47 Xenophon, Anabasis 3.3.6-10.
48 Xenophon, Anabasis 3.4.5.
49 Xenophon, Anabasis 3.4.46–47.
50 Xenophon, Anabasis 3.4.48–49.
51 Yalichev, 1997, p. 141.
52 For their plans see Parke, 1933, pp. 34–5. Xenophon, Anabasis 5.1.4. A navarch was a Spartan commander abroad, but one not commanding native Spartan troops. Only one of the kings was allowed that privilege.
53 Xenophon, Anabasis 5.1.10–11.
54 Xenophon, Anabasis 5.1.17.
55 Xenophon, Anabasis 5.1.15.
56 Xenophon, Anabasis 5.1.16.
57 Xenophon, Anabasis 5.1.13–14.
58 Xenophon, Anabasis 5.2.1–18.
59 Xenophon, Anabasis 5.2.19–20.
60 Xenophon, Anabasis 5.6.15–17.
61 Xenophon, Anabasis 6.1.16.
62 Xenophon, Anabasis 6.1.17–18. Quote is from Xenophon Anabasis 6.1.18.
63 Xenophon, Anabasis 6.1.20.
64 Xenophon, Anabasis 6.1.26–32.
65 Xenophon, Anabasis 6.1.26–33; cf. Parke, 1933, p. 37.
66 Xenophon, Anabasis 6.2.3.
67 Xenophon, Anabasis 6.2.4–7.
68 Xenophon, Anabasis 6.2.8.
69 Xenophon, Anabasis 6.2.9–11.
70 Parke, 1933, p. 37.
71 Xenophon, Anabasis 6.3–4; cf. Parke, 1933, p. 37.
72 Xenophon, Anabasis 6.4.2–3.
73 Xenophon, Anabasis 6.4.9–10.
74 Xenophon, Anabasis 6.6.5–7.
75 Xenophon, Anabasis 7.1.2–3.
76 Xenophon, Anabasis 7.1.7.
77 Xenophon, Anabasis 7.1.13.
78 Xenophon, Anabasis 7.1.15.
79 Xenophon, Anabasis 7.1.17.
80 Xenophon, Anabasis 7.1.33.
81 Diodorus 14.37.1.
82 Parke, 1933, p. 41.
Chapter 5
1 Van Wees, 2000, p. 206, notes that many authors see mercenaries as ubiquitous in the fourth century, and I see no reason to disagree.
2 The Corinthian War was the war between Sparta and her allies against a coalition of Athens, Argos, Corinth and Thebes, fought between 395 and 387, ending in the peace of Antalcidas. The war was ultimately indecisive.
3 Xenophon Hellenica 3.1.4; Diodorus 14.36.1–2.
4 Xenophon, Hellenica 3.1.6; cf. Parke, 1933, p. 43.
5 Xenophon, Hellenica 3.1.8; cf. 3.1.10, 3.2.6.
6 Xenophon, Hellenica 3.2.1.
7 Xenophon, Hellenica 3.4.2.
8 Xenophon, Hellenica 3.4.20.
9 Xenophon, Hellenica 4.3.15.
10 Xenophon, Hellenica 4.3.16.
11 Xenophon, Hellenica 4.3.17. On the battle of Coronea, see Buckler, 2008, pp. 59–70.
12 Xenophon, Hellenica 4.3.20.
13 Parke, 1933, pp. 40–50.
14 Best, 1969.
15 Best, 1969, p. 90; Anderson, 1970, p. 128; Yalichev, 1997, p. 152.
16 Xenophon, Hellenica 4.8.33.
17 Best, 1969, p. 90; Anderson, 1970, p. 128; Yalichev, 1997, p. 152.
18 Xenophon, Hellenica 4.8.35.
19 Xenophon, Hellenica 4.8.39.
20 This was Sparta’s second attempt at a peace, having failed in 392/1.
21 Best, 1969, p. 58; Anderson, 1970, p. 94.
22 Parke, 1933, p. 105; Sekunda, 1992, p. 27.
23 Xenophon, Hellenica 5.2.20–22.
24 A town in northern Laconia. Xenophon, Hellenica 5.2.24.
25 Xenophon, Hellenica 5.3.3–4.
26 Xenophon, Hellenica 5.3.5–6.
27 Xenophon, Hellenica 5.3.8–9.
28 Yalichev, 1997, p. 158.
29 Diodorus 15.32.2–3 wrongly attributes this to 377.
30 Diodorus 15.33.4–6.
31 Xenophon, Hellenica 5.4.41.
32 Xenophon, Hellenica 5.4.42.
33 Xenophon, Hellenica 5.4.64.
34 Diodorus 15.45.3–4; 46.1. Xenophon, Hellenica 6.2.4.
35 Xenophon, Hellenica 6.2.6.
36 Diodorus 15.47.4–5.
37 Xenophon, Hellenica 6.2.15–16.
38 Xenophon, Hellenica 6.2.19.
39 Xenophon, Hellenica 6.2.21–22.
40 Yalichev, 1997, pp. 160–1.
41 Diodorus 15.44.2-4; Nepos Iphicrates 9.1.3-4; Best, 1969, p. 102 (quote).
42 The most recent discussion of Iphicrates’ reforms is Sekunda, 2007, pp. 326–9. Cf. Best, 1969.
43 English, 2009a, pp. 8–29.
44 Xenophon 6.3.18–19.
45 Diodorus 15.52.3.
46 Diodorus 15.52.2.
47 Diodorus 15.54.5. Xenophon, Hellenica 6.4.20–26, notes that Jason did not arrive until after the battle.
48 Diodorus 15.55.1–2. For Leuctra, see Buckler, 2008, pp. 111–26.
49 Diodorus 15.55.3–5.
50 Diodorus 15.56.1–2.
51 Yalichev, 1997, p. 163.
52 Xenophon, Hellenica 6.5.11.
53 Xenophon, Hellenica 6.5.13–4.
54 Xenophon, Hellenica 7.1.20; Justin 20.5.6; Diodorus 15.70.1; cf. Parke, 1933, p. 88.
55 Xenophon, Hellenica 7.1.27; Parke, 1933, p. 89.
56 Diodorus 15.70.2.
57 Yalichev, 1997, p. 165.
58 Xenophon, Hellenica 7.5.4.
59 Xenophon, Hellenica 7.5.5.
60 Xenophon, Hellenica 7.5.8.
61 Xenophon, Hellenica 7.5.9–10.
62 Xenophon, Hellenica 7.5.12.
63 Xenophon, Hellenica 7.5.15–16.
64 Xenophon, Hellenica 7.5.18.
65 Xenophon, Hellenica 7.5.21–22.
66 Diodorus 15.84.2.
67 Xenophon, Hellenica 7.5.22–23.
68 Xenophon, Hellenica 7.5.25.
69 Yalichev, 1997, p. 166.
70 Diodorus, 16.7.3–4.
71 Diodorus, 16.21.2.
72 Diodorus, 16.23ff; cf.Yalichev, 1997, p. 167.
73 Diodorus, 16.24.2.
74 Diodorus, 16.24.4–5.
75 Diodorus, 16.25.3.
76 Diodorus, 16.27.5.
77 Diodorus, 16.28.2–3.
78 Diodorus, 16.28.4; 29.1.
79 Diodorus, 16.30.2. Note that Philomelus was interestingly absolved of accusations of plundering the temple by an enquiry in 347, but his successors were not.
80 Diodorus 16.31.1.
81 Pausanias 10.2.4; Diodorus 26.31.4; cf. Parke 1933, p. 135.
82 Pausanias 2.38.2.
83 Diodorus 16.35.5–6.
84 Demosthenes 19.319.
85 Diodorus 16.37.3; cf. Parke, 1933, p. 138.
86 Demosthenes 19.230; cf. Parke, 1933, p. 139.
Chapter 6
1 Rhodes, 2010, pp. 236–7.
2 Diodorus 16.61.3–4.
3 Diodorus 16.62.2–4.
4 Diodorus 16.85.1–2.
5 Diodorus 16.85.5–7.
6 Diodorus 16.86.1.
7 Diodorus 16.86.3–4. Cf. Buckler, 2008, pp. 254–8.
8 Yalichev, 1997, p. 172.
9 The section relies heavily on English, 2009a, pp. 74–92.
10 For example, at Corinth (Polybius 38.3.3), Sicyon (Demosthenes 17.16), and in Ambracia (Diodorus 17.3.3).
11 Diodorus 17.17.3–4.
12 Arrian 2.9.
13 Arrian 2.20.5 for Sidon; Arrian 2.13.5 and Curtius 4.5.18 for Chios.
14 van Wees, 2004, pp. 41–2 notes that the mercenary explosion of the fourth century was demand led, not supply driven.
15 The table is an adaptation of that in Griffith, 1935, pp. 20–1, and was first presented in English, 2009a, p. 77.
16 See the opening chapter for a fuller discussion of the more typical use of these terms.
17 Arrian 3.12–13.
18 Diodorus 17.17.3–4.
19 Arrian 2.20.
20 Arrian 1.18.2.
21 For Satibarzanes, see Curtius 6.6.21; Arrian 3.25.6. For Spitamenes, see Arrian 4.3.7.
22 Arrian 3.5.3; Doloaspis and Petisis: each was to have control over half of the country, but Petisis refused the appointment
(the reason is not known) and so Doloaspis was given the whole.
23 Curtius 4.8.4.
24 Bosworth, 1980, p. 276.
25 Arrian, 2.8.6; Curtius, 3.9.2; Polybius, 12.18.2.
26 Arrian, 2.8.6; cf. Polybius, 12.17.7.
27 Curtius, 3.9.5; Arrian, 2.8.8; Plutarch, Alex. 18.6.
28 Diodorus, 17.31.2; Justin, 9.9.1; Curtius, 3.2.4–9.
29 Arrian 2.9.3.
30 Fraser, 1996, pp. 240–3, gives all of the possible foundations, although he believes there were in fact very few.
31 Diodorus 17.49.5; Curtius 10.2.8.
32 Diodorus 16.75.2.
33 Pausanias 1.29.10.
34 Arrian 1.13.
35 English, 2011, pp. 33–60.
36 For the figure of 30,000, see Arrian 2.8.6; for the 2,000 at Gaugamela, see Arrian 3.7.1.
37 Diodorus 17.48.2; Arrian 2.13.2.
38 Diodorus 17.48.2–3.
39 Parke, 1933, p. 200.
40 Justin 9.5.3.
41 Curtius 4.5.15; 18.
42 Arrian 2.8.6; Diodorus 17.48.1; cf. Parke 1933, pp. 200–1.
43 Diodorus 17.62.4–7.
44 Arrian 3.16.10 for Persian gold sent from Susa after its capture.
45 Curtius 7.1.16–17.
46 Diodorus 17.108.6; cf. Parke, 1933, p. 202.
47 Pausanias 2.33.4; cf. Parke, 1933, p. 202.
48 Diodorus 18.7.1.
49 Parke, 1933, pp. 202–3.
50 Diodorus 17.111.1–2.
51 Pausanias 1.25.5.
52 Parke, 1933, p. 204.
53 Contra Parke, 1933, p. 205, who sees Greece as being stable in the period after the Lamian War.
Chapter 7
1 Sage, 1996, p. 148
2 Yalichev, 1997, p. 208.
3 Xenophon, Hellenica 1.1.27ff.
4 Xenophon, Hellenica 1.1.27-31.
5 Diodorus 13.75.2.
6 Diodorus 13.75.6–8.
7 Yalichev, 1997, p. 209.
8 Diodorus 13.92.1–3.
9 Diodorus 13.93.1.
10 Diodorus 14.47.7.
11 Diodorus 14.43.2.
12 Rihll, 2007, p. 27ff. Cf. English, 2009a, ch. 7.
13 Champion, 2010, p. 176.
14 Polyaenus 5.2.5.
15 Champion, 2010, p. 177.
16 Champion, 2010, p. 177.
17 Diodorus 14.41.1.
18 Champion, 2010, p. 184.
19 Diodorus 14.48.1.
20 Diodorus 14.48.1–2.
21 For Alexander’s siege of Tyre, see Diodorus 17.40–46; Arrian 2.18–24; Curtius 4.2-4. Cf. English, 2009b, pp. 56–84.
22 Diodorus 14.48.4.
23 Diodorus 14.48.5.
24 Diodorus 14.49.2.
25 Diodorus 14.49.3.
26 Diodorus 14.50.1.
27 Diodorus 14.50.3–4.
28 Diodorus 14.51.1.
29 Diodorus 14.51.2–4.
30 Diodorus 14.53.5.
31 Diodorus 14.54.2–4.
32 Diodorus 14.54.5–6.
33 Diodorus 14.55.2–3.
34 Diodorus 14.56.2–4.
35 Diodorus 14.57.4–5.
36 Diodorus 14.60.2–4.
37 Diodorus 14.60.6.
38 Diodorus 14.62.1.
39 Diodorus 14.62.2.
40 Diodorus 14.62.4–5.
41 Diodorus 14.63.1–2.
42 Diodorus 14.64.1–3.
43 Diodorus 14.66.4–5.
44 Diodorus 14.67.3.
45 Diodorus 14.70–71.
46 Diodorus 14.72.1–2.
47 Diodorus 14.72.3.
48 Diodorus 14.74.1–2.
49 Diodorus 14.95.1.
50 Diodorus 14.95.3–6.
51 Diodorus 14.96.2.
52 Diodorus 15.15.1–2.
53 Diodorus 15.15.2.
54 Diodorus 15.15.3.
55 Diodorus 15.17.1-2. Cf. Champion, 2010, pp. 215–17.
56 Diodorus 15.17.5.
57 Plutarch, Dion 12 for an earlier plot to overthrow Dionysius II.
58 Plutarch, Dion 22.5. Diodorus gives a figure of 1,000. This may include a small number of volunteers collected in Sicily.
59 Plutarch, Dion 25.1.
60 Plutarch, Dion 25.1, notes 2,000 shields (along with ‘boundless missiles and spears’); Diodorus 16.9.5 gives a figure of 5,000 shields.
61 Plutarch, Dion 27.3, notes 5,000 recruits. Diodorus 16.9.5 suggests 20,000, and then at 16.10.5 suggests 50,000.
62 Parke, 1933, p. 117.
63 Polyaenus 5.2.7. Quote is Diodorus 16.22.3.
64 Diodorus 16.22.4–5.
65 Plutarch, Dion 32.1–33.2.
66 Parke, 1933, p. 119.
67 Diodorus 16.19.2-4.
68 Diodorus 16.20.2.
69 Diodorus 16.20.4.
70 Three hundred more were added en route to Sicily.
71 Diodorus 16.67.1–3; cf. Parke, 1933, pp. 170–1.
72 Diodorus 16.68.1–2.
73 Plutarch, Timoleon 9.2.
74 Diodorus 16.68.9–11.
75 Plutarch, Timoleon 13.2.
76 Parke, 1933, p. 172.
77 Plutarch, Timoleon 20.1–4.
78 Plutarch, Timoleon 24.4.
79 Diodorus 16.77.4.
80 Diodorus 16.77.5. Cf. Parke, 1933, p. 173 fn.4.
81 Diodorus 16.78.3.
82 Diodorus 16.78.4–5.
83 Plutarch, Timoleon 27.2–3.
84 Plutarch, Timoleon 27.4–6.
85 Plutarch, Timoleon 28.2.
86 Plutarch, Timoleon 28.5–6.
87 Parke, 1933, p. 174.
88 Plutarch, Timoleon 29.1–2.
89 Diodorus 16.81.4; Plutarch, Timoleon 30.3.
90 Parke, 1933, p. 175.
91 Diodorus 16.82.4.
92 Parke, 1933, p. 176.
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Mercenaries in the Classical World- To the Death of Alexander Page 29
