Moscow, 1937
Page 93
Khimenkov, Viktor Gavrilovich 265
Kirov, Sergei Mironovich 68, 71, 73, 74, 75, 163
Koestler, Arthur 108, 520
Koestring, Ernst 541–2
Kolli, Nikolai 242–3
Koltsov, Mikhail
arrest and death sentence 94, 108
and Lion Feuchtwanger 91, 93–4
on Spanish Civil War 95–6
Kommunarka shooting range 474, 475–7, 480, 484
Kosterina, Nina 406–8, 506–8
Köstring, Ernst 411
Kovrigin, S. 109–11
Kraval’, Ivan 60–1, 119, 120, 122
Kremlin 56
Ordzhonikidze at 160, 162, 170
Stalin–Feuchtwanger meeting 82–6
Krestinskii, Nikolai 61, 519, 522, 525
Krushchev, Nikita 64, 141, 187, 195, 354, 481, 556
‘kulaks’, former 491–3, 494, 495, 503
labour camps 468
see also Moscow–Volga Canal, prisoners
labour communes 488
language
interpretations of Pushkin 150–4
of show trials 69–73, 74–6, 129–31, 525
The Last Days (play) 151–2
Lenin, Vladimir I. 216–17, 458
statues 240, 345, 349, 552–3
Lenin in October (film) 372–3, 379, 384
Lenin Mausoleum 212, 229–30, 235
libraries 58, 156
Likhachev, Ivan 417–19, 427
literacy 156, 158
Lominadze, Vissarion 173
Lubianka 25–6, 68, 478–9
Bukharin in 153, 185, 462, 526–9, 532–7
Lukács, Georg 398
luxury goods
advertisements 314–17, 318, 319, 320
end of rationing 318–19
inventories of NKVD searches 369–71
The Master and Margarita (Bulgakov) 21
and shortages 317–18, 320–2, 323–5
magazines see newspapers/magazines/ journals
Maggo, Petr Ivanovich 536, 537
Mandelstam, Osip 408–9, 433
maps 467–8
General Plan of Moscow 12, 13
geological 258, 272, 467
German (1941) 66, 538–9, 540, 541–3
Spanish Civil War 96, 97
Mashkov, Il’ia 291
mass executions see NKVD/GPU, mass executions
mass graves 475–6, 479–80
sociology of 485–91
statistics 480
The Master and Margarita (Bulgakov) arrests/executions/disappearances 27–30
autobiographical features 17
censorship and posthumous
publication 16–17
city map, locations and staging posts 17–24
dramatis personae: dual characters 24–5
Faust/Mephistopheles 14, 16
flight, metaphor and perspective 12–15
literary analyses 15–16
‘magical realism’ 11
NKVD 25–6
Pontius Pilate/Jerusalem theme 11, 14, 17, 18–19, 27, 29–30
as roman-à-clef 10–11, 31–2
Mayenburg, Ruth von 47–8, 223, 399
Medvedkin, Aleksandr (New Moscow) 33–5, 45, 47
Metro 42, 236, 241, 242, 243, 253
Mikoian, Anastas 183, 353, 456, 512, 513–16, 517
military see Red Army
Molotov, Viacheslav 169, 188, 340, 347, 502, 504, 566
Moscow 1937 (Feuchtwanger) 85, 87, 90
Moscow River 39, 42–3
Moscow–Volga Canal 40, 66, 274–5
aesthetic and technical achievement 279–83
commencement of work 278–9
NKVD conspiracy 517
Moscow–Volga Canal
prisoners
Butovo Mass Graves 487, 490
and camps 276–8, 283–92, 331
experts 287–8
re-education 288–92
release 274, 279
route 278
as second arterial highway 275–9
Seventeenth International Congress excursion 273
terminals 236, 280, 282–3
and White Sea Canal 275, 276–8, 287, 291, 293
Mosfilm studios 378–82
Moskvin, Mikhail 402–3
mountaineers, Butovo mass graves 489
Mukhina, Vera 198, 201, 202, 203, 239, 251, 554
murals 348–9
museums 146, 147
Mushketov, Dmitrii Ivanovich 263
music
classical 439–42
and ‘din of time’ 433–4
and film 377–8, 383, 437–9, 463–5
jazz (dzhaz) 58–9, 434–7, 438, 442–3
Moscow–Volga Canal prisoners 289
Pioneer band march 408
radio 219–20, 222–3, 228
musicians, Butovo mass graves 488
Naszkowski, Marian 389–90
New Economic Policy (NEP) 36–7, 55, 318, 319, 338, 339
New Moscow (film) 33–5, 45, 47
The New Moscow (painting, Pimenov) 42, 43
New York Times 144, 435–6
newspapers/magazines/journals 58
American Photos (Il’f and Petrov) 452–3
diplomatic contacts 361
expeditions 295, 306
Feuchtwanger’s tour 85, 93
General Plan of Moscow 35
Izvestiia 145, 161, 184
Moscow–Volga Canal prison camp 289–90
newly elected deputies 445–6
October Revolution anniversary 346
Pushkin Jubilee 149–50
reconstruction of Moscow 544
Shostakovich’s Fifth Symphony 440–1
Soviet landscapes 468
Spanish Civil War 95–6, 97–8
The USSR in Construction 175, 177, 327, 329, 369, 374
see also advertisements; Pravda
Niedermayer, Oskar Ritter von 541, 542
Nikita, the Russian Icarus 311
Nikulin, Lev 307
NKVD/GPU
anniversary celebrations see Bolshoi Theatre
black market 322–4
Bukharin and Rykov trial 185
census data 119–20
children’s reception centres 509
criticism of 272, 502
Directory of All Moscow 65–6
football team 250
and foreign communists/political émigrés 65–6, 393, 401, 403, 542, 543
and high society 367–71
intercepts on famine/shortages 321, 324
maps 539
mass executions 480–4
Order No. 00447 491–501, 512
‘Registers of Executions by Firing Squad’ 475–6
sentencing and 498–9, 501
members/leaders 516–17
arrest/execution of 502, 518
suicides 174–5
October Revolution anniversary celebrations 351
passport photographs 444
peasant uprisings 74
Russian exiles in Paris 206–7
saboteurs/wreckers 190–3
and Spanish Civil War 105–6, 107–8
surveillance of diplomats 360
surveillance of Ustrialov 343
territorial and regional boards 495–6
North-East Passage expeditions 297–8
North Pole expeditions 294, 297, 301–5, 306, 313
Dream (play) 308–9
Seven Brave Men (film) 306, 385
occupations 114, 118
October Revolution 36
anniversary celebrations 344–54, 404–12
films 372–3, 379–80, 384
oil 259
Ordzhonikidze, Sergo 61, 71, 237, 330
Stalin automobile plant 418, 419, 426–7
suicide
hopeless situation and protest 170–3
medical report 162
meetings prior to 162
responses to 161–7
as weapon 167–70
orphans 488, 508, 509
Orwell, George 103, 104
Osinskii, Valerian 182, 184
Palace of the Soviets 236–7, 243, 510
competition 548–52
construction site 544–6
Iofan design 551–6
wartime damage and abandonment of project 556–7
Pal’chinskii, Petr Ioakimovich 263–4
Papanin, Ivan (Papanin team) 294, 301, 302–5, 306, 308
Paris International Exhibition: Soviet Pavilion 198–9
exhibition trail 199–203
marginal encounters 205–8
Moscow–Volga Canal 279
public reactions to 203–5
Passport Law (1932) 50
passport photographs 444
patriotism
factory 419–24
Soviet 101–3
Pavlov, Mikhail Alekseevich 263
peasants
mass graves 486, 490
see also collectivization; rural–urban migration
Penal Code (Article 58) 261, 262–3, 265, 287, 289, 474, 480, 485
People’s Commissariats 57–8
Council 37, 38, 60
disappearances 60, 61–2
for Heavy Industry 125, 143, 160, 170–1, 172–3, 238
for Internal Affairs see NKVD/GPU
redistribution of leadership 446–9
see also show trials, second
Perkin, Dmitrii Yefimovich 264
Petrov, Evgenii 450–5, 459–60, 461–2
Philosophical Arabesques (Bukharin) 528–9
photographs/portraits
deletion 445
executions and appeal procedures 483
icons of ‘New Man’ 445
newly elected deputies 444–5
police 444–5, 447
Piatakov, Iurii 61, 84, 125, 128, 129, 136, 137, 143, 170–2
Pimenov, Iurii (The New Moscow) 42, 43
Pioneer band march 408
Platonov, Andrei 152, 155, 156, 221–2, 549
plays see theatres/plays Podlubnyi, Stepan 294
polar exploration see North Pole expeditions
Politburo 162, 499, 502, 503
on Eisenstein’s Bezhin Meadow (film) 381
see also Ordzhonikidze, Sergo
political émigrés see Comintern; exiles; foreign communists/political émigrés
political parties, anti-Soviet 493, 494, 503
Popov, Evgenii Evgenievich 264
population
census 115–16, 119–21
factory workers 416
General Plan of Moscow 38, 50–2
Pravda 70, 82
census 122
on Chapaev (film) 377
Pravda (cont.)
criticism of architecture 229–30, 234–5
death of Ordzhonikidze 163–6, 173–4
music 434, 439–40, 442
Pushkin Jubilee 149–50
second show trial 140, 141, 142
Spanish Civil War 95–6
pre-revolutionary political elite, Butovo mass graves 488–9, 490
prisons/prisoners 64–5, 468
Sukhanovka 477, 517–18
see also Lubianka; Moscow–Volga Canal, prisoners
privacy, lack of 397–8
Proletarskii District see Stalin automobile plant
propaganda, radio as medium of 221–2
publishing industry 156–8
Pushkin Jubilee 144–7
interpretations and coded discourses 150–4
platitudes of a new culture 155–8
Russian genius and imperial rule 158–9
Strastnaia Square celebrations 147–50
Pushkin statue 148, 157, 158–9
queues 21, 317, 321–2, 323–4
Radchenko, Ivan Ivanovich 264
Radek, Karl 84, 125, 128–9, 137–9, 182, 183, 184, 330
radio 215–16, 469
as background noise to new age 220–2
criticisms and activities of wreckers 227–8
listeners as ‘citizens of the world’ 223–5
loudspeakers 217, 221–2
music 219–20, 222–3, 228
North Pole conquest 294
Stalin and Stalinist Constitution 224, 225–7, 336–7, 342
two faces of progress 216–20
railway accidents 132–6
Rakovskii, Christian 526
rationing, end of 318–19
Red Army 64, 165, 195–6, 234
census data 119–20
map 539–41
Theatre 236, 237
US Embassy reception 362–3
Red Square 209–14
demonstrations 98
second show trial 141, 142, 215
funeral of Ordzhonikidze 166–7, 176
General Plan 39, 209
military displays 213–14, 347–8, 350–1
October Revolution anniversary celebrations 347–8, 350–1
Pushkin Jubilee 145–6
see also sports parade
‘Registers of Executions by Firing Squad’ 475–6
registration
and census 120–1
territorial and regional 495–6
religious affiliation 111, 113, 118
religious buildings, demolition of 46–7, 53
see also Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
religious leaders, mass graves 486–7, 490
religious organizations 187
Remisov, Kolia 485
renaming
Stalin automobile plant 416
streets and other locations 45, 55–6, 145, 147, 159
Reshaping the World (Bukharin) 528
Romm, Mikhail 372, 373, 379
Rozengol’ts, Arkadii 463
Rozhkov, Boris Nikolaevich 264
Rural–urban migration 36–7, 48–52, 413
census 116
Proletarskii District 413, 416, 417, 419–21
Rykov, Aleksei 168–9, 182–5, 519
saboteurs/wreckers 93
architecture 234–5
aviation 298, 312–13
census 123
Central Committee plenum (February–March) 188–93
factories 429–30
famine 321, 322
NKVD 190–3
Politburo meeting 162
radio 227–8
railway 133–6
responsibilities of children 508–9
Spanish Civil War 104–5
see also show trials
Sadovskii, A. 476, 482–4
Samoilovich, Rudol’f Lazarevich 264
sanatoria 330
Schmidt, Otto 302, 307–8, 309–10, 313
schools 58, 156, 506
How it All Began (Bukharin) 533–4
textbooks 58, 156–8
science see Academy of Sciences; geology/geologists scientific quarter 259–60
Second World War 477, 556, 588
maps 538–43
prelude 99–101, 107, 199–201
Vladimir Vernadskii 272–3
see also Germany
secret language 72–3
secret police see NKVD/GPU
Sedov, Lev (son of Trotsky) 70, 71, 73, 140, 206, 207
Serebriakov, Leonid 125, 129–30
Seven Brave Men (film) 306, 385
Shakhovskaia, Anna Dmitrievna 266
Shakhty trial (1928) 78
Shchusev, Aleksei 229–30, 233–5
Sheinman, Iurii Mikhailovich 266
Shostakovich, Dmitri 435, 439–43
Fifth Symphony 440–1
show trials 83, 93, 101–2
first see Trotskyite–Zinovievite Terrorist Centre (1936)
language of 69–73, 74–6, 129–31, 525
The Master and Margarita (Bulgakov) 22–4
origin and aim of 77–8
second 125–7, 141–3, 188
defendants and charges 125–6
forei
gn observers 127–9, 141
human sacrifice, nemesis and chorus 136–41
language of expert witnesses 129–31
and Ordzhonikidze 170–1
Prosecutor Vyshinskii 126, 136, 137, 138–9
and Pushkin Jubilee 154
topography of Five-Year Plan 131–6
third 101–2, 463, 519–21
accused 519, 524
exercise in dialectics 523–6
foreign observers 541–2