kaplan), 191–192
Nepal, 42, 46, 194
Muhammed, Nek, 154
Neumann, Ronald, 127, 127n64
Mujib, Sheikh, 79n31
The News (Pakistani English-language
Mullen, Michael, 62, 105–106, 106n5, 108,
newspaper), 38
166–167, 204
Nixon, Richard, 86–87, 175–176
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No Exit ( Huis Clos) (Sartre), 1, 27–28
floods of 2010 in, 148–149
“Nonalignment 2.0” (report), 195–196
India’s tensions with, 6–8, 20–22, 39–43,
Northern Distribution Network, NATO’s use
124–125, 184, 218–219
of, 205
nuclear program in, 7–8, 11, 16–18, 69–70,
North Korea
91–92, 187–188, 209–212
China’s relations with, 183
population projections for, 65–66
Pakistan’s relations with, 187–188
public opinion of government in, 32n8, 32,
Novogratz, Jacqueline, 226
33
Nuclear Emergency Support Team (NEST),
regional instability and, 169–172, 197–199
211
“Twin Peaks crisis” in, 115
nuclear weapons
U.S. military operations in, 169–172
deterrence strategy for Pakistan, 209–212
vulnerability of, 6–7, 69–70
Indo-Pakistani relations and role of, 43–46,
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission,
185–188
88n56
Khan’s (A. Q.) role in Pakistan’s
Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) (PML-N),
development of, 87–88, 88n56, 90, 103,
31, 60–62, 132
119, 187–188
Pakistan Muslim League (Quaid-e-Azam)
Pakistan’s expansion of, 7–11, 69–70,
(PML-Q), 31, 121–122, 130–131
91–92, 187–188
Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), 31, 60–62, 78,
U.S.-India partnership on, 181–184,
79n31, 107
196–197
“Pakistan Private Investment Initiative,”
as “vital threat” to U.S., 16–18
230–231
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (Movement for
Oakley, Robert, 91
Justice) (PTI), 58–60
Obama, Barack
reform agenda of, 60–62, 68
“AfPak” strategy under, 161–167
Panetta, Leon, 105–106, 151, 158–159
China policies under, 177
Pasha, Ahmed Shuja, 215–216n29
Davis affair and, 136–139
Pashtun ethnic group, 30–32, 40, 52–53
democratization initiatives in Pakistan
in Peshawar, Pakistan, 170
under, 140–145
Taliban and, 125–126
drone policy of, 153–154, 154n66, 156,
“patient capital” initiatives in Pakistan, 226
158, 160–161
Patterson, Anne, 38–39
election in 2008 of, 59
Peace Accord of 2006 (Pakistan), 125–126
India policy under, 182, 197
Pearl, Daniel, 38–39
Pakistan policy under, 23–24, 103–104,
Plame, Valerie, 111
109, 205–206, 216–217, 219–222
politics in Pakistan
surge in Afghanistan and, 164–167
comprehensive cooperation strategy as
U.S.-Pakistan relations and, 4, 107,
affecting, 225–231
136–151, 167–168
media culture and, 62–65
Obama’s Wars (Woodward), 162
military dominance of, 25n17, 47–49,
Omar, Mohammed Mullah, 99, 127, 162–163
219–222
On China (Kissinger), 175
reform agenda and, 60–62
youthful idealism and, 58–60
Pakistan . See U.S.-Pakistani relations
population projections for Pakistan, 65–66
breakup of East and West Pakistan and,
Powell, Colin, 109–114, 117, 124, 218
78–80
Powers, Francis Gary, 169
China’s relations with, 6–10, 20–22, 38–39,
Pressler, Larry, 91n65, 91, 92, 142
43, 70–71, 85–86, 182–184, 188–189,
Punjabi ethnic group, 30–32
189n64,
192
Punjabi Taliban, 53
civilian government in, 29
drone debate in, 157–158
Qadri, Mumtaz, 50–51
F-16 aircraft deal with, 91, 95, 123–124
Qureshi, Shah Mahmood, 60–62
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Raphel, Robin, 146–149
Shahzad, Syed Saleem, 62
Rashid, Ahmed, 181–182
Shakai Agreement (2004), 127–128
Reagan, Ronald
Sharif, Nawaz, 132
Pakistan policy under, 90–91, 94–95,
censorship in regime of, 62
112
coup against, 31, 47–48, 116, 221
Soviet Union policy under, 94–95
military relations with, 88
Red Mosque crisis, 130–131
re-election of, 61
reformist movement in Pakistan, 60–62,
Sharif, Shahbaz, 235
66
Shia Islam in Pakistan, 97n89, 96–99
regional context for, 70–71
Siachen glacier, 42
regional instability
Singh, Manmohan, 124–125, 193–194,
China’s global ascendancy and, 172–178
196–197
as “emergent threat” to U.S., 18–22
“Skunk Works” drone facility, 151–152
Pakistan-Afghanistan relations and, 6–8,
South Korea, 187
18–22
Soviet Union
reformist movement in Pakistan and, 70–71
China and, 178–179
U.S.-Pakistan relations and, 16, 169–172,
invasion of Afghanistan by, 90, 92–94,
197–199
94n76
U.S. vulnerability to, 9–10
Kashmir dispute and role of, 77–78
Rehman, I. A., 63, 64
U.S.-Pakistani relations and, 1–4, 74–76,
Rehman, Sherry, 150
83–85
Reporters without Borders, 65
U.S. relations with, 94–95
revolution, potential in Pakistan for, 68n146,
Spain, terrorism in, 186
68, 69
Special Forces . See U.S. Special Forces, raids in
Rice, Condoleezza, 109, 120, 124, 125, 127,
Pakistan by
132, 180–181
Sri Lanka, 42, 46, 194
Rosenberg, Matthew, 38–39
state failure in Pakistan, potential for,
Rumsfeld, Donald, 175–176
68–69
Rural Support Programmes Network (RSPN),
Storming the World Stage (Tankel), 102
227–228, 228n53, 229
Sufi Islam in Pakistan, 54, 170
Sunni Islam in Pakistan, 97n89, 96–99
Saeed, Hafiz Muhammad, 14–15, 52, 58,
Sunni Ittehad Council, 50–51
69–70, 99–102
Salafism, 54, 98, 99–100
Taliban . See also affiliated groups (e.g.,
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