of the dark (see darkness)
of death, 98
evolution of, 24–27
of homicide, 132–133
imagination and, 23, 30
of isolation, 81–82
neurobiology of, 28, 61–62
physiology of, 26–27, 53–54
prepared, 39–40, 42
of snakes (see snakes)
of spiders (see spiders)
system, 26–28, 36–43, 47, 147–148
targeted by horror, 29–34, 35–36, 42–51, 159 (see also specific works)
universal, 35–39
of the unknown, 47–48, 107, 142, 151
of water, 104
See also anxiety
fearlessness, 41
Ferreira, Patricia, 115
Fessenden, Larry, 67, 74, 151–154
fiction, 29–30, 54–56, 58–59
adaptive function of, 55–56, 58–59
psychology of, 29–30, 54–56
Final Girl, 127
Final Girls, The (Strauss-Schulson), 72
Finney, Jack, 69
folklore, 56
found-footage horror, 72–73. See also Blair Witch Project, The (Sánchez and Myrick)
Frankenstein (Whale), 69
Freud, Sigmund. See psychoanalysis
Friday the 13th (Cunningham), 71
Friedkin, William, 14–15, 29, 30, 34, 49
gender. See under horror
Ghost and the Darkness, The (Hopkins), 42
Ghost Story (Straub), 54
ghosts, 45–48, 152. See also Shining, The (King)
ghouls. See zombies
Goddard, Drew, 72
goosebumps, 26
Gothic novel, 9–11, 67. See also horror: Gothic and
Grip, Thomas, 54, 149–151
Hadley, Mark, 54, 74
Halloween (Carpenter), 33, 44, 71, 125–134, 149
Hard Times (Dickens), 56
haunted attractions. See under horror
haunted houses. See Haunting of Hill House, The (Jackson); Shining, The (King)
Haunted House (Andreasen), 74
Haunting of Hill House, The (Jackson), 47, 70
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 67
Heller-Nicholas, Alexandra, 137–138
Hill, Debra, 130
Hill, Joe, 57–58
historicism. See constructivist approach
Hitchcock, Alfred, 70, 73, 125
Hooper, Tobe, 44, 61, 70, 73, 125
Hopkins, Stephen, 42
horror
academic study of, 14–21, 161–163 (see also constructivist approach; Marxism; psychoanalysis)
in advertising, 65–66
appeal of, 53–62
children and, 61–62, 161–162
in comics, 69
cultural change of, 4–5, 12–13, 75–76, 147–148
definition of, 3, 11
deleterious psychological effects of, 60–62, 104
empathy and, 30–33, 34, 81, 87, 90, 107–109, 116, 122, 126, 128–129
in film, 69, 70–73, 75–76 (see also specific works)
gender and, 15–19, 126, 137–138, 161 (see also Rosemary’s Baby [Levin])
Gothic and, 10–11, 67, 69, 70
in haunted attractions, 6, 41, 75, 148, 156–161
history of, 9–10, 12–14, 67–76
intensity of, 11–12
liking of, 2, 161–163
in literature, 49–51, 58–59, 70–71 (see also specific works)
media, 65–66, 148–161
in music, 65
paradox of, 2
as simulation, 58–60, 147, 151
sound and, 69, 107–108 (see also specific films)
stimulates emotion, 29–34, 53–54, 147–148, 151, 156 (see also specific works)
supernatural vs. psychological, 3, 57 (see also Blair Witch Project, The [Sánchez and Myrick]; Shining, The [King])
technology and, 148
in video games, 6, 37, 51, 56, 59, 73–75, 148–154
in virtual reality, 6, 75, 148, 154–156
Horror Writers Association, 71, 78
Hostel (Roth), 73
House of Seven Gables, The (Hawthorne), 67
human evolution, 24, 25–27, 35–36, 39, 41, 55–57, 81–82, 106, 132–133, 147–148. See also sociality
hunter-gatherers, 25
Hutchings, Peter, 132
I Am Legend (Lawrence), 78
I Am Legend (Matheson), 70, 77–84
identification. See horror: empathy and
imagination, 23, 30, 147–148
evolution of, 30
immersion, 30–31, 49–51, 58, 73–74, 149, 151, 154–161
In the Mouth of Madness (Carpenter), 68
Insidious (Wan), 2
interactive horror. See horror: in video games
Interview with the Vampire (Rice), 70
Irving, Washington, 67
It Follows (Mitchell), 72
Izard, Carroll E., 55
Jackson, Shirley, 47, 70
James, Henry, 10
Jancovich, Mark, 79, 126
Japanese horror films, 75–76
Jaws (Benchley), 5, 103
Jaws (Spielberg), 2, 5, 17, 42, 49, 103–111, 132
Jensen, Arnt, 43
Joshi, S. T., 67, 70
jump scare, 36–37. See also startle reflex
Jurassic Park (Crichton), 56
Kasurinen, Michael, 68
Kendrick, James, 132
Kendrick, Walter, 12
Khader, Jamil, 79
Kiernan, Caitlín R., 68
King, Stephen
Carrie, 14, 49
Christine, 45
fears, 38, 40–41
on fiction, 56–57
influenced by Lovecraft, 68
It, 43, 54
and modern horror, 14, 70–71
Needful Things, 43
Pet Sematary, 67
“Raft, The,” 54
Shining, The, 5, 46–47, 113–123, 143
Stand, The, 54
Kirkman, Robert, 73
Kjeldgaard-Christiansen, Jens, 2. See also evil
Klein, T. E. D., 68
Koontz, Dean R., 71
Kripke, Eric, 10, 48, 67
Kristeva, Julia, 16–17
Kruuk, Hans, 56–57
Kubrick, Stanley, 4, 5, 29
Lacan, Jacques, 16–17. See also psychoanalysis
Lake Placid (Miner), 42
Last House on the Left, The (Craven), 29, 48–49, 70
Last Man on Earth, The (Ragona and Salkow), 78
Lawrence, Francis, 78
Leiber, Fritz, 68
Left 4 Dead (Booth), 74
“Legend of Sleepy Hollow, The” (Irving), 67
Levin, Ira, 47, 49, 70, 85–92
Lewis, C. S., 47
Lewis, M. G., 9
LIMBO (Jensen), 43
Link, Kelly, 68
Literature of Terror, The (Punter), 14–15
Lovecraft, H. P., 13, 32, 47, 67–68
Maddrey, Joseph, 95
magic, fascination of, 87, 116. See also counterintuitive traits; supernatural belief
Magic Island, The (Seabrook), 93–94
Marxism
and horror, 15–16, 18–19
masks, 44, 71, 130
Matheson, Richard, 68, 69, 70, 77–84
Maturin, Charles, 9
McCammon, Robert R., 71
McCauley, Kirby, 71
MCI agents. See counterintuitive traits
meaning, human need for, 78, 82–83
media psychology, 61–62, 104, 161
Melville, Herman, 67
Mendez, Mike, 43
Meyer, Stephenie, 71
Mikami, Shinji, 74
Mineka, Susan, 26–27
Miner, Steve, 42
Mitchell, David Robert, 72
Miyazaki, Hidetaka, 68
monsters
and ancestral predators, 31–32, 43–49, 150–151
and horror, 4, 67, 69–71
and ideology, 15–18
in prehistoric art, 13, 67
See also specific works and specific monsters
morality, 49, 116, 120–121, 143. See also disgust; evil
morbid curiosity, 138–139
Moore, Tony, 73
Murphy, Bernice, 78–79
Murphy, Ryan, 10
Myrick, Daniel, 2, 34, 61, 72–73, 135–144
Nakata, Hideo, 75
Needful Things (King), 43
Ng, Andrew Hock Soon, 79
Night of the Living Dead (Romero), 20, 70, 78, 93–101
Night World, The (Smith), 71
Nightmare on Elm Street, A (Craven), 133
nightmares, 59–60, 61, 104
Nilsson, Jens, 54, 149–151
occultism. See Rosemary’s Baby (Levin)
Öhman, Arne, 26–27
Omdahl, Becky, 61
Omega Man, The, 78
On the Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (Darwin), 28
Owen, Stephanie, 59
Paranormal Activity (Peli), 2, 11–12, 73
paranormal romance, 70–71
Patterson, Kathy Davis, 79
Pedersen, Jonas Bøgh, 160
Peli, Oren, 2, 11–12, 73
Pet Sematary (King), 67
Phillips, Kendall, 20, 94, 126
phobia, 40. See also fear
Picture of Dorian Gray, The (Wilde), 14
Pizzolatto, Nic, 10, 68
play behavior, 58–59
Poe, Edgar Allan, 67–68
Polanski, Roman, 14, 70, 86
Poltergeist (Hooper), 61
postmodern horror, 72–73
poststructuralism, 16. See also constructivist approach
power, as antagonistic motive, 88–89, 117–118, 120–121. See also evil
predation, 25, 35, 39, 42, 56–57, 59, 80, 96–97, 104–106
from humans, 127, 132–133
See also specific works
Prime Evil (Winter), 11, 71
Problem of Pain, The (Lewis), 47
prosociality, as protagonistic motive, 100–101, 104, 110, 115–116, 128–129
Psycho (Bloch), 70, 78
Psycho (Hitchcock), 4, 70, 73, 125
psychoanalysis
epistemic value of, 18–19, 115
and horror, 2–3, 14–19, 79–80, 105, 115, 132
Punter, David, 14–15, 19
Quammen, David, 42
race, horror and, 79–80
Radcliffe, Ann, 9
“Raft, The” (King), 54
Ragona, Ubaldo, 78
Ranki, Jyri, 68
Raynal, Frédérick, 68
reaction shots. See emotional contagion
realism in horror, 57, 151. See also specific works
Reeves, Matt, 31–33, 43
reproduction and horror. See horror: gender and; Rosemary’s Baby (Levin)
Resident Evil (Mikami), 74
Revonsuo, Antti, 60
Reznick, Graham, 67, 74, 151–154
Rice, Anne, 70
Ringu (Nakata), 75
rollercoasters, 53–54
Romanticism, 10, 67. See also Gothic novel
Romero, George A., 20, 70, 78, 93–101
Rosemary’s Baby (Levin), 47, 49, 70, 85–92
Rosemary’s Baby (Polanski), 14, 70, 86
Roth, Eli, 73
Sagal, Boris, 78
Salkow, Sidney, 78
Sánchez, Eduardo, 2, 34, 61, 72–73, 135–144
Satanism. See Rosemary’s Baby (Levin)
Scott, Ridley, 54
Scream (Craven), 72, 133
screamer, 36–37, 54
Seabrook, William B., 93–94
Serling, Rod, 70, 78
sharks, 17, 42, 104–107, 110–111. See also Jaws (Spielberg)
Shining, The (King), 5, 46–47, 113–123, 143
Shining, The (Kubrick), 4, 5
Silence of the Lambs, The (Demme), 29, 30–31
Silence of the Lambs, The (Harris), 4
Simmons, Dan, 42, 49
simulation theory. See fiction: adaptive function of; horror: as simulation; nightmares
Siskel, Gene, 126
slasher films, 66, 71–72. See also Halloween (Carpenter)
Slender: The Eight Pages (Hadley), 54, 74
Smith, L. J., 71
snakes, 26, 28–29, 40–43
social constructivism. See constructivist approach
sociality, 81–83, 121. See also fear: of isolation; human evolution
spiders, 27–28, 31, 34, 40–43
Spielberg, Steven, 2, 5, 17, 42, 49
Stand, The (King), 54
startle reflex, 32, 36
status, as antagonistic motive, 88–89, 117–118, 120–121. See also evil
Steen, Francis, 59
Stepford Wives, The (Levin), 86
Stern, D. A., 136
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 14
Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, The (Stevenson), 14
Straub, Peter, 53, 54, 56, 71
Strauss-Schulson, Todd, 72
Summer of Night (Simmons), 42
Supernatural (Kripke), 10, 48, 67
supernatural belief, 13, 45–48, 87
horror and, 13, 45–48, 87, 116–117, 121–122, 139–142
See also horror: supernatural vs. psychological
Supernatural Horror in Literature (Lovecraft), 13
supernormal stimuli, 43–45, 150
survival horror games, 74, 149–151
suspense, 81, 100, 108, 127–129
Texas Chain Saw Massacre, The (Hooper), 44, 70, 73, 125
Threat Simulation Theory, 60
torture porn, 73
transportation. See immersion
Tremors (Underwood), 42
True Detective (Pizzolatto), 10, 68
Turn of the Screw, The (James), 10
Twilight (Meyer), 71
Twilight Zone, The (Serling), 70, 78
Twitchell, James B., 12, 99
Underwood, Ron, 42
Universal Studios, 69
Until Dawn (Bowen, Reznick, and Fessenden), 67, 74, 151–154
Valli, Katja, 60
Vampire Diaries, The (Smith), 71
vampires, 45–46, 65–66, 70–71, 79–81, 84. See also I Am Legend (Matheson)
Victorian fin de siècle, 14
video games. See under horror
virtual reality. See under horror
Vorderer, Peter, 59
Walking Dead, The (Darabont), 48, 58, 73, 96–97, 101
Walking Dead, The (Kirkman and Moore), 73
Walpole, Horace, 9
Wan, James, 2
weird tales, 13, 68. See also Lovecraft, H. P.
Weird Tales (magazine), 68
Wendigo, 67, 151
werewolves, 71
Whale, James, 69
Wieland (Brown), 67
Wilde, Oscar, 14
Wilson, E. O., 20, 110–111
Wilson, F. Paul, 71
Winter, Douglas E., 11, 71, 77–78
Wood, Robin, 15–16, 19, 126, 132
World War Z (Brooks), 73
Wright, Geoffrey, 133
Youngstrom, Eric, 55
Zacks, Jeff, 30
Zeitgeist criticism. See constructivist approach
zombies, 45, 47–48, 58, 73, 93–94, 96–98, 101, 122, 156. See also Night of the Living Dead (Romero)
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