coup (1999) 676
cricket 172, 638–9, 645
dismemberment 230, 460
elections 447–8, 516
fragile nature 79–80
hatred of India 90, 127, 134, 349, 638, 641
and Hindu fundamentalism 638, 645, 753
Hindus in 365–6, 369, 371
and the Indian Muslims 128, 134, 362–6, 369–70, 380, 429–30
Indian settlement (1972) 461–2
Indian trade war (1949–51) 172
and India’s nuclear capability 477
and Indus Water Treaty 750
and the Janata government 524
and Kashmir 60, 62–74, 75, 76–6, 79–83, 171–2, 239–41, 242–5, 248–9, 254–6, 345, 347–50, 352–8, 394, 397, 400, 409–10, 429, 472, 588, 610–11, 614, 643, 654, 677–9, 699–700, 749, 764–5
1965 invasion 394–8, 399, 405, 406, 409, 412, 429
1971 invasion 455–7
tribal invasion (1947–48) 64–70, 171
language 88, 449, 756
military aid to 157, 158, 339, 397
and Nehru 171–3
nuclear programme 653, 654
and Partition and Independence xx, 10, 11–12, 14, 16, 19–21, 26, 27–31, 36, 85, 87, 93, 171, 181, 360–4
and ‘princely India’ 40, 45, 48–50, 52–6, 60, 62–75, 76–7, 79–83, 171–2, 362, 764–5
refugees of/from 15–16, 84–5, 87, 88, 99–100, 127, 137, 173, 179, 360
Patel and 126, 362
and the Rann of Kutch 394–5, 397–8
reabsorption of 134, 240
ruling class 79–80, 448
sterling balance 20–1
and the United States 155, 156–8, 168, 207, 452–3, 455, 457–8, 460, 523, 677
see also East Pakistan; West Pakistan
Pakistan People’s Party 447
Pakistani army 65, 67, 74, 395, 449, 455, 457, 588, 655, 705
Pakistani rupee 172
Palestine 54, 91, 149, 150
Palit, Major General D. K. 334
Palkhivala, Nani 523
Panch Pandava 432
Panchayati Raj (local self-government) 106–7, 286, 373, 526, 633–5, 717, 726, 772
Panchen Lama 142, 169
Pandavas 292, 314
Pandit, Vijayalakshmi 153, 167, 241, 401
Pandits 432, 579, 614
Panjim 325
Pannikar, K. M. 40, 48, 164–66, 190
Pant, Govind Ballabh 194, 270, 308, 316
panth (Sikh community) 182, 554
Paraiyas 285
Param Vir Chakra (military honour) 398
Paris 301, 406, 507
Park, Richard 136
Parliament (British) 324
Parliament (Indian) 107, 121, 131, 143, 162–3, 165, 184, 191, 203, 229–30, 232–4, 238, 247, 249, 255, 270, 272–3, 292, 303, 319, 321, 341–2, 351, 353, 358, 378, 392, 394, 408, 411, 431, 434, 435, 436, 439, 443–4, 446, 470–1, 480, 489, 495–6, 503, 532, 537–8, 544, 567, 576–7, 592–3, 603, 604, 614, 641, 649, 683, 686, 703–4, 718, 728
and atomic weapons 388
and China 304, 307, 308, 312, 313, 324, 332
and Chou En-lai 316
decline of 495, 500
and economic development 297, 642
and the 1952 general elections 132, 144, 234, 237, 264, 285, 328
and the 1957 general election 282–3, 285, 328
and the 1962 general election 328, 337
and the 1977 general elections 528
and the 1984 general elections 573, 637
and the 1991 general elections 620
and the 1996 general elections 636
and the 1999 general elections 658
and the 2004 general elections 684
Indira and 458, 467, 471, 477, 484–5, 487, 493, 498, 512, 514, 515–16, 533–5, 543
Jayaprakash Narayan’s march on 482–4
Lokpal Bill issue 721–4
and Nehru’s successor 386
president Carter’s address to 523–4
provisional 1949 229, 231, 238
and the removal of princely privileges 446
and the Scheduled Castes 373, 374, 376
and the State of Emergency 500
terrorist attack on 678, 705
and tribal India 264, 273, 321
women’s reservation 717
Parliament (Japanese) 121
Parmar, Y. S. 688
Parry, Jonathan 764
Parsis 188, 398, 399, 662, 753
Part C States 273
Parthasarathi, G. 352, 472, 574
Partition and Independence xxx–xxxi, 3–24, 26–7, 31–2, 34, 57, 59, 80, 86, 88–90, 93, 111, 118, 171, 178, 181, 193, 203, 238, 240, 265, 305, 322–3, 355, 360–1, 366–7, 369–71, 380, 462, 553–4, 586, 607, 613, 636, 677, 686–7, 737, 767
India becomes Republic 1949 126–7
and the Indian Muslims 128, 369–70
language 178–9, 181
and ‘princely India’ 36–7, 39–58, 59–82, 99
reasons for partition 25–34
refugees of 9, 15–17, 19, 21, 25, 26–7, 83–101, 137, 265, 305, 322, 361, 758
toll of the violence 3, 8–116, 27, 32, 34, 93, 171, 767
Pataskar, H. V. 236
Patel, Anandiben 747
Patel, Chimanbhai 474
Patel, H. M. 522
Patel, Manibhen 501
Patel, Vallabhbhai (‘Sardar’) 6, 18–19, 36, 39–44, 47–8, 50, 52–3, 55, 58, 68, 72, 88, 97, 98, 100, 103, 105, 111, 149, 172, 254, 433, 501, 759–60, 761, 783
animosity with Nehru, difference of opinion125–8
and China 165–6, 332, 336
and the civil code 227
and the Constitution 104, 105
and Gandhi’s death 22–4
illness and death 128–9, 137, 167, 237
and the Indian army 760
and the Indian Civil Service 757–8
and Indian Muslims 111, 128, 362, 365–6
and Kashmir 63–4, 68, 336, 357, 750
and linguistic diversity 179–80
reunited with Nehru 22–4
toughness 126
Pathans 64–5, 66, 67, 656
Patil, R. K. 479
Patil, S. K. 191–2, 342
Patil, Veerendra 533
Patkar, Medha 671
Patna 475–7, 480, 484, 486, 519, 532, 536, 698
Patnaik, Biju 424
Pawsey, Charles 262, 271
Pax Britannica 757
peasantry xxv, xxvi, 51–2, 84, 95–6, 134–6, 139, 142, 159, 182, 198–201, 211, 214–5, 216, 218, 246, 270, 290, 292, 296, 319, 370, 411, 420–1, 535, 630, 644, 647, 657, 662, 666, 689, 694
bargadars 525–6
Bengali 551
and the Communists 284, 287
and the environmental movement 538–9
female 468
and franchise 768–9
and the Nagas 262
Peking 170, 299–300, 302–3, 308, 311, 313–4, 317, 329, 331, 334, 341, 396, 405, 421, 428, 441, 452
Peninsular War 73
People’s Democratic Party 679, 748
People’s Education Society 376
People’s Independence League 261
People’s Liberation Army 548
Pepsi 662
Perkovich, George 653
personality cults 126, 281, 296, 305, 412, 437, 445, 528, 632, 636, 722
Pherumal, Darshan Singh 427
Philips 662
Phizo, Angami Zapu 264–73, 286, 321–2, 387, 405, 428, 526–7, 548
Pigou, A. C. 221
Pillai, K. Shankar 502
Pillai, Muniswamy 113
Ping, Deng Hsiao 593
Planning Commission 203, 205, 287, 410, 511, 522, 689, 740
Plassey, battle of 279
Pochempelli 216
Poland 53
police xx, xxvi, 51, 56, 61, 69, 76, 89, 92, 94, 96, 100, 132, 135, 174–5, 185, 193–5, 231, 234, 244, 246, 248,
250–1, 252, 255, 268, 274, 280, 288–9, 291, 293–4, 303–4, 319, 372, 390–1, 395, 406, 409, 411, 418, 420–2, 424, 426, 430, 432, 449, 451, 461, 475–6, 480, 483, 488, 493, 501, 508–10, 512, 516, 524, 533, 539, 547, 556, 557, 560, 567, 568, 586–7, 595, 602–4, 606–7, 609–11, 622, 624, 644, 647–8, 657, 671, 673, 678, 681, 688–9, 698, 706, 709, 715–16, 720, 722, 728–9, 737–8, 749, 758, 765, 779–80, 782. See also popular protests; see also Central Reserve Police Force; popular protests
Political Department 780
polo 47
pollution 692, 693, 694, 695, 696, 742
polygamy 226, 228, 233–4, 642
Pondicherry 173, 174
Poona 22, 282, 327, 465, 519
Poonch, Kashmir 65–6, 70, 71, 74, 79
popular protest (satyagraha) 193–4, 195, 206, 228, 231, 233–4, 244, 248, 249, 250, 268, 270, 273, 291, 293–4, 314, 372, 377, 405–6, 408, 410, 449, 469, 474–5, 479, 482–3, 539, 551–2, 754
against the Chinese 300, 302–4, 323
against landlords 420–3
against a national language 389–93
against slum clearance 509–10, 512
against the State of Emergency 500–2
call for the abandonment of 120
in the ‘princely states’ 42, 58
regarding Kashmir 248, 344
see also JP (Bihar) movement
population growth 199, 412, 510–11, 734
Portugal 156, 158, 173, 174, 281, 325–6
and Goa 156, 158, 173, 174–5, 281, 325–6, 335, 769–70
Potala Palace, Lhasa 299
poverty xvii, xxiv, xxvii–viii, 137, 152–3, 155, 159, 168, 201, 212, 342, 412, 442, 444–5, 465, 468, 543, 546, 584–5, 612, 619, 664–6, 667, 670, 671, 675–6, 686, 702, 711, 733, 734
Poverty in India (study) 465
Powell, Colin 678
Prabhakaran, Velupillai 589
praja mandals (people’s societies) 37, 42, 58
Praja Parishad (Peoples’ Party) of Jammu 243–4, 246–7, 248–9, 250–1, 748
Praja Socialist Party 324
Prakasam, T. 108, 183, 184
Prasad, H. Y. Sharada 493
Prasad, Rajendra 21, 88, 104, 105, 126, 129, 145, 227, 231, 254, 313
Pravda (newspaper) 136, 209
Pravi Chandra Bhanj Deo 406
Premji, Azim 662
press xxviii, 541
freedom xxviii, 139, 159, 303, 466, 496–9, 503–4, 506, 514–15, 593
Press Council 498
Press Trust of India (PTI) 498
Prime Minister’s Secretariat 386
‘princely India’ (chiefdoms and states) xii, 35, 36–58, 259, 265, 285
and the British 37, 38, 39, 41–2, 45–6
and Independence 41–58, 59–83, 103
privy purses 43
see also Kashmir
princes
abolition of the privileges of 438–9, 445–6
see also Maharajas; Nawabs
private sector 202, 206–7, 208, 218, 296, 433, 695, 741, 764
property, inheritance laws 224–6, 229, 236
Protestants 283, 752
Provincial Armed Constabulary (PAC) 607
Provisional Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh 457
Public Distribution System (PDS) 665
public interest litigations (PILs) 773–4
Public Works Department (PWD) 87, 536
Pune 90
Punjab xxi, 9, 10–18, 26–9, 32–3, 54, 69, 82, 84–5, 87, 89–93, 97, 136, 138, 171, 173, 181–2, 211, 305, 310, 314, 319, 322, 364, 395–8, 406, 416, 427, 433, 440, 456, 497, 553–8, 562–3, 565, 567, 573–4, 578, 585, 586–9, 591, 594, 596, 601, 629, 647–8, 651, 657, 668, 694, 698, 702, 727, 734, 751, 763, 765, 771, 772. see also East Punjab; West Punjab
Punjab Assembly 182
Punjab Boundary Force 14, 15, 32
Punjabi xxvii, 88, 181, 318, 406, 554
Punjabi Suba 319
Purana Qila 17, 151
Puri, Rajinder 358
Qadian 87
Qadir, Abdul 61
qaum (community) 29, 557
Qayyum, Abdul 67
Quakers 393, 492–3, 515, 542
Quit India rebellion (1942) 134, 149, 482, 493
Quran 20, 61, 77, 429, 576
Radcliffe, Sir Cyril 13, 33–4, 81
Radha, M. R. 418
Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli 5, 315, 316, 343, 407
radio 55, 94, 133, 150, 209, 213, 392, 396, 411, 458, 488, 518, 525, 566, 593. see also All-India Radio
Radio Pakistan 395
Radio Peking 421
Rae Bareilli 484, 520
Raghu Vira 108
Rahman, Mujibur 447–9, 457
railways 64, 100, 184, 290, 375, 434, 449, 464, 477, 522, 692
rainfall xxiv, 14, 16, 95, 115, 214, 329, 399, 407, 456–7, 465, 487,532, 584. see also monsoons
Rajxx–xxi, xxxi, 5, 31, 200, 423, 494, 515, 516
demise of xxiii, 3, 34, 261, 431
and ‘princely India’ 36 see also British colonialism
Raj, Krishna 569, 786
Rajagopalachari, C. (Rajaji) 83, 126, 127, 169, 179, 183, 185–6, 227, 238, 295–6, 327, 348–9, 351–3, 389, 444, 761–2
Rajan, K. R. Sunder 498
Rajasthan 40, 144, 191, 212, 346, 398, 416, 466, 467, 506, 520, 525, 546, 551, 554, 581, 585, 620, 633, 653, 666, 674, 705, 710, 731, 738, 764, 773
Rajmatas of Gwalior and Jaipur 425–6, 490, 494
Rajpath xxvi, 389, 720
Rajputs 60, 377, 529, 601, 668, 698, 735
Rajya Sabha 235, 393, 434, 439, 446, 717, 779
Ram (Hindu deity) 43, 578, 579–80, 582, 591–2, 605, 606, 620, 640–1, 680 see also Ayodhya
Ram, Jagjivan (Babuji) 326, 341, 359, 375, 483, 518–19, 521–2, 535–6, 628
Ram Janmabhoomi 578–80, 591, 596, 606, 626, 640, 652, 679–80, 737
Ram, Kanshi 628–31, 709
Ram, Mela 248
Ram Rajya Parishad 136, 232, 249
Ram, Sukh 771
Ramachandra 233
Ramachandran, M. G. (MGR) xxxii, 418, 526, 549
Ramachandran, Vimala 669
Ramanna, Raja 653
Ramaswami Naicker, E. V. (Periyar) 282, 389
Ramaswamy Aiyar, Sir C. P. 45–6
Ramaswamy, Cho 497
Ramayana 295, 578
Ramayan (TV series) 581, 582
Ramdev, Baba 722
Ramesh Chander, 562
Rameshwaranand, Swami 411
Rana Pratap 92, 134
Ranadive, B. T. 95, 96, 98
Ranbir Sena 698
Ranbirsinghpura 244
Ranchi 430
Ranga, N. G. 106, 324
Rangoon 190, 264, 317
Ranjit Singh, Maharaja of Punjab 86, 553
Rann of Kutch 365, 394–5, 397–8
Rao, B. Shiva 308, 353
Rao, K. Chandrasekhar (KCR) 712–13
Rao, K. V. Narayana 184
Rao, N. T. Rama 549–50, 561, 565, 591, 593
Rao, P. V. Narasimha 568, 614–17, 618, 621, 623, 632–3, 635–6, 653, 658, 661, 702
rape 67–8, 361, 538, 613, 681, 701, 727, 728, 773
Rashtrapati Bhavan 486, 727
Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) 620, 628, 717, 773–74, 776
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) 18–21, 81, 92, 97–8, 103, 138, 145, 172, 188, 228, 230, 295, 361, 460, 493, 535, 559, 560, 580–1, 591–2, 605, 613, 620–1, 622, 636, 639–42, 645, 654, 681, 708, 730, 739, 746–8, 762
Rasul, Begum Aizaz 106, 111
Rath, Nilakantha 465
Rau, B. N. 106–7
Rau Committee 225
Rau, Sir B. N. 225
Ravi river 171
Rawalpindi, Pakistan 66, 355–7
Ray, Justice A. N. 470, 471, 779
Ray, Annada Sankar 501
Ray, S. S. 488
Rayagada 671, 672
Razakars 52–3, 54, 55, 95, 449
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br /> Razvi, Kasim 52, 54, 55
Reader’s Digest (magazine) 397
Red Army. See Lal Sena
Red Fort 434, 464, 466, 483, 535
Red India 95
Reddi, Ramchandra 216
Reddy caste 425, 436, 662
Reddy, Justice Jeevan 618
Reddy, N. Sanjiva 391, 435–6
Reddy, Nagi 422
Reddy, Ramchandra 216
Reddy, Ravi Narayan 96, 144
Reddy, Snehalata 502
Rediffusion 572, 594
Rees, Major General T. W. (‘Pete’) 14, 15
refugees 397, 737
environmental 539
of Partition 9, 14, 15–21, 83–101, 127, 137, 171, 173, 179, 240, 265, 305, 361, 366, 758
anti-Bengal riot (1960) 322
food shortages 94–5
from East Pakistan 90, 370, 450–3
from Hyderabad 55
Kashmiri 68
numbers 99–100
Tibetan xxvi, 302
women 93–4
Rehmatnagar 560
Reliance industries 583
religion 34, 79, 80, 81, 120, 130, 138, 208, 282, 292, 441, 580, 582, 645, 698, 714, 726, 752, 763, 780, 782. see also specific religions
Constitution and 109, 111, 713
and conflicts, antagonism xxiv, xxvii, 18, 195, 274, 318, 371, 430, 432, 449, 473, 533, 558–60, 586, 589, 612–13, 639
diversity xxi, xxviii, 19, 101, 399, 753, 767
based divisions 178, 179, 181, 182, 323, 756
equality 156, 345
freedom of 290, 321
personal laws 224, 228, 229, 236
place in public life 129
and politics 136, 605, 619, 636–7, 649
secularism and 437, 753
state and 239, 360, 366, 431
Renu, Phanishwaranath 502
Representation of the People Act 131
Republic Day xxv, 126, 173, 194, 389, 390, 391, 557, 581
Republican Party of India 376
Republicans (American) 155, 157
Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) 450
Reserve Bank 500, 615
Reston, James (Scotty) 459
Ribeiro, J. F. 587
rice 84, 86, 198–9, 215, 259, 404, 440–1, 468, 473, 529, 550, 587, 608
rights 30, 58, 77, 103, 174, 263, 468, 499, 516, 553
of bargadars 525
of citizenship 92, 107
fundamental 104, 108, 109, 225, 235, 527
of homosexuals 713
landlords’ 136, 217
minority 19, 105, 107, 108, 111–14, 155, 236–8, 360–81, 580, 610, 631
and riots 601–27
of states 109–10, 120, 740
of tenant cultivators 533
tribal 115–16, 539, 646
women’s 136, 225, 232, 233–8, 281, 469, 538, 578, 713
of workers 28
Rihand River 210
riots 9, 104, 413, 429, 551, 559–60, 595, 601–27, 680–2, 687, 756
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