Hoerder, Dirk, and Nora Faires, eds. Migrants and Migration in Modern North America: Cross-Border Lives, Labor Markets, and Politics. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2011.
Holtby, David V. Forty-Seventh Star: New Mexico’s Struggle for Statehood. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2012.
Horne, Gerald. Race to Revolution: The United States and Cuba During Slavery and Jim Crow. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2014.
Israel, J. I. Race, Class, and Politics in Colonial Mexico, 1610–1670. London: Oxford University Press, 1975.
Joseph, Gilbert M., and Jürgen Buchenau. Mexico’s Once and Future Revolution: Social Upheaval and the Challenge of Rule Since the Late Nineteenth Century. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2013.
Landers, Jane. Black Society in Spanish Florida. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999.
Kagan, Richard L., ed. Spain in America: The Origins of Hispanism in the United States. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002.
Kanellos, Nicolás, ed. Herencia: The Anthology of Hispanic Literature of the United States. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Keller, Renata. Mexico’s Cold War: Cuba, the United States, and the Legacy of the Mexican Revolution. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Kinzer, Stephen. The True Flag: Theodore Roosevelt, Mark Twain, and the Birth of American Empire. New York: Henry Holt, 2017. Kindle e-book.
Knight, Alan. The Mexican Revolution. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
Kropp, Phoebe S. California Vieja: Culture and Memory in a Modern American Place. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.
Malavet, Pedro A. America’s Colony: The Political and Cultural Conflict Between the United States and Puerto Rico. New York: New York University Press, 2004.
Martínez, María Elena. Genealogical Fictions: Limpieza de Sangre, Religion, and Gender in Colonial Mexico. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2008.
Martinez HoSang, Daniel, Oneka LaBennett, and Laura Pulido, eds. Racial Formation in the Twenty-First Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012.
May, Robert E. The Southern Dream of a Caribbean Empire, 1854–1861. 2nd pbk. ed. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002.
McCoy, Alfred W., and Francisco A. Scarano, eds. The Colonial Crucible: Empire in the Making of the Modern American State. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009.
McMichael, Andrew. Atlantic Loyalties: Americans in Spanish West Florida, 1785–1810. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2008.
McWilliams, Carey. North from Mexico: The Spanish-Speaking People of the United States. Updated by Matt S. Meier. New York: Praeger, 1990.
Milanich, Jerald T. Laboring in the Fields of the Lord: Spanish Missions and Southeastern Indians. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2006.
Monroy, Douglas. The Borders Within: Encounters Between Mexico and the U.S. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2008.
Montejano, David. Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836–1986. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987.
Mora, G. Cristina. Making Hispanics: How Activists, Bureaucrats, and Media Constructed a New American. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014.
Narrett, David. Adventurism and Empire: The Struggle for Mastery in the Louisiana-Florida Borderlands, 1762–1803. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.
Ngai, Mae M. Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004.
Nieto-Phillips, John M. The Language of Blood: The Making of Spanish-American Identity in New Mexico, 1880s–1930s. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2004.
Noel, Linda C. Debating American Identity: Southwestern Statehood and Mexican Immigration. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2014.
Omi, Michael, and Howard Winant. Racial Formation in the United States. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge/Taylor and Francis Group, 2015.
Painter, Nell Irvin. The History of White People. New York: W. W. Norton, 2010. Kindle e-book.
Paz, Octavio. The Labyrinth of Solitude and Other Writings. Translated by Lysander Kemp, Yara Milos, and Rachel Phillips Belash. New York: Grove Press, 1985.
Pérez, Louis A., Jr. Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy. 2nd ed. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997.
——. Cuba Between Empires, 1878–1902. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1983.
Pérez Firmat, Gustavo. The Havana Habit. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2010.
Picó, Fernando. History of Puerto Rico: A Panorama of Its People. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2006.
Remeseira, Claudio Iván, ed. Hispanic New York: A Sourcebook. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.
Restall, Matthew. Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Rodriguez, Gregory. Mongrels, Bastards, Orphans, and Vagabonds: Mexican Immigration and the Future of Race in America. New York: Pantheon Books, 2007.
Rodriguez, Richard. Brown: The Last Discovery of America. New York: Viking, 2002.
Rosales, F. Arturo. Chicano! The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement. 2nd rev. ed. Houston: Arte Público Press, 1997.
Sánchez, George J. Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900–1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Sánchez, Joseph P., Robert L. Spude, and Art Gómez. New Mexico: A History. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013.
Santiago, Roberto, ed. Boricuas: Influential Puerto Rican Writings—An Anthology. New York: One World, 1995.
Saunt, Claudio. West of the Revolution: An Uncommon History of 1776. New York: W. W. Norton, 2014.
——. A New Order of Things: Property, Power, and the Transformation of the Creek Indians, 1733–1816. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Schmidt-Nowara, Christopher, and John M. Nieto-Phillips, eds. Interpreting Spanish Colonialism: Empires, Nations, and Legends. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2005.
Schoultz, Lars. Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America. Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998.
Schrank, Sarah. Art and the City: Civic Imagination and Cultural Authority in Los Angeles. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.
Sheridan, Thomas E. Arizona: A History. Rev. ed. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2012.
Stagg, J. C. A. Borderlines in Borderlands: James Madison and the Spanish-American Frontier, 1776–1821. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2009.
Starr, Kevin. California: A History. New York: Modern Library, 2005.
St. John, Rachel. Line in the Sand: A History of the Western U. S.-Mexico Border. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2011.
Suarez, Ray. Latino Americans: The 500-Year Legacy That Shaped a Nation. New York: Celebra, 2013.
Thomas, Evan. The War Lovers: Roosevelt, Lodge, Hearst, and the Rush to Empire, 1898. New York: Little, Brown, 2010.
Thomas, Hugh. Conquest: Montezuma, Cortés, and the Fall of Old Mexico. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993.
Thompson, Jerry. Cortina: Defending the Mexican Name in Texas. College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 2007.
Truett, Samuel. Fugitive Landscapes: The Forgotten History of the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2006.
Tutino, John. From Insurrection to Revolution in Mexico: Social Bases of Agrarian Violence, 1750–1940. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.
Vargas, Zaragosa. Crucible of Struggle: A History of Mexican Americans from Colonial Times to the Present Era. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Weber, David J. Bárbaros: Spaniards and Their Savages in the Age of Enlightenment. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2005.
———, ed. Foreigners in Their Native Land: Historical Roots of the Mexican Americans. 30th anniversary pbk. ed. Albuque
rque: University of New Mexico Press, 2003.
———. The Spanish Frontier in North America. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992.
Womack, John, Jr. Zapata and the Mexican Revolution. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1972.
Worth, John E., ed. and trans. Discovering Florida: First-Contact Narratives from Spanish Expeditions Along the Lower Gulf Coast. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2014.
Notes
Author’s Note
1“Walt Whitman to the Tertio-Millennial Anniversary Association,” Santa Fe, New Mexico, July 20, 1883, in Ted Genoways (ed.), The Correspondence (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2004). Available at Walt Whitman Archive, http://whitmanarchive.org/biography/correspondence/tei/med.00660.html (accessed November 7, 2016).
Introduction: Nogales, Arizona
1Rachel St. John, Line in the Sand: A History of the Western U.S.-Mexico Border (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2011), p. 95.
2Juan Poblete, “Americanism/o: Intercultural Border Zones in Postsocial Times,” in Marisa Belausteguigoitia, Ben. Sifuentes-Jáuregui, and Yolanda Martínez-San Miguel (eds.), Critical Terms in Caribbean and Latin American Thought: Historical and Institutional Trajectories (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), p. 47.
3Octavio Paz, “Mexico and the United States,” in Rachel Philips Belash, Yara Milos, and Lysander Kemp (trans.), The Labyrinth of Solitude and Other Writings (New York: Grove Press, 1985), p. 357.
4Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books, 2012), p. 25.
5José Luis Abellán, La idea de América: Origen y evolución (Madrid: Iberoamericana, 2009), p. 25.
6Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Our America: A Hispanic History of the United States (New York: W. W. Norton, 2014), Kindle Edition, p. 330.
7G. Cristina Mora, Making Hispanics: How Activists, Bureaucrats, and Media Constructed a New American (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014), p. 169.
8Jens Manuel Krogstad and Mark Hugo Lopez, “Use of Spanish Declines Among Latinos in Major U.S. Metros,” Pew Research Center FactTank, October 31, 2017, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/10/31/use-of-spanish-declines-among-latinos-in-major-u-s-metros/ (accessed March 22, 2018).
9Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995), p. xxiii.
10On the development of race and social control, see, for instance, Patrick Wolfe, “Land, Labor, and Difference: Elementary Structures of Race,” American Historical Review 106, no. 3 (2001): 866–905.
11Nell Irvin Painter, The History of White People (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), loc. 88, Kindle.
12Michael Omi and Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States (London: Routledge, 2014), pp. 105–11.
13On Mexico, see, for instance, Mónica G. Moreno Figueroa and Emiko Saldívar Tanaka, “Comics, Dolls and the Disavowal of Racism: Learning from Mexican Mestizaje,” in Encarnación Gutiérrez Rodríguez and Shirley Anne Tate (eds.), Creolizing Europe: Legacies and Transformations (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2015); on the Dominican Republic, see David John Howard, Coloring the Nation: Race and Ethnicity in the Dominican Republic (Boulder, Colo.: L. Rienner, 2001).
14Richard Rodriguez, Brown: The Last Discovery of America (New York: Penguin, 2002), pp. xi–xii.
15Alan Gallay, The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670–1717 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2002), p. 9.
16George J. Sánchez, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900–45 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 1.
17Carey McWilliams and Matt S. Meier (ed.), North from Mexico: The Spanish-Speaking People of the United States (New York: Praeger, 1990), p. 8.
18Mae N. Ngai, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004), p. 2.
19Quoted in Simon Schama, The American Future: A History (New York: Ecco, 2009), p. 240.
20Gordon S. Wood, The Purpose of the Past: Reflections on the Uses of History (New York: Penguin, 2009), p. 244.
21Quoted in Schama, The American Future, p. 242. For more on the creation and imagining of national identity, see the classic Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (New York: Verso Books, 1991).
22J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer and Sketches of Eighteenth-Century America (New York: Penguin Classics, 1981), pp. 68, 70.
23Eliga Gould, “Entangled Histories, Entangled Worlds: The English-Speaking Atlantic as a Spanish Periphery,” American Historical Review 112, no. 3 (2007): 764-786.
24For more on Columbus and the early settlement of the Caribbean, with references and suggestions for further reading, see the first two chapters of Carrie Gibson, Empire’s Crossroads: A History of the Caribbean from Columbus to the Present Day (New York: Grove Press, 2014).
25Patricia Seed, “Exploration and Conquest,” in Thomas H. Holloway (ed.), A Companion to Latin American History (Oxford: Blackwell, 2008), pp. 73–74.
26Edwin Williamson, The Penguin History of Latin America (London: Penguin, 1992), pp. 80–81.
27Quoted in David J. Weber, The Spanish Frontier in North America: The Brief Edition (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2009), p. 21.
28“Inter Caetera, 1493,” in J. H. Parry and Robert G. Keith (eds.), New Iberian World: A Documentary History of the Discovery and Settlement of Latin America to the Early 17th Century, vol. 1 (New York: Times Books: Hector & Rose, 1984), pp. 272–73.
29Colin M. MacLachlan, Imperialism and the Origins of Mexican Culture (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2015), p. 181.
30Columbus had a long-standing relationship with the Franciscans. See Julia McClure, The Franciscan Invention of the New World (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), pp. 96–97.
31On this theme, see, for instance, M. J. Rodríguez-Salgado, “Christians, Civilised and Spanish: Multiple Identities in Sixteenth-Century Spain,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 8 (1998): 233–51.
32John Huxtable Elliott, Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America, 1492–1830 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2006), p. 9.
33Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Amerigo: The Man Who Gave His Name to America (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006), p. 120.
34Apparently, Martin Waldseemüller later changed his mind about Amerigo Vespucci and stopped putting his name on maps, but by then the use of “America” had taken root. Ibid., pp. 187–91; C. R. Johnson, “Renaissance German Cosmographers and the Naming of America,” Past & Present 191, no. 1 (2006): 3–45.
Chapter 1: Santa Elena, South Carolina
1Robert S. Weddle, Spanish Sea: The Gulf of Mexico in North American Discovery, 1500–1685 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1985), p. 40.
2Fernando Picó, History of Puerto Rico: A Panorama of Its People (Princeton, N.J.: Markus Wiener, 2006), pp. 36–37.
3Ibid.
4John E. Worth (ed.), Discovering Florida: First Contact Narratives from Spanish Expeditions Along the Lower Gulf Coast (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2014), p. 8.
5Picó, History of Puerto Rico, p. 38.
6Worth, Discovering Florida, p. 9; Margaret F. Pickett and Dwayne W. Pickett, The European Struggle to Settle North America: Colonizing Attempts by England, France and Spain, 1521–1608 (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2011), p. 17.
7Jerald T. Milanich, Laboring in the Fields of the Lord: Spanish Missions and Southeastern Indians (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2006), p. 59.
8Worth, Discovering Florida, p. 16; Milanich, Laboring in the Fields of the Lord, p. 55.
9Worth, Discovering Florida, p. 14.
10Jerald T. Milanich, “Charting Juan Ponce de León’s 1513 Voyage to Florida: The Calusa Indians amid Latitude of Controversy,” in Viviana Díaz Balsera and Rachel May
(eds.), La Florida: Five Hundred Years of Hispanic Presence (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2014), p. 54. See this chapter for a detailed discussion of Ponce’s possible landing sites.
11Milanich, Laboring in the Fields of the Lord, p. 57.
12Worth, Discovering Florida, p. 17.
13T. D. Allman, Finding Florida: The True History of the Sunshine State (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2013), p. 7.
14There is some uncertainty about whether Cortés left in 1504 or 1506, with more recent works coming down on the side of the later date. See Elliott, Empires of the Atlantic World, p. 7; Hugh Thomas, Conquest: Cortes, Montezuma, and the Fall of Old Mexico (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), p. 117; Anthony Pagden (ed.), Hernan Cortes: Letters from Mexico (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986), p. xiv.
15He may have also named the island Juana in honor of Prince John (Juan), but it remains unclear. For more on Columbus’s names for the islands, see Evelina Gužauskytė, Christopher Columbus’s Naming in the Diarios of the Four Voyages (1492–1504): A Discourse of Negotiation (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014).
16John Frederick Schwaller and Helen Nader, The First Letter from New Spain: The Lost Petition of Cortés and His Company, June 20, 1519 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2014), p. 13; Thomas, Conquest, pp. 76, 133–34.
17An online version of these laws can be found at http://faculty.smu.edu/bakewell/bakewell/texts/burgoslaws.html.
18Anthony Pagden, “Introduction,” in Bartolomé de Las Casas and Nigel Griffin (trans.), A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (London: Penguin, 1992), xxxv.
19Ross Hassig, “The Collision of Two Worlds,” in William H. Beezley and Michael C. Meyer (eds.), The Oxford History of Mexico (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 74, Kindle.
20Williamson, The Penguin History of Latin America, pp. 16–17.
21Schwaller and Nader, The First Letter from New Spain, p. 13.
22Seed, “Exploration and Conquest,” p. 77.
23Williamson, The Penguin History of Latin America, p. 17; Elliott, Empires of the Atlantic World, p. 58; Hassig, “The Collision of Two Worlds,” p. 75; Camilla Townsend, Malintzin’s Choices: An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2006), p. 37.
El Norte Page 57
