69. Jeffrey Dudgeon, ‘Dunmanway and Peter Hart’, Irish Political Review 27, 2 (2012), p. 18.
70. Peter Hart, ‘The Protestant Experience of Revolution’, in IRA at War, p. 240.
71. Matthew Reisz, ‘Between the Lines of a Tale of Murder and Motive’, Times Higher Education Supplement, 24 May 2012, pp. 20–21.
72. Joseph O’Neill, Blood-Dark Track: A Family History (London 2000).
73. Murphy, Year of Disappearances, pp. 243, 9.
74. UCDA P17/B/112, q. ibid., pp. 26, 250.
75. Eugenio Biagini, in Reviews in History 1053 (21 Mar. 2011).
76. Kathleen Keyes McDonnell, There is a Bridge at Bandon: A Personal Account of the Irish War of Independence (Cork and Dublin 1972), p. 7.
77. BMH WS 1721 (Seamus Robinson), WS 1348 (Michael Davern).
78. BMH WS 389 (Roger McCorley).
79. Liaison Officer Belfast to C/S, 6 Jan. 1922. UCDA P7/A/31.
80. BMH WS 1096 (J. J. Murray).
81. A. C. Hepburn, Catholic Belfast and Nationalist Ireland in the Era of Joe Devlin 1871–1934 (Oxford 2008), pp. 232–3.
82. Jim McDermott, Northern Divisions: The Old IRA and the Belfast Pogroms 1920–22 (Belfast 2001), p. 151.
83. Watt to Wickham, 12, 22 Dec. 1921. PRONI HA 32/1/4, q. Lewis, ‘Frank Aiken’, p. 132.
84. BMH WS 567 (Michael MacConaill).
85. Coogan, Michael Collins, p. 337.
86. Belfast Trade Boycott Central Committee papers, NAI DE2/110.
87. BMH WS 389 (Roger McCorley).
88. Tim Wilson. ‘ “The Most Terrible Assassination That Has Yet Stained the Name of Belfast”: The McMahon Murders in Context’, Irish Historical Studies 37 (May 2010), pp. 83ff.
89. Heads of Agreement between the Provisional Government and Government of Northern Ireland, paras 3, 5. Macardle, Irish Republic, App. 24.
90. North-Eastern Advisory Committee minutes, NAI D/T S1011.
91. UCDA P24/554.
92. McDermott, Northern Divisions, p. 207.
93. North-Eastern Advisory Committee minutes, 11 Apr. 1922. NAI D/T S1011.
94. Phoenix, Northern Nationalism, p. 212.
95. BMH WS 389 (Roger McCorley).
96. Robert Lynch, ‘Donegal and the Joint-IRA Northern Offensive, May–November 1922’, Irish Historical Studies 35 (Nov. 2006), pp. 189–90.
97. Seán Lehane to MSP Board, 7 Mar. 1935. NLI MS31340.
98. BMH WS 395 (Thomas Fitzpatrick/Bob McDonnell).
99. McDermott, Northern Divisions, pp. 187ff.
100. 3rd ND Report, 19 May 1922. UCDA P70/173.
101. McDermott, Northern Divisions, p. 225.
102. BMH WS 395 (Thomas Fitzpatrick/Bob McDonnell).
103. BMH WS 928 (John Shields).
104. Cabinet Committee on Irish Finance, 12 Dec. 1921. NA CAB 21/248. John McColgan, British Policy and the Irish Administration 1920–22 (London 1983), p. 91.
105. Memo by Lionel Curtis, 10 Dec. 1921. McColgan, British Policy and the Irish Administration, p. 92.
106. Valiulis, Mulcahy, pp. 122, 125.
107. Mansergh, The Unresolved Question, p. 208.
108. Dáil Éireann debates, 1 Mar. 1922.
109. Churchill, Aftermath, p. 320.
110. BMH WS 939 (Ernest Blythe).
111. Eunan O’Halpin, Defending Ireland: The Irish State and its Enemies since 1922 (Oxford 1999), p. 6.
112. Report of Commission of Inquiry into the Civic Guard, 12 Jul. 1922. UCDA P80/7: Report of Kevin O’Shiel and Michael MacAuliffe, 17 Aug. 1922. NAI D/T S9045.
113. OC 1st SD to C/S, 6 Jan. 1922. UCDA P7/A/31.
114. BMH WS 838 (Seán Moylan).
115. O’Donoghue, No Other Law, pp. 211, 213.
116. Memo by M/D, 23 Mar. 1922. UCDA P17/A/49.
117. IRA Convention, Memo by the Executive of the IRA, 28 Mar. 1922. UCDA P17/A/5.
118. Irish Independent, q. Anthony Kinsella, ‘The British Military Evacuation’, Irish Sword XX, 82 (1997), p. 277.
119. Officer I/C Evacuation to A/C/S, 28 Feb. 1922. NLI MS 22126.
120. Barry to O’Malley, 25 Jan.; O’Malley to Moloney, 18 Feb. 1922. UCDA P9/23, 142, 154.
121. OC 1st WD to A/C/S, 8 Mar. 1922. NLI MS 22127.
122. O’Donoghue, No Other Law, pp. 206–7; Hopkinson, Green against Green, pp. 63–4.
123. O’Malley notebooks, UCDA P17/B/95.
124. Note of meeting, 12 Mar. 1922. NLI MS 22127.
125. ‘Account of events re setting up of National Army’, NLI MS 22126.
126. But O’Donoghue, No Other Law, p. 219 suggests somewhat opaquely that these words ‘did not accurately represent Liam Lynch’s position’.
127. Townshend, Easter 1916, p. 206.
128. Collins to Daly, 13 Apr. 1922. NAI D/T S2978.
129. O’Donoghue, No Other Law, p. 230.
130. BMH WS 939 (Ernest Blythe); Hart, Mick, p. 373.
131. Cabinet Conclusions, 23 Jan. 1922. NA CAB 21/252.
132. Memo by W. S. Churchill, 23 May 1922. NA CAB 21/256.
133. Notes by Miceál Ó Coileán, Mar. 1922. NAI D/T S6541.
134. Curran, Irish Free State, p. 204.
135. Sexton, Ireland and the Crown, pp. 56–68.
136. Curran, Irish Free State, p. 211.
137. Hart, Mick, p. 362.
138. Macardle, Irish Republic, p. 657.
139. Notes by Seán MacBride, Jul. 1922. NAI D/T S1233.
140. O’Donoghue, No Other Law, p. 246.
141. Churchill to Griffith, 10 Jun. 1922. NA HO 24183.
142. Lloyd George to Collins, 22 Jun. 1922. UCDA P4/174.
143. Gilbert, Churchill, vol. IV, pp. 735–8.
144. Hopkinson, Green against Green, p. 120.
145. Andrews, Dublin Made Me, p. 226.
146. Macardle, Irish Republic, pp. 679–81.
147. Twomey to Lynch, 3 Jul. 1922. UCDA P69/77.
148. O’Malley, Singing Flame, p. 138.
149. Ibid., p. 129.
150. GHQ Blessington to Bde and Bn Comdts, 3 Jul. 1922. UCDA P7/B/106. Fitzpatrick, Boland’s Irish Revolution, p. 310.
151. George Gilmore in O’Malley notebooks, UCDA P17/B/106, q. Hopkinson, Green against Green, p. 143.
152. O’Malley, Singing Flame, p. 132.
153. Ibid., pp. 95–6.
154. O’Malley to Mollie Childers, 28 Nov.–1 Dec. 1923. English and O’Malley (eds.), Prisoners, p. 86.
155. O’Donnell statement, MacEoin (ed.), Survivors, p. 23.
156. O’Malley, Singing Flame, p. 285.
157. Walter Mitchell in MacEoin (ed.), Survivors, p. 388.
158. Twomey to Lynch, 3 Jul. 1922. UCDA P69/77.
159. Gaughan, Austin Stack, p. 214.
160. McKeon to C/S, 31 Jul. 1922. UCDA P7/B/145.
161. O’Donohue, No Other Law, p. 266.
162. A/G to A/C/S, 29 Jul. 1922. UCDA P69/38.
163. Memo from A/A/C/S to OCs N & E Command, 24 Jul. 1922. UCDA P17/A/54.
164. Anne Dolan, ‘The Papers in Context’, in Cormac O’Malley and Anne Dolan (eds.), ‘No Surrender Here!’ The Civil War Papers of Ernie O’Malley 1922–1924 (Dublin 2007), p. li.
165. C/S to A/A/C/S, 25 Jul. 1922. UCDA P17/A/60.
166. A/G to A/A/C/S, 25 Aug. 1922. UCDA P69/77.
167. John Borgonovo, The Battle for Cork, July–August 1922 (Cork 2011), pp. 47–8.
168. GOC SW Command memo, UCDA P7/B/40.
169. C-in-C to W Command, 19 Oct. 1922. UCDA P7/B/74.
170. Collins to Griffith, 14 Jul. 1922. Copy in UCDA P151/106.
171. See John M. Regan, ‘Michael Collins, General Commanding-in-Chief, as a Historiographical Problem’, History 92 (2007), pp. 318–46.
172. James Mackay, Michael Collins: A Life (Edinburgh 1996), p. 256.
173. Hart, Mick, pp. 402–3.
174. McGarry, Eoin O’Duffy, pp. 107, 111.
175. Memo by Minister for Justice, 20 Jan. 1923. NAI D/T S3306.
176.
Irish Times, 11 Oct. 1922.
177. Aodh de Blacam to Hanna Sheehy Skeffington, 27 Jul. 1922. NLI MS 33915.
178. Proclamation, May 1922. NAI D/T S1168.
179. Notes by General Michael Collins, 1922, in The Path to Freedom (Dublin 1922).
180. Ministry of Home Affairs report, Apr. 1922. NAI DE2/51.
181. Notes by Griffith, 1922. NAI DE2/355.
182. ‘To all whom it may concern’, memo by W. T. Cosgrave, Jul. 1922. UCDA P4/254.
183. Memo by Gen. C-in-C, 29 Jul.; Collins to Cosgrave, 6 Aug. 1922. UCDA P7/B/28,29. Regan, Irish Counter-Revolution, pp. 123–4.
184. C/S to C-in-C, 4 Aug. 1922. UCDA P7/B/143.
185. Béaslaí to Griffith, 10 Aug. 1922. NLI MS 33915.
186. W Command, Monthly operation report, Dec. 1922. UCDA P151/180.
187. William Sears note, 7 Oct. 1922. UCDA P8/7.
188. Comdt Gen. McKeon to C/S, 31 Jul. 1922. UCDA P7/B/145.
189. MAI CW/OPS/1/A, q. Clark, ‘Fire, Boycott, Threat and Harm’, p. 116.
190. OC 3rd WD to C/S, 10 Dec. 1922. UCDA P69/33.
191. OC 4th ND to M/D, 6 Jul. 1922. UCDA P104/1239.
192. ‘Position of the 4th Northern Division from January 1922 to 17 July’; 4th ND declaration 17 Jul. 1922. UCDA P104/1240.
193. O’Duffy to Collins, 12 Aug. 1922. UCDA P7/B/39.
194. O’Higgins to Mulcahy, 1 Sep. 1922, q. McGarry, Eoin O’Duffy, p. 113.
195. Irish Independent, 7 Aug. 1922.
196. Separatist, 2 Sep. 1922, q. Kissane, Politics of the Irish Civil War, p. 157.
197. C/S to C-in-C, 4 Aug. 1922. UCDA P7/B/143.
198. James P. Casey, ‘Republican Courts in Ireland 1919–1922’, Irish Jurist 5 (1970), p. 332.
199. Kotsonouris, Retreat from Revolution, p. 37.
200. M/D to President, 7 Feb. 1922. NAI DE2/51.
201. Aire um Gnothai Duitche [Minister for Home Affairs], 25 Jul. 1922, q. Kotsonouris, Retreat from Revolution, p. 83.
202. BMH WS 1321 (Joseph Dennigan).
203. BMH WS 939 (Ernest Blythe).
204. Campbell, Emergency Law in Ireland, p. 164.
205. 2nd SD Intelligence report, 13 Oct. 1922. UCDA P8/7.
206. De Valera to McGarrity, 10 Sep. 1922. Cronin (ed.), McGarrity Papers, pp. 124–7.
207. Ibid., pp. 127–8.
208. C/S to A/A/C/S, 27 Aug.; Mellows to O’Malley, 29 Aug. 1922. UCDA P17/A/61.
209. For the editorial, see Greaves, Liam Mellows, p. 358.
210. Lynch to O’Malley, 30 Aug. 1922. UCDA P17/A/61.
211. Lynch to O’Malley, 18 Sep. 1922. Hopkinson, Green against Green, p. 186.
212. Adj. to OC N & E Command, 22 Sep. 1922. UCDA P17/A/63.
213. BMH WS 939 (Ernest Blythe).
214. Kissane, Politics of the Irish Civil War, pp. 147–8.
215. John Joe Sheehy in MacEoin (ed.), Survivors, p. 359.
216. Niall C. Harrington, Kerry Landing (Dublin 1992), p. 149.
217. BMH WS 939 (Ernest Blythe).
218. Kissane, Politics of the Irish Civil War, pp. 135–7.
219. O’Donoghue, No Other Law, p. 288.
220. Interview transcript, 27 Feb. 1923. UCDA P7/B/284, q. Regan, Irish Counter-Revolution, p. 122.
221. A/G to OC 2nd SD, 20 Feb. 1923. O’Malley MSS, NLI MS 10973/6.
222. O’Donoghue, No Other Law, p. 296.
223. Sean Dowling in MacEoin (ed.), Survivors, p. 412.
224. O’Donoghue, No Other Law, p. 305.
225. Andrews, Dublin Made Me, pp. 285–6.
CONCLUSION
1. Michael Noyk Statement, NLI MS 18975.
2. O’Connor, The Big Fellow, pp. 72, 69.
3. Stathis N. Kalyvas, The Logic of Violence in Civil War (Cambridge 2006), pp. 388–91.
4. R. F. Foster, Modern Ireland 1600–1972 (London 1988), p. 506.
5. Hart, IRA at War, p. 30.
6. MCI (Michael O’Reilly), NA WO 35/158.
7. MCI, NA WO 35/147A.
8. MCI (Gilbert Potter), NA WO 35/158. Traynor had been captured in a fight with Auxiliaries in Dublin. Whether the Tipperary IRA’s offer even reached the Castle is doubtful: Mark Sturgis seems not to have heard of it. After the execution he merely commented on Traynor’s age (over forty) and the fact that he had left a wife and ‘a pack of children, the poor deluded idiot’. Sturgis diary, 25 Apr. 1921. NA PRO 30/59/4.
9. Lee, Ireland, p. 125.
Acknowledgments
My thanks must in the first place go, once again, to the Leverhulme Trust. Without its award of a Major Research Fellowship in 2009–11 this book would quite simply not have been written. The Trust retains an understanding, now rare, of the working needs of researchers in the humanities. My colleagues in History at Keele University, besides providing an unfailingly stimulating scholarly atmosphere, were as always exceptionally co-operative in coping with the dislocation caused by my absence. An award from the British Academy under its late, lamented Small Grants scheme – likewise well adapted to humanities research – enabled me to commission Eve Morrison to produce a remarkable dataset from the Richard Mulcahy papers in University College Dublin Archives. Eve also generously shared her unique knowledge of the Bureau of Military History material in the Military Archives in Cathal Brugha Barracks, as well as other important archival sources. Professor Eunan O’Halpin kindly made office space available in Trinity College, which helped to advance my work considerably. The research for this book was carried out before the Witness Statements were made available (and searchable) online – an event which has transformed the utility of this remarkable source – and I am grateful for the assistance of Commandant Victor Laing and the staff of the Military Archives in making material available. Commandant Patrick Brennan and his team on the Military Service Pensions Archive Project were immensely helpful during the brief visit I was able to make as a historical adviser to the project; I regret that the Irish government has not permitted me to refer to the material in the Archive. I owe a particular debt of gratitude to Catriona Crowe of the National Archives, and I am grateful as ever to a number of outstanding scholars, especially Roy Foster, Richard English and Senia Pašeta, for advice and support. Simon Winder at Penguin is a remarkable editor, and the book has benefited greatly from his careful critical reading, as it also has from the copyediting of Peter James. Without the assistance of Marina Kemp, few if any of the illustrations would have appeared.
THE BEGINNING
Let the conversation begin...
Follow the Penguin Twitter.com@penguinukbooks
Keep up-to-date with all our stories YouTube.com/penguinbooks
Pin ‘Penguin Books’ to your Pinterest
Like ‘Penguin Books’ on Facebook.com/penguinbooks
Find out more about the author and
discover more stories like this at Penguin.co.uk
ALLEN LANE
Published by the Penguin Group
Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England
Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA
Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4P 2Y3 (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.)
Penguin Ireland, 25 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd)
Penguin Group (Australia), 707 Collins Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3008, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)
Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi – 110 017, India
Penguin Group (NZ), 67 Apollo Drive, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd)
Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, Block D, Rosebank Office Park, 181 Jan Smuts Avenue, Parktown North, Gauteng 2193, South Africa
Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England
www.penguin.com
First published 2013
Copyrig
ht © Charles Townshend, 2013
The moral right of the author has been asserted
Images 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 15, 21, 23 © Getty Images; Images 12, 26, 30 © Corbis Image; Images 9, 13, 14 © Imperial War Museum; Images 1, 17, 18, 19 © Military Archives; Image 2 © Cork Public Museum; Image 16 © Davison & Associates Ltd; Images 6, 8, 10, 20, 22, 24, 25 © George Morrison; Images 27, 28 © National Library of Ireland.
Cover photographs: Second Southern Division men guarding the entrance to the Glentworth Hotel, Limerick. February 1922 (George Morrison Collection)
Cover design: Antonio Colaço
All rights reserved
Typeset by Jouve (UK), Milton Keynes
ISBN: 978-0-241-00349-7
* Republican prisoners executed in Mountjoy gaol.
The Republic- The Fight for Irish Independence Page 68
