India After Gandhi Revised and Updated Edition

by Ramachandra Guha

  Aryans 630

  Asaf Jah dynasty 37

  Asal Uttar 396

  Ashcroft, Dame Peggy 491

  Ashoka 530

  Asia xxv, xxx, 40, 45, 133, 146, 147, 151, 155, 157, 161–2, 166, 168, 201, 279, 396, 407, 414, 503, 667, 694, 726, 752, 767, 783

  Asian Relations Conference, New Delhi 1947 150–52, 161, 165

  Asiatic lions 49

  Asoka 138

  Asom Gana Parishad (AGP) 574, 591

  Assam 137, 142, 166, 169, 191, 258–61, 265, 269, 271, 274, 290, 310, 321–2, 330, 333, 335, 405, 426, 467, 550–3, 578, 586, 591, 624, 6645, 648, 727, 737–8, 745, 764–5

  Assam Rifles, 268, 269, 270, 329, 404

  Assamese xxvii, 117, 177, 258, 267, 321, 322, 550–3, 574, 586, 647, 663

  Associated Press 338

  Association for the Protection of Democratic Rights 539

  Astor, David 320, 405, 428

  Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) 213, 388, 652–3

  atomic weapons 388–9, 480–1, 653–5, 707

  Atre, P. K. 144

  Attlee, Clement 28, 241

  Atwal, A. S. 557

  Auchinleck, Sir Claude 14

  Auden, W. H. 13

  Aurangabad 54, 378, 531

  Aurangzeb 10, 37, 129

  Aurora, General J. S. 458, 761

  Austin, Granville 104, 106, 118, 122, 359, 537

  Australia xxii, 100, 742, 760

  Awadhi 117Ayodhya 582–6, 596, 634–6, 637–41, 645, 648–9, 655–6, 658, 662

  Ayurveda 661

  Azad Kashmir 74, 80, 242, 353, 354, 355, 428

  Azad, Maulana Abul Kalam 6, 25, 251–2, 367, 368, 576

  Baba Budan 642

  Babar 578

  Babariawad 50

  Babri Masjid 578, 581, 596, 606, 621–3, 626, 627, 632, 637, 640, 645, 649, 679, 707

  backward castes 295, 527, 529–30, 559, 601–2, 605, 618, 629, 641, 649, 732

  Backward Classes (Mandal) Commission 602–5, 618–20

  Badal, Prakash Singh 647

  Badshahi mosque, Lahore 10

  Bahadur, B. Pocker 111

  Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) 628–31, 649, 709, 774

  Bajpai, Sir Girija Shankar 168

  Bajrang Dal 641, 642, 681

  Bakshi Brothers Corporation (BBC) 256

  Bakula, Kushak 300

  Balasubramanyam, V. 497

  Baltistan 60

  Balkanisation 41, 196, 627, 754

  Balmiki caste 372

  balwadis (playschools) 668

  Banaras xix, 7, 642

  Banatwala, G. M. 576

  Bandaranaike, Sirimavo 403

  Bandung Conference (1955) 161–2, 301, 315

  Banerjee, Mamata 689–90, 691, 725, 744

  Bangalore 130–1, 196, 256, 391, 435, 608, 660, 666, 674–5, 723, 763, 764

  Bangalore City Corporation 772

  Bangalore High Court 196–7

  Bangarappa, S. 608

  Bangla Congress 419, 422

  Bangladesh 457, 462, 475, 524, 550, 551, 553, 562, 564, 568, 646, 647, 701, 737, 741, 745, 753

  formation 449–50, 457, 460, 463, 513, 756, 761

  Banias 249, 529,662, 736

  banking

  private players 616

  state ownership 290, 434–9, 445, 470

  Bansi Lal 467, 486, 505, 506

  Baphlimali hills 672–3

  Baptists 258, 264, 387

  Baramula 67–8, 70

  Bareilly 485, 512

  bargadars (sharecroppers) 525–6

  Baroda 39, 40, 327, 680–1

  Barooah, Dev Kanta 464, 486–7

  Barua, Hem 324

  Bastar 405

  Basu, Jyoti 419–20, 525, 568, 591

  bauxite 671–2, 691

  Beg, Mirza Afzal 252, 472

  Beijing 164, 168, 593

  Belchi 532

  Beliaghata 10, 11, 16, 17

  Bengal xxi, 9, 32, 54, 100, 103, 112, 135, 177, 263, 279, 288, 396, 420, 441, 525–6, 561, 586, 634, 768, 774

  Partition 10–13, 16–17, 27–9, 33, 370

  refugees 90–3

  see also Bangladesh; East Bengal; West Bengal

  Bengali xxvii, 117, 135, 177, 204, 209, 250, 322, 448–9, 550–2, 754

  Bengalis 322, 419, 448–9, 451, 455, 458, 550–2, 586, 646, 712, 756

  Berlin, Isaiah 751

  Be´teille, Andre´ 185, 628, 631, 786

  Bhabha, Homi J. 213, 388–9

  Bhagalpur 592

  Bhagwat, Durga 501

  Bhagwati, Jagdish 466

  Bhakra-Nangal dam project 171, 211–12, 221

  Bhakti (hero-worship) 120

  Bharata Bhagya Vidhata 447

  Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 559, 591–2, 594, 605–6, 614, 619–24, 628, 631, 635–7, 639, 641–2, 649–50, 651–4, 658, 680, 683, 684, 692, 703, 709–10, 715, 719–50, 761, 773–4, 777, 779

  Bharatiya Kisan Union 585

  Bharatiya Lok Dal 518, 601

  Bharatpur 18, 138

  Bhargava, Thakur Das 230

  Bhatia, Bela 697

  Bhattacharjea, Ajit 478, 523

  Bhattacharya, Kapil 539

  Bhave, Vinoba 183, 192, 216, 292, 314, 351

  Bhikshu Sanghas 120

  Bhilai 208–9, 540, 764

  Bhinder, P. S. 508

  Bhindranwale, Jarnail Singh 555–58, 562–5, 587–8

  Bhishma Pitamah 292

  Bhiwandi 559

  Bhojpuri 117

  ‘Bhoodan’ movement 216

  Bhoomi Sena 698

  Bhopal, Nawab of 46–7, 49

  Bhopal 46–8, 49, 51, 57, 571–2, 671, 769

  Bhubaneshwar 196, 343, 345, 478

  Bhumihars 529, 698

  Bhushan, Shanti 537

  Bhutan 329, 405, 420, 550

  Bhuti 143–4

  Bhutto, Benazir 462

  Bhutto, Sir Shah Nawaz 49, 50

  Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali 345, 447–9, 461–3, 486, 516

  Bidar 54

  Bihar 9, 11, 29, 114–15, 136–8, 177, 191, 194, 263–4, 313, 324, 343, 351, 361, 375, 411, 413, 416, 425, 429–30, 440, 446–7, 461, 468, 474–81, 484, 493–4, 520, 525, 527–30, 532, 543, 547, 552, 559–60, 592, 601, 604–6, 618, 620, 668, 671, 673–4, 697–8, 727, 734, 738, 744, 764, 768, 771, 773–4, 776–7

  Bihar Rajya Mahangai Abhaab Pesha Kar Virodhi Mazdur Swa Karamchari Sangharsha Samiti 474

  Biharsharif 559

  Biju Janata Dal 673

  Bikaner, Maharaja of 40

  Bikaner 666

  Bilaspur 138

  Birla, G. D. 21, 157–8, 336, 750

  Birla, Ghanshyamdas 288

  Birla, K. K. 498

  Birlas 287–8

  Blackstone 470

  Blitz (Bombay weekly) 307, 327, 497

  Bloch, Marc xxxii

  Bobby (film) 519

  Bodo tribals 586, 645, 737

  Bofors controversy 592–3, 719

  Bokaro 222, 568

  Bolsheviks 158–9, 290

  Bombay xxiv, 3, 4, 7, 28, 50, 51, 98–9, 174, 177, 211, 281–2, 297, 303, 307, 318, 343, 351, 354, 363, 364, 374–8, 427, 436, 494, 497–501, 519, 528, 538–9, 613, 626, 671

  and the 1952 general election 137–40, 142–5

  and the 1962 general election 318, 326–7

  language 178–80, 188–95

  refugees in 89–90, 93

  riots 193–5, 559, 624–5

  textile workers strike 546–7

  see also Mumbai

  Bombay Citizens Committee 186–8

  Bombay Plan 202, 221–2

  Bomdi La 332–3

  Border Security Force (BSF) 451, 547, 606

  Borges, Jorge Luis 775

  Bose, Sarat 103, 761

  Bowles, Chester 146, 155

  Brahmachari, Dhirendra 508–9

  Brahmachari, Prabhu Dutt 232, 234

  Brahmins xxiii, 22, 27, 54, 113, 126, 136, 146, 188, 228, 233, 249, 285, 286, 377, 425, 433–4, 529, 557, 58
0, 601, 603, 630, 641, 662, 709, 735

  Brandt, Willy 516

  Brar, Major General R. S. 562–4

  Brass, Paul 627

  Brecher, Michael 66

  Britain 3, 27, 47, 53, 149, 220, 386, 412, 447, 762

  and military aid 331

  and state intervention 218

  and the Suez affair 162

  and Tibet 166–

  see also United Kingdom

  British xix–xx, xxii–xxv, xxxi, 107, 109, 199, 231, 233, 279, 284, 301–2, 317, 320, 323–4, 338, 364, 368, 378, 394, 420, 423, 428, 432, 492, 500, 515, 578, 711

  British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) 8, 10, 398, 610,763

  British colonialism xx, 757

  affirmative action scheme 529

  barbarity of 3, 564–5

  and the civil code 224, 225

  economic consequences of xxx

  end of xxiii, xxxi, 4, 8, 26, 32–46, 39–40, 45, 51, 118, 100, 118, 228

  and English language use 117–19

  imperialism 264, 301, 310–12

  and industry 200–1, 208

  and land ownership 200, 216–17

  and Partition and Independence xxxi, 3, 8–10, 26–7, 30––4, 36, 39, 42, 44, 51, 56–8, 118, 516

  and the peasantry 199–200

  and ‘princely India’ 36–7, 38, 39, 41–4, 46–8, 60–2, 103

  self-preservation 33

  and tribal India 258–65

  and the Untouchables 371–2

  British Commonwealth 73

  British Indian Army 14, 65

  Brockway, Fenner 492, 514–15, 516

  Brohi, A. K. 355

  brothels 93

  Buch, M. N. 572

  Buchan, James 644

  Bucher, General Roy 760

  Budapest 162

  Buddha 169, 375, 376, 378, 379, 530

  Buddhism xxvii, 59, 120, 142, 167, 168, 169, 170, 225, 229, 238, 247, 299, 375, 376, 378, 531

  Bulganin 160

  Bunche, Ralph 82

  bureaucracy xx, 119, 147, 616, 617. see also Indian Administrative Service; Indian Civil Service

  Burgess, Guy 133

  Burma 143, 149, 150, 155, 166, 190, 258, 259, 266, 272, 314, 320, 414, 548, 647, 648, 701

  burqa 446, 643

  Burrows, Sir Frederick 8

  Bush, George W. 675, 702, 704

  business xxii, 12, 89, 152, 219, 297, 319, 321, 392, 423, 433–5, 471, 500, 509, 583–4, 616, 660, 662, 675–6, 690, 699, 711, 740, 766, 771, 779

  Business Week 675

  Butler, R. A. 53

  Cabinet (British) 31, 107

  Cabinet (Indian) 6, 22, 36, 73, 107, 113, 129, 134, 152, 163, 166, 175, 195, 203–4, 227, 231, 247, 251, 252, 253, 274, 308, 326, 331, 344, 347, 351, 353, 359, 367, 375, 377, 386, 399, 452, 475, 486–7, 489, 505, 509, 518, 522, 525, 529, 534–5, 577, 592, 717–18, 721–2, 732, 739, 757, 771

  Cabinet Mission 1946 28, 30, 39, 259

  Calcutta xxiv, 4, 7–12, 21, 87, 88, 95, 104, 135, 160, 168, 203, 211, 251, 343, 420, 422–4, 441, 461, 487, 502, 519, 524, 539, 568, 689

  independence 16–17

  refugees in 90, 92–3

  riots 1946 9

  riots 1963/64 371

  Calcutta Municipality 93

  call-centres 661

  Cameron, James 631

  Canada 332, 441, 556, 661

  ‘canal colonies’ 13, 85, 86, 211

  Cape Coloureds 133

  capital goods 205

  capitalism 152, 201, 202, 222, 437, 466, 523, 691, 695

  Cariappa, General K. M. 760

  Carter, Jimmy 523–4

  caste system, casteism xxii, xxvi–xxviii, 18, 29, 30, 103–6, 113–14, 127, 130, 135, 138, 159, 178, 189, 195, 199, 208, 229, 233, 249, 262, 284–5, 323, 359–60, 374–81, 419, 425, 443–5, 447, 466, 469–70, 521, 535, 539, 541, 566, 580, 585

  abolition of 226–7

  backward castes 295, 529–30, 559, 601–5, 618, 629, 641, 649, 732

  conflicts xxvi, xxxi, 137, 371, 442, 529–32, 547, 559–61, 697

  and entrepreneurship 662, 736

  and prejudice and discrimination 39, 104, 224–5, 372–3, 378–9, 736, 746

  and social mobility 527–8

  strengthening of 601–5

  see also specific castes

  Catholics 511

  Cauvery river 442, 527, 607–8, 666

  censorship 496, 506, 540, 770, 781

  census, 1951 182

  Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) 532, 717–8, 721, 724, 771

  Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 450

  Central Jewish Board of Bombay 104

  Central Peace Committee 21

  Central Provinces 51, 54, 189

  Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) 611

  Central Statistical Organization (CSO) 204

  Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) 157

  centralization 109–10, 120, 147, 202–3, 296, 466, 633

  Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) 150, 403, 755

  Chagai hills 654

  Chaliha, B. P. 387, 388

  Chamars 375

  Chamber of Princes 41–2, 46, 47

  Chamberlain, Neville 324

  Chandernagore 173

  Chandigarh 343, 358, 427, 494, 497, 519, 554, 556–7, 573, 587

  Chandrasekhar, Mrs 375

  Chatra Sangharsh Samiti (CSS) 474–75

  Chatterjee, N. C. 234–5, 236, 393

  Chattisgarh 548, 671, 693, 710, 731

  Chattisgarh Mineworkers Shramik Sangh (CMSS) 539–40

  Chattopadhyaya, Kamaladevi 87, 100

  Chaudhuri, Col. J. N. 56, 96–7

  Chaudhuri, Nirad C. 148

  Chaudhuri, R. K. 112

  Chauhan, Jagjit Singh 556

  Chavan, Y. B. 195, 318, 326, 342, 398, 438–9, 483, 532

  Chawla, Naveen 508

  Chechens 614

  Chen Yi 396

  Chettiars 662

  Cheyney, Peter 403

  Chiang Kai-shek 149, 164, 302

  Chicago Sun Times (newspaper) 154

  Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) 446–7

  Chikmaglur 533–4

  China 60, 96, 149–50, 152, 155, 157, 161, 164–70, 204, 207, 258, 272, 305, 308, 312, 314–18, 323–5, 327–8, 331–2, 336–7, 342, 343–4, 346, 353, 387–9, 398, 412, 421, 428, 441, 459, 480, 490, 523–4, 548, 569, 591, 593, 654, 655, 657, 667, 675, 701, 702, 739, 740, 741, 742, 759

  economy 616

  and Kashmir 394

  and the Naga rebels 428

  nuclear tests 1964 388

  and Pakistan 396, 452, 453–4, 456–7

  and Tibet 165–70, 299–303, 304, 310, 311, 313, 316–17, 324, 330, 335

  totalitarianism 303, 476–7, 770

  and Vietnam 524

  see also Indo-Chinese relations

  China Pictorial (magazine) 300, 301, 302

  Chini 142

  Chittagong 449, 456

  Chittisinghpora 677

  Chogyal 480–1

  cholera 90

  Chotanagpur 114, 263, 547

  Chou En-lai 167, 168–9, 301–2, 308, 310, 312–17, 331, 334, 355, 394, 396, 409, 452

  Chowdhury, Neerja 579

  Christian Science Monitor 154

  Christianity/Christians xxvii, 65, 68, 77, 188, 229, 230, 235, 258, 259, 265, 283, 284, 320, 326, 375, 380, 398, 399, 428, 459, 548, 582, 619, 639, 713, 714, 729, 746, 753

  Catholics 291, 511

  and cow slaughter 640

  of Kerala 283–6, 290

  missionaries 283–5, 642, 708

  Protestant 283, 752

  Syrian 283, 290–1

  see also Baptists

  Churchill, Winston xxiii–xxiv, 53, 103, 133, 142, 156, 403, 521

  civil code 109, 224–5, 230, 235, 238, 576, 578

  civil liberties, Indian suspension of 488

  civil rights movement 539

  class structure xxvii, xxviii, xxix, xxxi, 101, 104, 114, 159, 202, 207, 217, 217, 218, 274, 371, 442
, 521–2, 529, 662–3 see also agriculture; landlords; peasants; workers

  Clinton, Bill 656, 677

  coal 51, 172, 207, 208, 471

  coalition government 422, 473, 620, 635, 709, 748, 773

  Coca-Cola 522, 662

  Cochin 181

  Cochin, Maharajas of 284

  Cold War 45, 126, 156, 157, 160, 161, 176, 208, 283, 300, 303, 432, 655, 677, 703, 743

  colonialism xxx, 147, 154, 158, 161–2, 201, 233, 756. see also British colonialism

  Columbia University 154

  Committee for History of Andhra Movement 184

  communalism, communal riots/conflicts 18–19, 23, 26–7, 32, 61, 80, 83, 90–1, 106, 110, 127, 131, 135, 138, 147, 171, 179, 208, 229–30, 232, 243, 244, 245, 249, 251, 252, 322, 345–6, 361, 366, 369–71, 401, 412, 429–31, 437–8, 512, 558–62, 566, 568, 645, 676, 680–1, 687, 738, 759, 780

  Communism 47, 52, 73, 92–3, 95–8, 135, 137, 144, 156–8, 160, 193, 242, 279, 287, 289, 294, 297, 305, 308, 323, 326, 328, 342, 351, 372, 408, 412, 421–3, 431, 441, 454, 481, 526, 538, 649, 703, 712, 774

  in Andhra 96, 197, 216

  Chinese 164–6, 168–9, 299, 308, 314, 317, 332–3, 336, 421, 428, 508

  during Partition 95–8, 295–6

  and the Hindu Code 236–8

  and Indian lawlessness 291, 423

  in Kerala 283–8, 289–94, 307, 336, 459, 470, 481, 514, 634–5, 649

  Sanjay Gandhi’s attack on 505

  US fight against 155–8, 242, 338–9

  Communist Party of China 420, 476

  Communist Party of India (CPI) 45, 47, 52, 96, 135–6, 152, 159–60, 283–4, 286, 348, 372, 437, 474, 505, 619, 636

  Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM) 419–20, 4224, 445, 493, 500, 525, 591, 689, 703, 774

  Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (CPML) 423, 424, 546, 591, 594

  Communist Party of the Soviet Union 285, 420

  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty 654

  conflict maps xxviii

  Congress for Democracy (CFD) 519–21

  Congress (Indira) 436, 444, 446, 533

  Congress (O) 436, 444, 490, 518

  Congress Party xxi–xxiii, 3–4, 6, 13, 19–22, 25, 30, 31, 36, 80, 88, 97–8, 125, 137–40, 144–6, 149 164, 172, 174, 177, 184, 188–9, 190–5, 197, 199, 201, 224, 227, 237–8, 288, 297, 308, 314, 324, 325, 327, 342, 347–8, 350–1, 358, 367–8, 408, 411, 413, 428, 431, 485, 492, 492–4, 503, 505, 509–10, 518–41, 561, 570, 579–80, 596, 619, 631, 632, 641–2, 647, 684, 692, 703, 709, 729, 743, 752, 771, 773, 779

  and Andhra Pradesh 197, 549–50, 565, 711–13

  annual meeting 1964 343

  anti-Muslim sentiment in 361

  and Assam 551–2, 574

  and the caste system 601–2, 604–5 614–18, 627, 628, 630

  Churchill on 103

  and the civil code 232, 235, 236

  coalition rule of 461, 710, 717

  and the Communists 95, 96

  conservatism of 108, 130

  and the Constitution 103–5, 108, 113–, 120