166. Ned Maugham interview, O’Malley notebooks. UCDA P17/B/109, p. 55.
167. Tom Maguire in MacEoin (ed.), Survivors, p. 288.
168. Mayo County Council Minutes, 17 Oct. 1921, q. Gloria Maguire, ‘The Political and Military Causes of the Division in the Irish Republican Movement, January 1921 to August 1923’, DPhil thesis, Oxford University 1985, p. 241.
169. Garvin, ‘Unenthusiastic Democrats’, p. 12.
170. Arthur Mitchell, Labour in Irish Politics, 1890–1930: The Irish Labour Movement in an Age of Revolution (Dublin 1974), p. 129.
171. O’Malley, On Another Man’s Wound, p. 329.
172. D/O to OC 2nd SD, 7 Jul. 1921. UCDA P7/A/22.
173. Director of Training Account, NAI DE3/6/7.
174. Dublin District War Diary, 28 Apr. 1921. NA WO 35/90. Townshend, British Campaign in Ireland, p. 176.
175. Irish Rebellion in 6th Div. Area, ‘Record of the Rebellion’, vol. IV ch. II. NA WO 141/93.
176. Irish Rebellion in 6th Div. Area, pp. 112, 127, 128. IWM P363.
177. Note by DAG Irish Command, 3 May 1921. NA WO 35 157A. Townshend, British Campaign in Ireland, pp. 167–8.
178. Borgonovo, Spies, Informers, p. 93.
179. 6th Div. Weekly Intelligence Summary, 17 May 1921. ‘A Captured Document’, MacCarthy (ed.), Limerick’s Fighting Story, pp. 130–35.
180. C/S to M/D, 14 May 1921. UCDA P7/A/18.
181. Orders by A/G, 22 Jun. 1921. NLI MS 33913.
182. HQ 16 Inf. Bde, Orders 17 Jun. 1921. NLI MS 31223.
183. OC A Company 3rd Tank Bn, memo, 18 May 1921. UCDA P7/A/18. Incident report, NA WO 35/89.
184. HQ Staff Council, ‘Burning of Dublin Custom House’. NLI Pos 921.
185. Dalton, Dublin Brigade, pp. 165–6.
186. BMH WS 434 (Charles Dalton).
187. Augusteijn, From Public Defiance to Guerrilla Warfare, p. 138.
188. BMH WS 1555 (Thomas Reidy).
189. Coleman, County Longford, pp. 128–9.
190. BMH WS 1263 (Charles Pinkman), WS 1268 (Patrick J. Hargaden).
191. BMH WS 1122 (Thomas Howley).
192. BMH WS 1672 (Thomas Meagher).
193. O’Malley, On Another Man’s Wound, pp. 327–8, 329.
194. Reports in NLI MS 33913.
195. OC 1st Bn Cork IV to HQ Cork No. 3 Bde, 17 Jun. 1921. UCDA P7/A/38.
196. O’Malley, On Another Man’s Wound, pp. 333, 339.
197. O’Malley notebooks, UCDA P17/B/102.
198. General Order No. 14, 28 Nov. 1920. MAI CD 105/2/19.
199. Organizer, Kerry Brigades, to C/S, 23 Jun. 1921. UCDA P7/A/20.
200. Ibid.
201. Memo on Munitions Dept, Jun. 1921. UCDA P7/A/19.
202. BMH WS 664 (Patrick McHugh).
203. Adj. S Mayo Bde to C/S, 28 Apr.; C/S to OC Sligo Bde, 6 Jun. 1921. UCDA P7/A/38, 19.
204. BMH WS 1262 (Phil Fitzgerald).
205. ‘A Note on Drives’, NLI MS 33913.
206. HQ 16 Inf. Bde Orders, 17 Jun. 1921. Copy in NLI MS 31233.
207. C/S to A/C/S, and note by A/C/S, 12 Jul. 1921. UCDA P7/A/22.
208. See e.g. Brian P. Murphy, The Origins and Organisation of British Propaganda in Ireland 1920 (Aubane 2006).
209. Boyce, Englishmen and Irish Troubles, p. 93.
210. Dept of Propaganda Report, March–May 1921. UCDA P80/14.
211. Collins to O’Brien, 17 May 1921. UCDA P80/14.
212. Keiko Inoue, ‘Propaganda of Dáil Éireann’, in Augusteijn (ed.), Irish Revolution, pp. 92–3.
213. D/P to M/D, 7 Jul. 1921. NLI MS 33913.
214. C/S to A/G, 4 Apr. 1921. UCDA P7/A/17.
215. D/P to C/S, 8 Jul., and to A/G, 20 Jun. 1921. NLI MS 33913.
216. Cabinet, 2 Jun. 1921, Jones, Whitehall Diary, vol. III, p. 73; Townshend, British Campaign in Ireland, p. 184.
217. Cabinet Memo by S/S for War, 24 May 1921. CP 2964, NA CAB 24/123.
218. Collins to de Valera, 16 Jun. 1921. NAI DE2/244.
219. Hopkinson, Irish War of Independence, p. 197.
220. Cabinet, 24 Jun. 1921. Jones, Whitehall Diary, vol. III, p. 80.
221. Sturgis diary, 23 Jun. 1921. NA PRO 30/59/4.
222. Griffith to O’Hegarty, 3 Dec. 1920. NAI DE2/234A; Griffith to Collins, 10 Dec. 1920, NAI DE2/251; memo on Clune visit, 13 Dec. 1920, q. Lawlor, Britain and Ireland, p. 88.
223. Collins to Griffith, 26 Jan. 1921. NAI DE2/242.
224. The Plain People, 30 Apr. 1922, q. Murphy, Patrick Pearse and the Lost Republican Ideal, p. 122.
225. De Valera to Collins, 18 Mar. 1921. NAI DE2/244.
226. The letters Sturgis and Wyndham-Quin wrote to the Irish Times on 2 and 4 March and 20 April 1921, under the aliases ‘M’ and ‘Paddy-go-Aisy’, are printed in Michael Hopkinson (ed.), The Last Days of Dublin Castle: The Diaries of Mark Sturgis (Dublin 1999), App. II.
227. Sturgis diary, 19, 22, 25 May 1921. NA PRO 30/59/4.
228. Collins to de Valera, 14, 16 Jun. 1921. NAI DE2/244. These were among a number of documents seized at de Valera’s house in Blackrock on 22 June. See NA CO 904/23.
229. Tim to Maurice Healy, 16 Jun. 1921. T. M. Healy, Letters and Leaders of my Day, 2 vols (London 1928), vol. II, p. 638.
230. Earl of Midleton, Records and Reactions (London and New York 1939), pp. 258–60.
231. De Valera to Lloyd George, 28 Jun. 1921. HLRO LGP F/14/6/4.
232. Cabinet conference, 6 Jul. 1921. Jones, Whitehall Diary, vol. III, pp. 84–5.
233. Arrangements Governing the Cessation of Active Operations in Ireland, Cmd 1534 (1921).
234. Strickland to Macready, 27 Jul. 1921. Strickland MSS, IWM P363.
235. Instructions to Liaison Officers, 12 Jul. 1921. NLI MS 33913.
236. Barry to O’Sullivan, 15 Jul. 1921. NAI DE2/255.
237. Ibid.
238. MAI CD 227/21/G.
239. Minister for Labour to Chief Liaison Officer, 28 Jul. 1921. MAI CD 227/21/J.
240. MAI CD 227/21/C.
241. Ernie O’Malley, The Singing Flame (Dublin 1978), p. 15.
242. BMH WS 340 (Oscar Traynor).
243. Béaslaí to O’Sullivan, 1 Dec., and reply, 2 Dec. 1921. NLI MS 33913.
244. John M. Regan, The Irish Counter-Revolution 1921–1936 (Dublin 1999), p. 26.
245. QMG to M/D, 19 Dec. 1921; ‘Statement of Munitions’, n.d. [Dec. 1921]. UCDA P17/E/31, P7/A/28. Table in Valiulis, Mulcahy, p. 257. See also Lawlor, Britain and Ireland, p. 122.
246. The figure of 33,992 is in a list of divisional strengths in June–July, UCDA P7/A/27.
247. BMH WS 1404 (Thomas Dargan).
248. Fianna Éireann, Report for period ending August 15th 1921. UCDA P7/A/23.
249. Mulcaky, ‘Commentary upon Piaras Béaslaí’s Michael Collins, UCDA P7/D/I/67, q. Valiulis, Mulcahy, p. 87.
250. BMH WS 838 (Seán Moylan).
251. MAI CD 227/21/C.
252. MAI CD 227/21/F.
253. O’Sullivan to Murphy, 10 Aug. 1921. MAI CD 227/21/J.
254. General Orders, 4 Nov. 1921. MAI CD 236/4.
255. Statement [1925]. UCDA P104/1308.
256. OC 1st SD to C/S, 5 Oct. 1921. UCDA P7/A/28.
257. Oglaich na hÉireann, Weekly Memorandum No. 18, 4 Nov. 1921. MAI CD 236/3.
258. A/C/S Report, 4 Nov.; OC 1st WD to GHQ, 10 Nov. 1921. UCDA P7/A/27.
259. OC Kerry 2 Bde to OC 1st SD, 17 Aug. 1921. NLI MS 33913.
260. OC 1st SD to C/S, 7 Oct. 1921. UCDA P7/A/28.
261. GHQ to 1st ND, 21 Sep. 1921. UCDA P7/A/27.
262. De Valera to Collins, 19 Oct., and Collins to de Valera, 21 Oct. 1921. NAI DE2/244.
263. C/S Order, Special Memorandum by M/D, ‘Levies and Collections’, 25 Oct. 1921. MAI CD 236/1.
264. OC 1st SD to C/S, 25 Oct. 1921. UCDA P7/A/29.
265. OC 1st SD to C/S, 7 Nov., and reply, 11 Nov. 1921. UCDA P7/A/29.
266. C/S to M/D, 14 Nov., and holograph minute by M/D, 17 Nov. 1921. UCD
A P7/A/29.
267. Dáil Éireann Dept of Finance, Memo by M. Ó Coilean, 22 Nov. 1921. UCDA P7/A/29.
268. C/S to M/D, 24 Oct. 1921. UCDA P7/A/24.
269. 1st SD Administration Expenses; C/S to M/D, 5 Oct. 1921. UCDA P7/A/37.
270. Mitchell, Revolutionary Government, p. 304.
271. C/S Weekly Memo No. 17, 21 Oct. 1921. NLI MS 33913.
272. OC Mid-Limerick Bde to C/S, 7 Oct. 1921. UCDA P7/A/26.
273. Michael Farry, The Aftermath of Revolution: Sligo 1921–23 (Dublin 2000), p. 27.
274. Valiulis, Mulcahy, p. 101.
275. A/G to Murphy, 10 Aug. 1921. MAI CD 227/21/J.
276. C/S to M/D, 2 Sep. 1921. UCDA P7/A/1.
277. M/D to C/S, 6, 12 Sep. 1921. UCDA P7/A/1.
278. C/S to President, 19 Oct. 1921. UCDA P7/A/27.
279. Note by Robert Barton to Dorothy Macardle, MAI CD 9/6/9.
280. Mulcahy notebooks, UCDA P17/b/109.
281. Sean Dowling in MacEoin (ed.), Survivors, p. 405.
282. UCDA P150/1125, q. Fitzpatrick, Boland’s Irish Revolution, p. 218.
283. M/D to C/S, 16 Nov. 1921. UCDA P7/A/2.
284. MacEoin to Brugha, 29 Nov. 1921. UCDA P151/116.
285. Frank Aiken notes, O’Malley MSS, UCDA P17/A/93, q. Valiulis, Mulcahy, p. 105.
286. ‘Note on the differences between Cathal Brugha and Stack and other members of the Volunteer Executive and Cabinet’. UCDA P7/D/96.
287. Fitzpatrick, Politics and Irish Life, p. 342.
288. C/S to Div. Comdts, 30 Nov. 1921. UCDA P151/116.
289. Gilbert, Churchill, vol. IV, p. 670.
290. Hart, Mick, p. 288.
291. Nora Connolly O’Brien in MacEoin (ed.), Survivors, p. 210.
292. Eibhlín Ní Cruadhlaoich in MacEoin (ed.), Survivors, p. 352.
293. De Valera to McGarrity, 21 Dec. 1921. Seán Cronin (ed.), The McGarrity Papers (Tralee 1972), p. 110.
294. BMH WS 939 (Ernest Blythe).
295. Sceilg [J. J. O’Kelly], A Trinity of Martyrs (Dublin 1947), p. 50.
296. F. S. L. Lyons, ‘The War of Independence, 1919–21’, in W. E. Vaughan (ed.), Ireland under the Union 1870–1921, vol. VI of A New History of Ireland (Oxford 1996), p. 253; Fitzpatrick, Boland’s Irish Revolution, p. 228.
297. Gen. Seán MacEoin, ‘The Constitutional Basis of the National Struggle’, With the IRA in the Fight for Freedom, p. 15.
298. Collins pointed out that the Dáil had no power to elect a president of the Republic. In the government accounts, de Valera drew his salary as ‘Prime Minister’. O’Hegarty MSS, UCDA P8/9.
299. Hayden Talbot, Michael Collins’s Own Story (London n.d.), p. 66.
300. Note by Barton, D. Macardle collection, MAI CD 9/6/9.
301. BMH WS 939 (Ernest Blythe).
302. Fitzpatrick, Boland’s Irish Revolution, pp. 199, 231–2.
303. De Valera to McGarrity, 21 Dec. 1921. Cronin (ed.), McGarrity Papers, p. 106.
304. Joseph Curran, The Birth of the Irish Free State 1921–1923 (Tuscaloosa, Ala. 1980), p. 77.
305. De Valera to Griffith, 14 Oct. 1921. NAI DE2/304.
306. Macardle, Irish Republic, pp. 482–3.
307. Ibid., p. 483.
308. Gaughan, Austin Stack, p. 121.
309. Ministerial Report, 16 Aug. 1921. Ministry for Home Affairs correspondence, NAI DE2/51.
310. Minister for Home Affairs to P. P. Galligan, 28 Jul. 1921. MAI CD 105/6/1.
311. Memo to District Registrars, 28 Jul. 1921. Galligan papers, MAI CD 105/6/1.
312. Gaughan, Austin Stack, pp. 121–2.
313. Cabinet Conference on Ireland, 13 Oct. 1921. Jones, Whitehall Diary, vol. III, p. 123.
314. OC 16 Inf. Bde to 6 Div., 1 Nov., and reply 8 Nov. 1921. NA WO 35/182.
315. House of Commons Debates, 30 Dec. 1920; Nicholas Mansergh, The Unresolved Question: The Anglo-Irish Settlement and its Undoing 1912–72 (New Haven and London 1991), p. 146.
316. Frank Pakenham, Peace by Ordeal (London 1935, 1972), ch. IV.
317. Memoir (1923) by Stack, q. Gaughan, Austin Stack, p. 156.
318. Pakenham, Peace by Ordeal, pp. 100–101.
319. Brendan Sexton, Ireland and the Crown, 1922–1936 (Dublin 1989), p. 45.
320. Jones, Whitehall Diary, vol. III, p. 140.
321. Ibid., p. 89.
322. Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. IV: The Aftermath (London 1923), p. 298; Pakenham, Peace by Ordeal, p. 73. Tom Jones himself left no full diary account of the meeting, but later sent Churchill a note for use in his book.
323. UCDA P4/387. Garvin, ‘Unenthusiastic Democrats’, p. 19.
PART 4: THE REPUBLIC FRACTURED: 1922–1923
1. Colm Ó Murchada’s note, q. Regan, Irish Counter-Revolution, p. 23.
2. Barton’s wording (Colm Ó Murchada, almost certainly wrongly, recorded him as saying ‘the Constitution of the Irish Free State’), in Macardle, Irish Republic, p. 528.
3. Keown, ‘Irish Foreign Policy’, p. 156.
4. Jones, Whitehall Diary, vol. III, p. 170.
5. Béaslaí, Michael Collins, vol. II, pp. 309–10.
6. Andrews, Dublin Made Me, p. 203.
7. Childers diary, 8 Dec. 1921, q. Michael Hopkinson, Green against Green: The Irish Civil War (Dublin 1988), p. 41.
8. Liam de Roiste’s journal, q. Regan, Irish Counter-Revolution, p. 46.
9. Batt O’Connor to Marie, 28 Jan. 1922. UCDA P68/4.
10. ‘Army and State’, 21 Dec. 1921. UCDA P7/A/32.
11. Frank O’Connor, The Big Fellow: Michael Collins and the Irish Revolution (London 1965), p. 115.
12. Garvin, 1922, p. 148.
13. Public letter to Comdt McKeon, 19 Dec. 1921. Copy in NLI MS 33914 (4).
14. Frank Aiken memoir, UCDA P104/1308.
15. Ibid.
16. Liam to Tom Lynch, 12 Dec. 1921. NLI MS 36251.
17. Eamon de Barra’s recollection of conversation with Seán Hales, 29 Dec. 1921. Coogan, Michael Collins, p. 339.
18. Bill Kissane, The Politics of the Irish Civil War (Oxford 2003), p. 61.
19. UCDA P53/344. Garvin, ‘Unenthusiastic Democrats’, p. 22.
20. Fitzpatrick, Boland’s Irish Revolution, p. 265.
21. Macardle, Irish Republic, p. 568.
22. Farry, Aftermath of Revolution, pp. 36–7.
23. Freeman’s Journal, 14 Dec. 1921.
24. Fogarty to Collins, 30 Aug. 1921. Collins MSS, q. Margery Forester, Michael Collins: The Lost Leader (London 1971), p. 209.
25. To John Hagan, 10 Dec. 1921, q. Keogh, Vatican, Bishops and Irish Politics, p. 80.
26. To John Hagan, 31 Dec. 1921, q. Keogh, Vatican, Bishops and Irish Politics, p. 81.
27. Tom Maguire in MacEoin (ed.), Survivors, p. 289.
28. Farry, Aftermath of Revolution, pp. 53–4.
29. Aideen Carroll, Seán Moylan: Rebel Leader (Cork 2010), p. 173.
30. Fitzpatrick, Boland’s Irish Revolution, p. 265.
31. Andrews, Dublin Made Me, p. 205.
32. Farry, Aftermath of Revolution, p. 45.
33. Dermot Keogh, Twentieth-Century Ireland: Nation and State (Dublin 1994), p. 5.
34. He later denied using any of these phrases. Coogan, Eamon de Valera, pp. 312–13.
35. Erhard Rumpf and A. C. Hepburn, Nationalism and Socialism in Twentieth-Century Ireland (Liverpool 1977), pp. 32–3.
36. P. S. O’Hegarty, The Victory of Sinn Féin (Dublin 1924), p. 77.
37. Kissane, Politics of the Irish Civil War, p. 14.
38. Rumpf and Hepburn, Nationalism and Socialism, pp. 61–2.
39. Knirck, Women of the Dáil, p. 97.
40. UCDA P61/4(50), Brigid Gallogly questionnaire.
41. Garvin, 1922, pp. 96–7.
42. Lil Conlon, Cumann na mBan and the Women of Ireland 1913–1925 (Kilkenny 1969), p. 255; McCarthy, Cumann na mBan, p. 177.
43. Matthews, Renegades, pp. 313–15.
44. Ann Matthews, �
�Women and the Civil War’, Irish Sword XX, 82 (1997), p. 381.
45. Macardle, Irish Republic, p. 598. Jennie Wyse Power told her daughter that Markievicz and MacSwiney had earlier tried to persuade her not to resign. Jennie to Nancy Wyse Power, 15 Jan. 1922. UCDA P106/740.
46. MAI CW/OPS/1/A, q. Gemma M. Clark, ‘Fire, Boycott, Threat and Harm: Social and Political Violence within the Local Community: A Study of Three Munster Counties during the Irish Civil War, 1922–23’, DPhil thesis, Oxford University 2010, p. 115.
47. ‘Divisional Offensives’, UCDA P7/A/31.
48. BMH WS 1719 (Daniel Corkery).
49. ‘The Enemy’s Civil Side’, n.d. UCDA P7/A/31.
50. OC 1st SD to C/S, 6 Jan. 1922. UCDA P7/A/31.
51. ‘The Enemy’s Civil Side’, loc. cit.
52. Tom Garvin, ‘Dev and Mick’, in Doherty and Keogh (eds.), Michael Collins, p. 151.
53. Mulcahy, ‘Commentary upon Piaras Béaslaí’s Michael Collins’, UCDA P7/D/I/67. The IRB is mentioned more than fifteen times in the first volume of Béaslaí’s work, only once in the second.
54. BMH WS 821 (Frank Henderson).
55. Tom Maguire in MacEoin (ed.), Survivors, p. 290.
56. Seán Ó Murthuile, ‘History of the Irish Republican Brotherhood’, q. J. O’Beirne-Ranelagh, ‘The IRB from the Treaty to 1924’, Irish Historical Studies 20 (1976), pp. 28–9.
57. Dáil Éireann Debates, 19 May 1922.
58. O’Donoghue, No Other Law, p. 232.
59. Sinn Féin Publicity Department, The Good Old IRA: Tan War Operations (Dublin 1985), q. Brian Hanley, ‘Terror in Twentieth-Century Ireland’, in Fitzpatrick (ed.), Terror in Ireland, pp. 14–15.
60. Hart, IRA and its Enemies, pp. 276–7.
61. Brian P. Murphy, ‘The IRA and its Enemies’, The Month, Sep.–Oct. 1998, pp. 381–3; John M. Regan, ‘The “Bandon Valley Massacre” as a Historical Problem’, History 97 (2012), pp. 73–4.
62. This point is emphatically registered in the richly detailed (albeit often speculative) investigation by Gerard Murphy, The Year of Disappearances: Political Killings in Cork, 1921–1922 (Dublin 2010), e.g. in ch. 50, pp. 266–76.
63. Meda Ryan, Tom Barry: IRA Freedom Fighter (Cork 2005), pp. 209ff.
64. BMH WS 1719 (Daniel Corkery).
65. John M. Regan, ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde: “The Two Histories” ’, History Ireland, Jan./Feb. 2012, p. 13.
66. Borgonovo, Spies, Informers, p. 91.
67. Coogan, Michael Collins, p. 359.
68. Niall Meehan, ‘Troubles in Irish History’, in Brian P. Murphy and Niall Meehan, Troubled History: A 10th Anniversary Critique of Peter Hart’s The IRA and its Enemies (Aubane Historical Society 2008), p. 12.
The Republic- The Fight for Irish Independence Page 67
