Mani, M. K. 494
Manipur 137, 145, 259, 271–4, 548, 552, 646, 648, 700–1, 765–6
Manu 234, 576
manufacturing 205, 305, 389, 583, 616, 652, 660–1, 690, 733, 739, 741
Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) 96, 164–5, 167–8, 301, 303–4, 421, 454, 476–7
Maoist radicals 421, 424, 672–3, 693, 697, 708, 766, 768–9 see also Naxalites
Marathas 425, 527, 601, 662
Marathi xxvii, 51, 99, 144, 178, 180, 186, 188–92, 282, 327, 501, 623, 663
Marathwada 531
Marathwada University 531
Marlborough, Duke of xxiii
marriage 231, 233, 234, 236–8
arranged 235
and the caste system 226
cross-region 727
monogamous 226, 234, 235, 238
polygamous 226, 228, 233, 234, 642
Martin, Kingsley 79
Maruti cars 467, 505, 524, 534
Marwari 117
Marwaris 433, 551, 662
Marx, Karl 135, 164, 290, 539
Marxism 205, 220, 257, 287, 441, 442, 502, 504, 526, 670
Masani, Minoo 341, 351, 355, 408
Mata, Flory 294
Mathura 642
Mauryan Empire 530
Mavalankar, P. G. 500
Maxwell, Neville 414–15, 440–1
Mayawati 631, 649, 709, 725
Mayer, Albert 101
Mayo, Katherine 153
Mazumdar, Charu 423
McCarthy, Mary 460
McMahon Line 167, 169, 299, 301–2, 310–12, 315, 329–31, 333
McNaughton, General A. G. L. 82
Mecca 393–4, 705
Meenakshipuram 560
Meerut 559, 562
Meghalaya 427, 450, 669
mehmani mujahideen 642
Mehta, Asoka 636
Mehta, G. L. 460
Mehta, Hansa 112
Meira Paibis 701
Meities 646, 700
Menon, C. Achuta 470
Menon, K.P.S., 150
Menon, V. K. Krishna, 162–64, 305, 307–08, 315, 324, 326–27, 331, 336, 336, 340, 342, 398
Menon, V. P. 36, 40–1, 43–44, 55, 58, 68, 100
Menzies, Sir Robert 241
Meos 18
Merhuma 269
Merkel, Angela 777
Microsoft 662
middle classes 12, 99, 135, 143, 148, 251, 259, 370, 491, 499, 500, 539, 540, 551, 560, 567, 583, 584–5, 592, 612, 629–30, 662–5, 669, 689–90, 702, 710, 733, 734, 781
Middle East 73, 162, 374, 664
migration 16, 59, 84–5, 90–1, 151, 186, 245, 264, 360, 363–4, 370, 468, 469, 551–2, 586, 613, 627, 734, 762, 764
Mikes, George 289
military aid
Indian 331–2, 333, 338, 453
Naga 428
Pakistani 157, 158, 339
military preparedness 451, 590
military policy 328, 701
see also armaments; Indian army; nuclear programme
milk production 528
Mill, John Stuart 120, 164
mining 263, 672, 691–3, 695–6, 709, 741
Ministry of Food and Agriculture 399
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting 280, 505
Ministry of States 44
Ministry of Steel and Mines 399
Mir Usman Ali, Nizam of Hyderabad 51–6, 143, 711, 759–60
Mira Behn (Madeleine Slade) 220–21
Mishra, Brijesh 683
Mishra, D. P. 425
Mishra, L. N. 481–2
missiles 595, 672–3
Mitakshara 225
Mitra, Biren 424
Mizo Hills 143, 403
Mizo National Famine Front 403
Mizo National Front (MNF) 403, 574, 646
Mizoram 574, 586, 646, 765
Mizos 143, 258, 403–4, 574, 646–7, 765
Modi, Narendra xvii, 681–2, 690–91, 706–7, 719, 730–4, 738–9, 740–1, 742–5, 747, 777–8
Mohabat Khan, Nawab of Junagadh 49
Mohammed (the Prophet) 344, 371
Mohammed, Bakshi Ghulam251–6, 319, 341, 349, 409
Mohan Lal 769
Mohiuddin, Khadar 638
Mohun Bagan Football Club 473
monazite 45–6
Monckton, Sir Walter 51–2, 53
moneylenders 12, 109, 263, 422, 547, 666
Monghyr district 411
Monopoly and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission 471
monsoons xxiv, 13–14, 183, 200, 209, 210, 283, 412, 440, 456, 499, 504, 585, 607, 622, 671, 676, 683
Montgomery, Field Marshal 35
Mookerjee, Syama Prasad 6, 136, 138, 238, 247–51, 255–6, 282
Mookerji, Radha Kumud 234
Moon, Penderel 28, 145
Moorehead, Alan 79
Moradabad 559
Moraes, Frank 314, 317, 326, 385
Morgan, J. Pierpont 152
Morris-Jones, W. H. 292, 492, 504
Moscow 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 167, 283, 285, 400, 453, 459, 523
Moscow Radio 135
Motherland (newspaper) 498
Mountbatten, Lord Louis 4, 6, 17, 31–3, 35–6, 41–4, 46–8, 50–1, 53, 55, 62, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81, 144
Mountbatten, Edwina 141
Mudie, Sir Francis 16
Mughal emperors 10, 17, 129, 5071
Mughal Empire xix, 37
Mughals xx, 12, 37, 557, 565
Muivah, T. 428, 548, 648, 765–6
Mujahid Manzil 252
Mujib. see Rahman, Mujibur
Mukerji, D. P. 147
Mukherjee, Ajoy 419, 422, 423
Mukherjee, Hiren 392, 408
Mukherjee, S. N. 106
Mukherjee, Shyama Prasad 134
Mukti Bahini 451 456, 462
Mukul 697
multinationals 522
Mumbai 668, 672, 687, 705–7, 733, 764, 780
train bombings 707–8 see also Bombay
Mundaserry, Joseph 290
Mundhra, Haridas 297
Mundhra Scandal 297–8, 771
Munshi, K. M. 53, 55, 105, 110, 129
Murree, Pakistan 65
Murrow, Ed 209
Musahars 528
Musharraf, Pervez 676–8
Mushtaq, Mir 398
music 108, 367, 513
classical 39
film songs 763
Muslim League 9, 11, 13, 17, 25, 26–31, 36, 46, 48–9, 65, 73, 77, 98, 103, 138, 151, 182, 259, 294, 360, 362
Muslim United Front (MUF) 588–9
‘Muslim Women’s Bill’ 577, 579–80
Muslims xxii, xxvii, xxxi, 5, 24, 97, 127, 139–40, 399, 409, 428, 434, 445, 459, 544, 747, 783
appeasement 134, 137, 640
Assamese 142, 551, 552, 737, 738
Bengali 448, 553
and the Constitution 110
and cow slaughter 429
distrusted status in India 359–71, 379–80, 429–30, 560, 746, 780
entrepreneurial 662
and family planning 511, 512
and the film industry 686
and the 1952 general election 138, 142–3
and the 1967 general election 426, 444
and the 1977 general election 521
and the 1980 general election 543
Gujarat pogrom 2002680–2
and Independence and Partition 6–13, 14–22, 25, 26–30, 32, 33, 48, 238, 360–1
invaders 36–7, 129, 134
Jana Sangh’s animosity towards 134, 524, 559
and Kashmir 239, 242–3, 245, 246–7, 255–6, 344, 356, 370, 380, 397, 527, 609–12, 642–5
of Kerala 77, 283, 284, 398
lack of an Indian middle class 373, 560, 686, 753
language 117, 118
laws 224, 230, 234–5, 236, 238, 576–8
position in India 81, 239, 242–3, 245, 359, 371, 376–7, 379, 397, 398, 430, 560, 686–7
post-independence n
eed for protection 128
and ‘princely India’ 37, 39, 40, 46–7, 49–50, 51–6, 59–61, 63–6, 68–74, 76–7, 79–82
Ram Janmabhoomi issue 578–80, 591, 596, 606, 626, 640, 652, 679–80, 737
refugees 15, 85, 88, 90, 93
reservation for 112, 114
separate electorates, demand for 111
and the Sikhs 14–15, 93, 182
voting habits, vote bank 137, 374, 521, 527, 543, 640, 753
see also Hindu-Muslim conflict; Islam
Mussolini, Benito 53
Muzaffarabad 66, 74, 356, 700
Muzaffarnagar 512
Myrdal, Alva 164, 176
Myrdal, Gunnar 176
Myrdal, Jan 547
MysIndia (weekly) 692
Mysore 39, 42, 57, 110, 180, 196, 215, 425, 437, 608
Nadars 662
Naga HoHo 648
Naga Nation, The (journal) 259, 259, 261, 262
Naga National Council (NNC) 259–62, 265–70, 272–4, 321, 387, 548
Naga People’s Convention 321
Naga tribes 258, 259, 260–2, 264–75, 320–2, 387–8, 403–5, 412, 472–3, 492, 526–7, 657, 745
Angami 259–60, 261, 264, 268
Aos 259, 321
conflict, insurgency 268–75, 426, 428–9, 474, 548, 646, 647, 648, 700
receive Chinese military aid 428–9
territory 259
Tangkhuls 272, 548, 646, 700, 765
Nagaland 269, 320–1, 343, 387, 403–5, 428, 472, 475, 526, 548, 595, 648, 700, 765–6
elections 1974 473
Nagar-Haveli 174
Nagpur 375–6
Nagpur Congress 1920 177
Nair Service Society 284, 289, 291, 292
Nalgonda district 52, 95
Namboodiri Brahmins 285
Namboodiripad, E. M. S. 286, 288, 291, 293–4, 307, 419, 481
Namka Chu valley 329
Nanak, Guru 70, 86
Nanda, Gulzarilal 385, 402
Nandigram 689–90
Nandy, Ashis 571
Nankana Saheb 13, 14, 86, 87
Napoleon Bonaparte xxxiii, 73
Narain, Lala Jagat 556, 562
Narain, Raj 484, 485, 520, 535
Narayan, Jayaprakash 134, 136, 138, 282, 303, 327, 342, 348, 350, 387–8, 405, 409–10, 471, 475–6, 477–9, 480–8, 490, 492–4, 503, 518–19, 522, 524, 535, 536, 542, 722
Narayan, Prabhavati 480, 493, 536
Narayana Guru 284
Nariman, Fali 500, 779
Narmada Bachao Andolan 671
Nasser, Gamal Abdel 162
National Assembly of Pakistan 449, 463
National Awami League of Sheikh Mujibar Rahman 447–8, 449
National Conference (NC) 61, 63–4, 69–71, 73, 78, 81, 239, 242–6, 248, 252, 254, 472, 527, 562, 565, 588, 643, 679, 709, 748
National Democratic Alliance (NDA) 651, 653–4, 658, 683, 684, 685
‘national essence’ xxii
National Front 593, 594, 602, 605, 635, 646
National Integration Council 429
National Planning Committee (NPC) 201–2
National Sample Survey (NSS) 204
National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) 548, 648, 700, 765
nationalism 360, 767
Chinese 301, 332, 336
Dravidian 776
Hindu 776
Indian xxii, 45, 147, 180, 282, 500, 657, 756
religious 626
nationalization 136, 219, 220, 287, 435–7, 439, 445, 470–1
Nav Nirman 474
Nawabs 37 see also princes
Nawanagar, Jam Saheb of 439
Naxalbari 420–21, 441–2
Naxalites 421, 423–4, 441, 475, 539, 547, 561, 672, 697–8
Nayar, Kuldip 498, 595–6
Nazism 452
Nehru, Arun 575, 579
Nehru, B. K. 565
Nehru, Jawaharlal 4–9, 14–16, 18–20, 31, 36, 39, 41, 46–7, 53, 58, 87–8, 90, 100, 105, 110, 197, 286, 305, 307, 360, 389, 398, 399, 401, 409, 412, 438, 443, 460, 472, 475, 497, 500, 503, 504, 514–15, 517–18, 521, 522, 529, 542–3, 544–5, 568–9, 573, 578, 594, 609, 617, 632–3, 635–6, 660, 711, 729, 732, 742, 752, 759–61, 770, 771, 783
and the Afro-Asian conference (1955) 161–2
and agricultural reform 214
and Andhra 185–6, 195, 197
animosity with Patel 125–9
Autobiography 4, 147, 149, 176
becomes prime minister 431
birth centenary 593
Brahmin 126
and China 164–70, 300–2, 308, 310–12, 313–18, 323–5, 328, 330–5, 336–7, 340–1
and civil law 224, 227–9, 230, 231, 232–3, 237–8, 578
and the Communists 96, 98
Congress Party position weakens 344
and the Constitution 103–4, 115
and the Dalai Lama 299–300
damaged reputation 294, 336, 340–2, 343–4
death 342, 359, 385–7, 414, 637, 762
on democracy 146–7
on Desai 402
dynasty 385, 502
and economic development 201–4, 206–9, 212–14, 218–19, 221, 222, 650, 689
and the English language 117–18, 761, 762
foreign policy 148–76
and Gandhi’s death 22–4
and the 1952 general election 131–44, 145–48, 232–3, 366, 739
and the 1957 general election 280, 282
and the 1962 general election 327, 328
and the Goan ‘liberation’ 325–7, 770
honorary doctorate 154
and the Indian army 759, 761
and Jayaprakash Narayan 348, 410, 475, 492
and Kashmir 59, 61–4, 68–73, 78–80, 244, 246–8, 250–4, 344–58, 387, 410, 472
and the Kerala Communists 289, 291, 293
and linguistic diversity, language issue 178–80, 183–5, 186, 188, 193–5, 389, 390, 392, 393
and local self-governance 633
love of modernity 222, 224
on Mookerjee’s death 251, 282
and Muslim League 26
and the Muslim minority 367, 370, 379–80, 409, 686
political views 431–2
power struggles with Prasad 126–7, 129
power struggles with Tandon 127, 129–31
prison letters to his daughter 517
public disrespect towards 194, 230
and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 97, 98
and the refugee crisis 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 137
as responsible for India’s democracy 412
reunited with Patel 22–4
and science 212–13
and secularism 223, 224, 239, 244, 354
and Shastri 344, 346, 351, 386, 398, 401
Shivaji Park 60th birthday speech 99
and a Sikh state 318–19
and the Soviet Union 158–61
successor to 342, 385–7
suffers minor stroke 343
on the Swatantra Party 296
and Thimayya 307
tide turns against 279, 291–2, 293, 322, 336, 340–4
and tribals 260–75, 321
and the United States 150, 152–8, 336, 338–40
and the unity of India 148
and the Untouchables 375, 380
weakened in body and mind 294, 341–4
work undone by daughter Indira 514–5, 517
Nehru, Kamala 480
Nehru, Motilal 305, 497
Nehru, Rameshwari 93
Nehru, Shivrajvati 235
Nehru, Vijayalakshmi. See Pandit, Vijayalakshmi
Nepal 150, 420, 441
nepotism 467, 550, 775, 777
New Deal 210
New Delhi xxv, 5, 20, 43, 62, 68, 88, 134, 135, 160, 168, 170, 172, 230, 280, 338, 359, 386, 389, 391, 394–6, 402, 405–7, 427, 439, 441, 450, 452–4, 458, 461, 472, 479, 485, 492, 503, 517, 518–19, 525, 531, 556, 573, 589, 593, 633, 635, 674,
677–8, 700, 702, 705, 717, 725, 731, 743, 748, 772, 775, 778
and Anna Hazare 719–22, 724
and China 303, 304, 308, 310, 313, 315, 317, 329, 523
Dalai Lama in 299, 302
Dulles in 158
and Kashmir 241, 347, 355–6, 527, 588
and the Kerala Communists 283
and the liberation of Goa 325, 769
and the Naga problem 258–9, 261–2, 265–7, 269–70, 272–3
and Sikkim 480
New York Times (newspaper) 43, 126, 326, 330, 440, 458–9, 496, 523, 533, 542, 569
‘Newspaper Revolution’ 540
Newsweek 675
Niazi, Lieutenant General A. A. K. 456, 457
Nijalingappa, S. 391, 436, 437
Nile 380
Ninan, T. N. 751
Nirankaris 554–6
Nirbhaya 728
Nixon, Richard 157, 452–3, 455, 458, 516
Niyogi, Shankar Guha 539–40
Nkrumah 441
Noakhali 11, 16
Noel-Baker, Philip 73
Nokia 662
non-alignment policy 150, 161–3166, 176, 311, 327–8, 327, 339, 431, 523, 543
non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 667, 669
Noorani, A. G. 391, 471
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 305, 453
North East Frontier Agency (NEFA) 170, 266–7, 274, 300, 304, 310, 329–30, 332–3
North Konkan 188
North Korea 137
North-West Frontier Provinces 64, 66, 67, 87
Nossiter, Bernard 754–5
Nowshera 80
Nu, U 267
nuclear programme 388–9, 477, 653–5, 658, 677–8, 689, 702–5, 707
Obama, Barack 743, 777
Objectives Resolution 104, 114–15
O’Brien, Conor Cruise 627
Observer (newspaper) 428, 504
Official Languages Act 390
oil 162, 471, 551, 552, 615, 772
crisis 1973 471
Operation Barga 525–6
Operation Bluestar 563–4, 566, 571, 587–8
Operation Faith 572
Operation Flood 528
Operation Gibraltar 395, 397
Operation Grand Slam 395
Operation Vijay 326
Opinion (magazine) 499
Organiser (weekly) 145
Orissa 42, 110, 142, 177, 196, 208, 221, 263, 280, 282, 343, 416, 421, 424, 450, 468, 502, 527, 584–5, 635, 640, 642, 651, 657, 671–2, 673–4, 693, 708
Oriya xxvii, 117, 180, 197, 754
Oriyas 195
Orwell, George 22, 288
Osmania University 426
Other Backward Castes (OBCs) 105, 601–2, 618, 620, 628, 630, 747
Outer Line 170
outsourcing 659, 661, 675, 749
Padmanabhan, Mannath 292–3, 293, 481
Pahalwan, Massu 140
Pakistan 39, 95, 111, 126, 133, 134, 310, 313, 328, 360–5, 370, 379, 387, 399, 414, 420, 428, 441, 492, 516, 524, 533, 565, 570, 587, 590, 616, 627, 640, 655, 705–7, 752–5, 759–61, 764
and China 452, 453–4, 457
civil war 447–59, 573–4, 756, 767
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